Nanocomputer Architecture - Computer Science · Overview of Nanotechnology A computer with circuitry so small that it can only be seen through a microscope. Nanocomputers deal with

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Nanocomputer &

Architecture

Yingjie WeiYingjie Wei

Department of Computer ScienceWestern Michigan University

Febrary 4th, 2004

CS 603 - Dr. Elise deDonckor

ContentsContentsOverview of Overview of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Concept of Concept of NanocomputerNanocomputer

Future ofFuture of NanocomputerNanocomputer typestypes

Achievement in Electronic Achievement in Electronic -- NanocomputerNanocomputer

Architecture of Electronic Architecture of Electronic -- NanocomputerNanocomputer

ConclusionConclusion

QuestionQuestion

Nanocomputer Nanocomputer ArchitectureArchitecture

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micrometer

Nanometer =1/1,000,000,000 meter

1.74 meter

millimeter

nanometer

Overview of Overview of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

What is Nanotechnology?

“Capability to manipulate, control, assemble, produce and manufacturethings at atomic precision”

Overview ofOverview of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Quantum corral.Using a tool known as a scanning tunneling microscope(STM), the wave nature of electrons becomes visible to the naked eye. Here, the electrons are confined by a ring of 48 irons atoms individually positioned with the same STM used to image them.

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The Nobel Prize Winner’s Point of View

“Nanotechnology has given us the tools to play with the ultimate toy box of nature –atoms and molecules, Everything is made from it. The possibilities to create new things appear limitless.”

Horst Stormer (Nobel Prize in Physics 1998)

Columbia University

Overview ofOverview of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

A computer with circuitry so small that it can only A computer with circuitry so small that it can only be seen through a microscope.be seen through a microscope.

NanocomputersNanocomputers deal with materials at a molecular deal with materials at a molecular level and hold the promise of creating increasingly level and hold the promise of creating increasingly smaller and faster computers.smaller and faster computers.

In the computer industry, the ability to shrink the In the computer industry, the ability to shrink the size of transistors on silicon microprocessors will size of transistors on silicon microprocessors will soon reach it’s limits of speed and miniaturization.soon reach it’s limits of speed and miniaturization.

Concept ofConcept of NanocomputerNanocomputer

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Mechanical Mechanical NanocomputerNanocomputer

Electronic Electronic NanocomputerNanocomputer

Chemical / Biochemical Chemical / Biochemical NanocomputerNanocomputer

Quantum ComputerQuantum Computer

Future of Future of NanocomputerNanocomputer TypesTypes

Mechanical Nanocomputer

The first mechanical computer was designed by The first mechanical computer was designed by charles Babbage charles Babbage (Cambridge University) in 1837 called “Difference Engine No.1”(Cambridge University) in 1837 called “Difference Engine No.1”

K.Eric K.Eric Drexler Drexler proposed a design of mechanical proposed a design of mechanical nanocomputer nanocomputer based on rods and gears made of molecules in 1988.based on rods and gears made of molecules in 1988.

Future ofFuture of NanocomputerNanocomputer TypesTypes

Picture from Acc.Chem.Picture from Acc.Chem.Res Res 34(2001) 44534(2001) 445

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Electronic Nanocomputer

Continue a miniaturization of current electronic computer.Continue a miniaturization of current electronic computer.

Elementary components are based on soft materials, i.e. organic Elementary components are based on soft materials, i.e. organic molecules,molecules, semiconductingsemiconducting polymers or carbon polymers or carbon nanotubesnanotubes, , instead of inorganic solidinstead of inorganic solid--state materials.state materials.

Use only 1 or few electrons instead of billion electrons.Use only 1 or few electrons instead of billion electrons.

Use “self assembly” or other patterning techniques instead of Use “self assembly” or other patterning techniques instead of photolithography.photolithography.


Chemical Nanocomputer

Computing is based on chemical reactions (bond breaking and Computing is based on chemical reactions (bond breaking and forming)forming)

Inputs are encoded in the molecular structure of the reactants aInputs are encoded in the molecular structure of the reactants and nd outputs can be extracted from the structure of the productsoutputs can be extracted from the structure of the products

Dr. LeonardDr. Leonard Adleman Adleman proposed “DNA computing” in 1994. proposed “DNA computing” in 1994. demonstrated that DNA demonstrated that DNA ---- the spiraling molecule that holds life's the spiraling molecule that holds life's genetic code genetic code ---- could be used to carry out computations. could be used to carry out computations.


Picture from http://www.Picture from http://www.englibenglib..cornellcornell..eduedu//scitechscitech/w96/DNA.html/w96/DNA.html

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Quantum Nanocomputer

Based on proposals by Bennett, Deutsch and Based on proposals by Bennett, Deutsch and Feynman Feynman in 1980s.in 1980s.

Use quantum bit (Use quantum bit (qubitqubit) from the physical properties of materials, ) from the physical properties of materials, i.e. spin state, polarization.i.e. spin state, polarization.

Parallelism in Nature.Parallelism in Nature.


The HPThe HP--UCLA has developed technology which will enable it UCLA has developed technology which will enable it to build complex molecularto build complex molecular--scale chips simply and scale chips simply and inexpensively.inexpensively.

Researchers from HPResearchers from HP--UCLA team has demonstratedUCLA team has demonstrateda working logic gate composed of a single layer ofa working logic gate composed of a single layer ofmolecules suspended between wires.molecules suspended between wires.

A logic gate is the most basic element of a computerA logic gate is the most basic element of a computer..

Achievement in ElectronicAchievement in Electronic--NanocomputerNanocomputer

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Problems of Electronic devices

Scaling limits of CMOS Scaling limits of CMOS -- Defect and reliability limits.Defect and reliability limits.-- Wiring delay.Wiring delay.

Heat dissipation will ultimately limit any logic device using anHeat dissipation will ultimately limit any logic device using anelectronic chargeelectronic charge

Physical problemsPhysical problems-- leakageleakage-- shreshold shreshold voltage controlvoltage control-- tunnellingtunnelling-- high interconnect resistance etc.high interconnect resistance etc.

Architecture of ElectronicArchitecture of Electronic--NanocomputerNanocomputer

Computer Emerging Research Architecture

3D integration3D integrationQuantum cellular automataQuantum cellular automataDefect-tolerantMolecularMolecularCellular nonlinear networksCellular nonlinear networksQuantum computingQuantum computing


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3D integration3D integration

DemonstrationHeat removal;No design tools;Difficult test and measurement

Less interconnect delay;Enables mixed technology solutions

CMOS with dissimilar material systems

MaturityChallengesAdvantagesImplementation


The integration of semiconductor devices in 3D arrays.It is drivThe integration of semiconductor devices in 3D arrays.It is driven from two en from two distinct directions: distinct directions:

Integrate dissimilar technologies on a common platform to deliveIntegrate dissimilar technologies on a common platform to deliver an r an optimum information processing solution. optimum information processing solution.

Reduce global interconnect delays to maximize system performanceReduce global interconnect delays to maximize system performance. The . The most promising application of 3D integration appears to be combimost promising application of 3D integration appears to be combiningningmemory with microprocessors.memory with microprocessors.

Quantum cellular automataQuantum cellular automata

DemonstrationLimited fan out;Dimensional control (low-temperature operation);Sensitive to background charge

High functional density;No interconnects in signal path

Arrays of quantum dots



In the QCA paradigm, a locally interconnected architecture consists of

aregular array of cells containing several quantum dots.

Electrostatic interactions, not wires, provide the coupling between the cells.

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DefectDefect--toleranttolerant

DemonstrationRequires precomputing testing

Supports hardware with defect densities > 50 percent

Intelligently assembles nanodevices



All All nanocomputer nanocomputer will contain faulty components. Defect/fault tolerance will contain faulty components. Defect/fault tolerance supporting the ability to detect and avoid defects at both supporting the ability to detect and avoid defects at both the the commissioning/configuration stage and at runcommissioning/configuration stage and at run--time. time.

The general idea behind defectThe general idea behind defect--tolerant architectures is conceptually thetolerant architectures is conceptually theopposite: Designers fabricate a generic set of wires and swopposite: Designers fabricate a generic set of wires and switches, then itches, then they configure the resources by setting switches that link they configure the resources by setting switches that link them together them together to obtain the desired functionalityto obtain the desired functionality

MolecularMolecular

ConceptLimited functionality

Supports memory-based computing

Molecular switches and memories



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Cellular nonlinear networksCellular nonlinear networks

DemonstrationSubject to background noise;Tight tolerances

Supports memory-based computing

Single –electron array architectures



Quantum computingQuantum computing

ConceptExtreme application limitation;extreme technology

Exponential performance scaling, but can break current cryptography

MMR devices, single – flux quantum devices



The core idea is that each individual component of an infinite superposition of wave functions is manipulated in parallel, thereby achieving a massive speedup relative to conventional computers. The challenge is to manipulate the wave functions so that they perform a useful function and then to find a way to read the result of thecalculation.

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Conclusion Conclusion

Advance in Nanoelectronics

Advance in Nanotechnology

Advance inComputer

As we move to nanotechnology, one of the challenges we faceis the integration of hard stuff that is very precise and well defined with stuff that's soft, wet, squishy, and subject to faulttolerance and large variations in capabilities.

CMOS will continue to scale for another 12 to 15 years.

ReferenceReference

http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=563950&dl=ACM&coll=GUIDEhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=563950&dl=ACM&coll=GUIDE

http://www.computer.org/computer/homepage/0803/bourianoff/#refshttp://phys.http://phys.columbiacolumbia..eduedu/faculty//faculty/stormerstormer..htmhtmhttp://www.http://www.aeiveosaeiveos.com/~.com/~bradburybradbury/Authors/Engineering//Authors/Engineering/DrexlerDrexler--KE/KE/RLaTNitMNRLaTNitMN.html.htmlhttp://www.http://www.webopediawebopedia.com/TERM/N/.com/TERM/N/nanocomputernanocomputer.html.htmlhttp://www.http://www.itworlditworld.com/Tech/3494/IDG020124nanochip/.com/Tech/3494/IDG020124nanochip/http://www.http://www.cscs..caltechcaltech..eduedu/~/~westsidewestside/quantum/quantum--intro.htmlintro.html

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QuestionQuestion

?? What is What is NanocomputerNanocomputer

?? How many type in future computerHow many type in future computer

?? CMOS has what kind of limitationCMOS has what kind of limitation

?? What are the emerging computer architectureWhat are the emerging computer architecture

Thanks you!Thanks you!

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Nanocomputer Architecture - Computer Science · Overview of Nanotechnology A computer with circuitry so small that it can only be seen through a microscope. Nanocomputers deal with