Nano MaterialsBibliography

8/7/2019 Nano MaterialsBibliography

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Nano Materials – Bibliography

Nano Materials by A. K. Bandyopadhyay, GCE & CT, WBUT, Kolkata

CONTENTSPreface ... (vii)Acknowledgements ... (ix)

1. General Indroduction ... 1

Preamble ... 11.1. Introduction ... 1

1.1.1. What is Nano Technology ? ... 2

1.1.2. Why Nano Technology ? ... 2

1.1.3. Scope of Applications ... 21.2. Basics of Quantum Mechanics ... 2

1.2.1. Differential Equations of Wave Mechanics ... 3

1.2.2. Background of Quantum Mechanics ... 61.2.3. Origin of the Problem : Quantization of Energy ... 7

1.2.4. Development of New Quantum Theory ... 8

1.2.5. Quantum Mechanical Way : The Wave Equations ... 10

1.2.6. The Wave Function ... 16

1.3. The Harmonic Oscillator ... 191.3.1. The Vibrating Object ... 19

1.3.2. Quantum Mechanical Oscillator ... 201.4. Magnetic Phenomena ... 23

Preamble ... 23

1.4.1. Fundamentals of Magnetism ... 24

1.4.2. Antisymmetrization ... 251.4.3. Concept of Singlet and Triplet States ... 27

1.4.4. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism ... 28

1.5. Band Structure in Solids ... 31Preamble ... 31

1.5.1. The Bloch Function ... 31

1.5.2. The Bloch Theorem ... 32

1.5.3. Band Structure in 3-Dimensions ... 351.6. Mössbauer and ESR Spectroscopy ... 38

1.6.1. Mössbauer Spectroscopy ... 38

Preamble ... 381.6.1.1. The Isomer Shift ... 40

1.6.1.2. The Quadrupole Splitting ... 41

1.6.1.3. The Hyperfine Splitting ... 42

1.6.1.4. Interpretation of the Mössbauer Data ... 421.6.1.5. Collective Magnetic Excitation ... 44

1.6.1.6. Spin Canting ... 45

1.6.2. ESR Spectroscopy ... 47Preamble ... 47

1.6.2.1. The Theory of ESR ... 481.6.2.2. ESR Spectra of Iron containing Materials ... 49

1.7. Optical Phenomena ... 50Preamble ... 50

1.7.1. Electrodynamics and Light ... 50

1.7.2. Transition Dipole Bracket ... 511.7.3. Transition Probabilities for Absorption ... 52

1.7.4. The Stimulated Emission ... 55

1.7.5. The Spontaneous Emission ... 56

1.7.6. The Optical Transition ... 581.8. Bonding in Solids ... 59

Preamble ... 59

1.8.1. Quantum Mechanical Covalency ... 591.9. Anisotropy ... 63

Preamble ... 63

1.9.1. Anisotropy in a Single Crystal ... 63

References ... 65



2. Silicon Carbide ... 67

Preamble ... 67

2.1. Applications of Silicon Carbides ... 67

2.1.1. Important Properties ... 672.1.2. Ceramic Engine ... 68

2.1.3. Other Engineering Applications ... 68

2.2. Introduction ... 692.2.1. Ultrafine Particles of Silicon Carbide ... 70

2.2.2. Problem of Preparing Nano Particles ... 70

2.2.3. Sintering of Ceramics ... 712.3. Nano Material Preparation ... 732.3.1. Attrition Milling ... 73

2.3.1.1. How Batch Attritors Work ... 73

2.3.1.2. Preparation of Nano Particles ... 742.3.1.3. Nano Particles of SiC ... 75

2.3.2. Optimization of the Attrition Milling ... 76

2.3.3. Purification of Nano Particles ... 82

2.4. Sintering of SiC ... 822.4.1. Role of Dopants ... 83

2.4.2. Role of Carbon ... 85

2.4.3. Role of Sintering Atmosphere ... 86

2.5. X-ray Diffraction Data ... 862.5.1. X-ray Data Analysis ... 87

2.5.2. The Dislocation Mechanism ... 90

2.5.2.1. Dislocation Behaviour ... 902.6. Electron Microscopy ... 92

2.6.1. Scanning Electron Microscope ... 92

2.6.2. Sample Preparation for Microstructural Study ... 922.6.3. Transmission Electron Microscope ... 92

2.6.4. Sample Preparation for TEM Study ... 93

2.7. Sintering of Nano Particles ... 94

2.7.1. Preparation of Materials ... 942.7.2. Sintering of Nano Particles of SiC ... 94

2.7.3. Analysis of the Sintering Data ... 942.7.3.1. Role of Aluminum Nitride ... 942.7.3.2. Role of Boron Carbide ... 96

2.7.3.3. Effect of Carbon ... 98

2.7.3.4. Effect of Atmosphere ... 108

References ... 113

3. Nano Particles of Alumina and Zirconia ... 117

Preamble ... 117

3.1. Introduction ... 1183.2. Other Methods for Nano Materials ... 118

3.2.1. Novel Techniques for Synthesis of Nano Particles ... 119

3.3. Nano Material Preparation ... 121

3.3.1. Attrition Milling ... 1213.3.2. Nano Particles of Alumina ... 121

3.4. Microwave Sintering of Nano Particles ... 125

3.4.1. Microwave Sintering Route ... 1263.4.2. Sample Preparation from Nano Particles ... 128

3.4.3. Sintering Procedures of Nano Particles ... 128

3.4.4. Sintering Data of Nano Particles of Alumina ... 129

3.5. Characterization ... 1293.5.1. Electron Microscopy ... 129

3.5.2. Sample Preparation for TEM and SEM Study ... 130

3.6. Wear Materials and Nano Composites ... 1313.6.1. Nano-Composite Ceramic Materials ... 133

3.6.2. Nano Composite Alumina Ceramics ... 133

3.7. Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 1353.7.1. Applications of Zirconia ... 1353.7.2. Synthesis of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 136

3.7.2.1. Sol-Enulsion-Gel Technique ... 137

3.7.2.2. The Sol-Gel Technique ... 138



3.7.3. Phase Trasnsformation in Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 140

3.7.4. Characteristics of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 141

3.7.5. Sintering of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 143

References ... 144

4. Mechanical Properties ... 148

Preamble ... 148

4.1. Theoretical Aspects ... 1484.1.1. Data Analysis of Theoretical Strength ... 151

4.2. Strength of Nano Crystalline SiC ... 152

Preamble ... 1524.2.1. The Basic Concepts ... 1524.2.2. Weibull Theory ... 154

4.2.3. Stress Intensity Factor ... 155

4.3. Preparation for Strength Measurements ... 1564.3.1. Nano Powder Preparation and Characteristics ... 156

4.3.2. Strength Measurement ... 156

4.3.2.1. Flexural Strength ... 156

4.3.2.2. Fracture Toughness ... 1574.4. Mechanical Properties ... 157

4.4.1. Comparison of Mechanical Data of ⟨- and ®-SiC ... 158

4.4.2. Flexural Strength of ⟨-SiC ... 158

4.4.3. Microstructure ... 162References ... 167

5. Magnetic Properties ... 169

Preamble ... 1695.1. Introduction ... 169

5.1.1. Diamgnetics ... 170

5.1.2. Paramagnetics ... 170

5.1.3. Ferromagnetics, Ferrimagnetics and Antiferromagnetics ... 1715.1.5. Losses due to Eddy Currents in Magnetic Materials ... 173

5.1.6. Structural Ordering of Ferrites ... 173

5.1.7. The Mechanism of Spontaneous Magnetization of Ferrites ... 1745.1.8. Magnetization of Ferrites and Hysteresis ... 175

5.2. Super-Paramagnetism ... 1775.3. Material Preparation ... 180

5.3.1. Nano Particles and X-ray Data ... 1815.4. Magnetization of Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 181

5.4.1. Variation of Temperature and Magnetic Field ... 183

5.4.2. Magnetic Characteristics of Blank Glass ... 1855.4.3. Magnetic Characteristics of the 700 and 900 Samples ... 186

5.4.4. Lattice Expansion in Ferrites with Nano Particles ... 190

5.5. Mössbauer Data of Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 192

5.5.1. Hyperfine Field in Nano Particles ... 1955.5.2. Spin Canting in Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 199

5.6. ESR Spectroscopy ... 202

5.7. Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... 206Preamble ... 206

5.7.1. Theoretical Considerations ... 207

5.7.2. Nucleation and Crystallization Behaviour ... 207

5.7.3. Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... 2125.7.4. Interpretation of the SANS Data ... 214

5.7.5. Preparations for the SANS Study ... 215

5.7.6. SANS Data for Nano Particles ... 216

5.7.6.1. Validity of James’ Assumptions ... 2175.7.6.2. Nucleation Maximum and Guinier Radius of Nano Particles ... 221

5.7.6.3. Ostwald Ripening for Nano Particles and the Growth ... 222

5.7.7. Redissolution Process for Nano Particles ... 223References ... 227

6. Electrical Properties ... 2296.1. Switching Glasses with Nano Particles ... 229

Preamble ... 2296.1.1. Introduction ... 229

6.1.2. Preparation of Glasses with Nano Particles ... 229



6.1.3. Electrical Data of Nano Particles of Bismuth and Selenium ... 231

6.1.3.1. Electrical Conduction in Bismuth Glasses ... 231

6.1.3.2. Electrical Conduction in Selenium Glasses ... 234

6.1.3.3. Tunneling Conduction in Nano Particles ... 2376.2. Electronic Conduction with Nano Particles ... 242

6.2.1. Introduction ... 242

6.2.2. Preparation of Nano Particles and Conductivity Measurements ... 2436.2.3. DC Conduction Data of Nano Particles ... 244

6.2.3.1. Correlation between Electronic Conduction ... 245

and Magnetic Data6.2.4. AC Conduction Data of Nano Particles ... 2466.2.5. The Verwey Transition of Nano Particles ... 248

6.2.6. Electrical Conductivity of Other Nano Particles ... 250

6.2.7. Impurity States in Electronic Conduction ... 251References ... 252

7. Optical Properties ... 254

Preamble ... 254

7.1. Introduction ... 2547.2. Optical Properties ... 255

7.2.1. Some Definitions ... 255

7.2.2. The Refractive Index and Dispersion ... 255

7.2.3. The Non-Linear Refractive Index ... 2557.2.4. The Absorption Coefficient ... 256

7.2.5. The Reflection ... 256

7.3. Special Properties ... 2577.3.1. Accidental Anisotropy-Birefringence-Elasto-Optic Effect ... 257

7.3.2. Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Effects ... 258

7.3.2.1. The Electro-Optic Effect ... 2587.3.2.2. The Acousto-Optic Effect ... 259

7.4. The Coloured Glasses ... 260

7.4.1. Absorption in Glasses ... 260

7.4.2. The Colour Centres : Photochromy ... 2617.4.3. The Colour due to the Dispersed Particles ... 262

7.4.3.1. The Gold Ruby Glass ... 2627.4.3.2. The Silver and Copper Rubies ... 2627.4.4. The Luminescent Glasses ... 263

7.4.4.1. The Laser Glasses ... 264

7.4.4.2. Some Examples of Nano Particles ... 266

References ... 267

8. Other Methods and Other Nano Materials ... 269

Preamble ... 269

8.1. Process of Synthesis of Nano Powders ... 2698.1.1. General Principles of Sol-Gel Processing ... 270

8.1.1.1. Precursor Alkoxides ... 270

8.1.1.2. Chemical Reactions in Solution ... 271

8.1.1.3. The Process Details ... 2728.1.1.4. Behaviour of Some Gels ... 273

8.1.2. Electro Deposition ... 275

8.1.2.1. Electro-Deposition of Inorganic Materials ... 2768.1.2.2. Nano-Phase Deposition Methodology ... 277

8.1.2.3. Electro-Deposition of Nano Composites ... 278

8.1.3. Plasma -Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition ... 279

8.1.4. Gas Phase Condensation of Nano Particles ... 2808.1.4.1. Gas-Phase Condensation Methods ... 280

8.1.5. Sputtering of Nano Crystalline Powders ... 281

8.2. Important Nano Materials ... 2828.2.1. Nano-Optics ... 282

Preamble ... 282

8.2.1.1. Structure and Function ... 2838.2.1.2. Preparation of Nano-Optics ... 2848.2.1.3. Integration Modes ... 285

8.2.1.4. Applications of Nano-Optics ... 286

8.2.1.5. Photonic Band Gap ... 286



8.2.1.6. Optical Chips > Semiconductor to MEMS ... 287

8.2.1.7. Subwavelength Optical Elements (SOEs) ... 288

8.2.1.8. Novel Properties of Nano Vanadium Dioxide ... 290

8.2.2. Nano-Magnetics ... 2918.2.2.1. Magnetic Semiconductors ... 291

8.2.2.2. Spin Electronics ... 292

8.2.3. Nano - Electronics ... 294Preamble ... 294

8.2.3.1. The Semiconductors ... 294

8.2.3.2. The Semiconductor Structures ... 2958.2.3.3. The Quantum Wells ... 2958.2.3.4. The Quantum Wires ... 295

8.2.3.5. The Quantum Dots ... 296

8.2.3.6. Quantum Computers ... 2968.3. Other Important Nano Materials ... 296

8.3.1. Microelectronics for High Density Integrated Circuits ... 296

8.3.2. Si/SiGe Heterostructures for Nano-Electronic Devices ... 298

8.3.3. Piezoresistance of Nano-Crystalline Porous Silicon ... 2988.3.4. QMPS Layer with Nano Voids ... 299

8.3.5. MEMS based Gas Sensor ... 299

References ... 301

REFERENCES1. M. Prassas, J. Phalippou, L. L. Hench and J. Zarzycki, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 48 (1982) 79.

2. A. N. Goldstein (Ed.), ‘Handbook of Nanophase Materials’, Marcel Dekker Inc., New Yor,

USA, (1997), (excellent coverage on nano materials).3. D. W. Hoffman, R. Roy and S. Komarneni, Ceram. Bull., 62 (1983) 375.

4. A. K. Bandyopadhyay, R. Jabra and J. Phalippou, ‘Association of OH Groups with Boron

and Silicon Atoms in SiO2—B2O3 Glasses by Infra-red Spectroscopy’, J. Mater. Sci., 8 (1989)

1464.5. G.Sinha, K.Adhikary and S.Chaudhuri, ‘Variation of optical properties with structure in gallium

based nano-crystalline oxide thin films’, Proc. Natl. Conf. on Nano-Science and Technology,

J. U., Kolkata (India), January, (2005).

6. M. L. Ferrer, F. del Monte and D. Levy., J. Phys. Chem., B 105 (2000) 11076.7. F. del Monte, M. L. Ferrer and D. Levy, Langmuir, 17 (2001) 4812.

8. F. del Monte, M. L. Ferrer and D. Levy, J. Mater. Chem., 11 (2001) 1745.

9. D. Levy, ‘The Encyclopedia of Materials : Science and Technology’, Vol. 7, The Optical andDielectric Properties of Materials : ‘Optical materials based on sol-gel technology’, Pergamon,

Elsevier Science, (2001) pp. 6449.

10. S. Roy, D. Chakravorty and D. L. Agrawal, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993) 4746.

11. C. Cannas, D. Gatteschi, A. Musinu, G. Piccaluga and C. Sangregorio, J. Phys. Chem., B 102(1998) 7721.

12. C. Cannas, A. Musinu and G. Piccaluga, ‘Synthesis and Methodologies in Inorganic Chemistry’,

Eds. S. Daolio, E. Tondello and P.Vigato, (1997) pp. 7.13. S. Takehuci, T. Isobe and M. Senna, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 194 (1996) 58.

14. H. Gleiter, Prog. Mater. Sci., 33 (1989) 22315. K. Baba, N. Shohata and M. Yonezawa, Appl. Phys. Lett., 54 (1989) 2309.

NANOMATERIALS HANDBOOK Table of ContentsChapter 1 Materials Science at the NanoscaleC.N.R. Rao and A.K. CheethamChapter 2 Perspectives on the Science and Technology of Nanoparticle SynthesisGanesh Skandan and Amit SinghalChapter 3 Fullerenes and Their Derivatives

Aurelio Mateo-Alonso, Nikos Tagmatarchis, and Maurizio PratoChapter 4 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and PropertiesJohn E. Fischer Chapter 5 Chemistry of Carbon NanotubesEduard G. Rakov Chapter 6 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals



Svetlana Dimovski and Yury GogotsiChapter 7 Nanocrystalline DiamondOlga Shenderova and Gary McGuireChapter 8 Carbide-Derived CarbonG. Yushin, A. Nikitin, and Y. GogotsiChapter 9 One-Dimensional Semiconductor and Oxide NanostructuresJonathan E. Spanier Chapter 10 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Materials of Metal Dichalcogenideand Related Layered Compounds

R. TenneChapter 11 Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Synthesis and StructureHongzhou Zhang and Ying ChenChapter 12 Sintering of NanoceramicsXiao-Hui Wang and I-Wei ChenChapter 13 Nanolayered or Kinking Nonlinear Elastic SolidsMichel W. BarsoumChapter 14 Nanocrystalline High-Melting Point Carbides, Borides, and NitridesRostislav A. AndrievskiChapter 15 Nanostructured Oxide SuperconductorsPavel E. Kazin and Yuri D. Tretyakov Chapter 16 Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured MetalsE. J. Podlaha, Y. Li, J. Zhang, Q. Huang, A. Panda, A. Lozano-Morales,

D. Davis, and Z. GuoChapter 17 Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline MetalsMingwei Chen, En Ma, and Kevin Hemker Chapter 18 Grain Boundaries in NanomaterialsI.A. Ovid’ko, C.S. Pande, and R.A. MasumuraChapter 19 Nanofiber TechnologyFrank K. KoChapter 20 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer NanocompositesFangming Du and Karen I. Winey Chapter 21 Nanoporous Polymers — Design and ApplicationsVijay I. Raman and Giuseppe R. PalmeseChapter 22 Nanotechnology and BiomaterialsJ. Brock Thomas, Nicholas A. Peppas, Michiko Sato, and Thomas J. Webster Chapter 23 Nanoparticles for Drug DeliveryMeredith L. Hans and Anthony M. LowmanChapter 24 Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission DevicesJ.D. Carey and S.R.P. Silva

Chapter 25 Tribology of Nanostructured and Composite CoatingsAli Erdemir, Osman Levent Eryilmaz, Mustafa Urgen, Kursat Kazmanli,Nikhil Mehta, and Barton Prorok Chapter 26 Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy StorageFrançois Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak Chapter 27 Low-Dimensional ThermoelectricityJoseph P. Heremans and Mildred S. Dresselhaus

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Nano MaterialsBibliography