Nano Electronics presentation by Suyog S

7/29/2019 Nano Electronics presentation by Suyog S

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Nanoscienceworking small,

thinking big


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Nano:From the Greeknanos -meaning "dwarf,

this prefix is used in themetric system to mean10-9 or

1/1,000,000,000.


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*Nanotechnology is the creation of functionalmaterials, devices, and systems through control ofmatter on the nanometer (1 to 100 nm) length scaleand the exploitation of novel properties and

phenomena developed at that scale.*A scientific and technical revolution has begun thatis based upon the ability to systematically organizeand manipulate matter on the nanometer length

scale.


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There are the reasons:*The wavelike properties of electrons inside matter areinfluenced by variations on the nanometer scale. Bypatterning matter on the nanometer length, it is possible

to vary fundamental properties of materials (for instance,melting temperature, magnetization, charge capacity)without changing the chemical composition.

*The systematic organization of matter on the nanometer

length scale is a key feature of biological systems.Nanotechnology promises to allow us to place artificialcomponents and assemblies inside cells, and to make newmaterials using the self-assembly methods of nature.


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*Nanoelectronic device?*A very small devices to ovecome limits on

scalability

*Examples:*Single-Electron Transistors

*controlled electron tunneling to amplify current

*Resonance Tunneling Device*quantum device use to control current


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*Nanotechnology will be themajor technology indevelopment of everymachine in coming years.

*The industries which provideadvancements in the objectsare already formulating theadvancements in thenanotechnology

*Nanotechnology will belargely used in medicine


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THE LAW

*The number oftransistors on a chipwill approximatelydouble every 18 to 24

months (Moores Law).*This law has given chipdesigners greaterincentives to

incorporate newfeatures on silicon.


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*The single-electron tunnelingtransistor - a device thatexploits the quantum effectof tunneling to control and

measure the movement ofsingle electrons wasdeveloped.

*Experiments have shown that

charge does not flowcontinuously in these devicesbut in a quantized way. Fig. A single-electron transistor


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*SET consists of a gateelectrode that electrostaticalyinfluences electrons travelingbetween the source and drain

electrodes.

*The electrons in the SET needto cross two tunnel junctionsthat form an isolated

conducting electrode calledthe island.


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*Electrons passing through theisland charge and discharge it,and the relative energies ofsystems containing 0 or 1

extra electrons depends on thegate voltage.

*The key point is that chargepasses through the island in

quantized units.

Fig. A single-electron transistor


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*For an electron to hop ontothe island, its energy mustequal the Coulomb energy,e2/2C.

*When both the gate and biasvoltages are zero, electrons donot have enough energy toenter the island and currentdoes not flow.

Fig. A single-electron transistor


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CLASSIFICATION

OF

NANO ELECTRONICS


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PROBLEMS IN MOLECULAR

ELECTRONICS One of the central problems of

molecular electronics is to

understand electron conduction

properties when a functionalmolecule is interfaced with external

electrodes and put under external

bias and gate potentials.

These properties are influenced bythe molecule-electrode interaction

as well as by the structure of the

functional region of the device


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QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

Quantum electronics is the area of physics

dealing with the effects ofquantum mechanics

on the behaviour ofelectrons in matter

Quantum Electronics is further divided into

following branches:

Laser Science

Quantum Electrodynamics

Spintronics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics


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Laser Science

Laser science or laser physics is a branch ofoptics thatdescribes the theory and practice oflaser

Laser science is principally concerned with quantum

electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the

physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and

the temporal evolution of the light field in the lasers

It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam

propagation, particularly the physics ofGaussian

beams, with laser applications, and with associated

fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_laser_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_laser_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics


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A PROTON COLLIDER AT CERN

The proton, one of the most well-known and basic building

blocks of matter, turns out to be holding onto a few secrets. A

new measurement found that the radius of the proton is

about 4 percent smaller than previously thought.

Scientists discovered the surprising anomaly in proton size by

shooting laser beams at an exotic version of a hydrogen atom,

which most often consists of one proton and one electron.

The finding means that either the theory governing

how light and matter interact (called quantum

electrodynamics, or QED) must be revised, or that a

constant used in many fundamental calculations iswron the researchers said.


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Quantum electrodynamics

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativisticquantum field theory ofelectrodynamics. In essence, itdescribes how light and matter interact and is the firsttheory where full agreement between quantum

mechanics and special relativity is achieved. One of the founding fathers of QED, Richard

Feynman, has called it "the jewel of physics" forits extremely accurate predictions of quantitieslike the anomalous magnetic moment of theelectron, and the Lamb shift of the energy levelsofhydrogen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_tests_of_QEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_tests_of_QEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_theory


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Spintronics

Spintronics also known as magneto

electronics, is an emerging technology

exploiting both the intrinsic spin of the

electron and its associated magnetic moment,in addition to its fundamental electronic

charge, in solid-state devices.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_%28physics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_%28physics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technology


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MRAM computer chips use electron

spin rather than charge to store bitsof data, which enables them to retain

information even when electrical

power is turned off.


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QUANTUM COMPUTING

Today, Intel's latest microprocessors are based on an

industrial process that can produce transistors only 22nanometres wide

Quantum computing- an emerging science that quite

literally goes beyond the laws of conventional physics

Over the next few decades, quantum computing could

be the next-wave development to deliver computer

power well beyond current comprehension.


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Practical quantum computing research is now very much under way.Perhaps most notably, back in 2007 a Canadian company called D-Wave announced what it described as "the world's first commerciallyviable quantum computer".

This was based on a 16 qubit processor -- the Rainer R4.7 -- madefrom the rare metal niobium super cooled into a superconductingstate. Back in 2007, D-Wave demonstrated their quantum computerperforming several tasks including playing Sudoku and creating a

complex seating plan In 2011, D-Wave launched a fully-commercial, 128-qubit quantum

computer. Called the D-Wave One, this is described by the companyas a "high performance computing system designed for industrialproblems encountered by fortune 500 companies, government andacademia". The D-Wave One's super-cooled 128 qubit processor ishoused inside a cryogenics system within a 10 square meter shieldedroom. At launch, the D-Wave One cost $10 million. The first D-WaveOne was sold to US aerospace, security and military giant LockheedMartin in May 2011.


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One of the obvious advantage is that Nanoelectronics reduces size

and scale of the machine with the help of complex integration onthe circuit si l icon chips.

Advanced properties of semiconductors can be determined withthe help of Nanoelectronics.

Molecular scale Nanoelectronics is also known as the next stepin the miniatur ization of electronic devices, with latest electronics

theory and research in the field of nanoelectronics, it i s possible

to explore the diverse properties of molecules.

Extreme fabr ication also supported the mul tiple use of single

machine. Parallel processing is also empowered byNanoelectronics.

In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as aboon since these can help with creating what is calledsmart drugs.
http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=71http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=71


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Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and itsdevelopment is the possible loss of jobs in the traditionalfarming and manufacturing industry.

You will also find that the development of nanotechnology canalso bring about the crash of certain markets due to thelowering of the value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility

of developing alternative sources of energy that are moreefficient and wont require the use of fossil fuels.

Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to bemore powerful and more destructive.

Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arisefrom the inhalation of these minute particles, much like theproblems a person gets from inhaling minute asbestos particles.

Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive

APPLICATIONS OF


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APPLICATIONS OF

NANOELECTRONICS

MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

Current areas of research include mechanisms to guide

the selection of molecules, architectures for assembling

molecules into nanoscale gates, and three-terminalmolecules for transistor-like behavior.

More-radical approaches include DNA computing,

where single-stranded DNA on a silicon chip would

encode all possible variable values and complementary

strand interactions would be used for a parallel

processing approach to finding solutions.


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Advanced Manufacturing Benefits: Controlled manufacturing processes,economical and high output with low cost. Applications and Uses: faster electronics, new material

development

Aerospace Benefits: CO2 reduction, lighter materials, move to lessfuel consumption cost savings, improved functionality of

materials, minimizing risk, flexibility and new systems Applications and Uses: Nano composites, advancedsensors, faster electronics for data processing


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Agriculture Benefits: higher crop yields, reduction in the use ofpesticides and improved water management Applications and Uses: nanoparticles for removingcontamination, moisture sensors, detection of pathogens

Automotive Benefits: CO2 reduction, lighter materials, move to lessfuel consumption

Applications and Uses: Lubricant / hydraulic additives,nanoparticles in catalytic converters, fuel cells, hydrogenstorage

Chemical Industries Benefits: reduction of waste and CO2 reduction Applications and Uses: fuel cells, nanoparticles as catalysts


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Construction Benefits: lower energy needs, CO2 reduction Applications and Uses: Thermal insulation, Energy storagedevices

Cosmetics Benefits: UV protection, enhanced delivery of medicatedskin products Applications: clear sunscreens, beauty care products,Cosmeceuticals, Nutraceuticals

Creative Industries Benefits: Bio inspired product development Applications and Uses: changing effects, advanced displaysystems

Defence Benefits: better detection and surveillance techniques, Applications and Uses: body armour, chemical andbiological sensors


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Electronics Benefits: providing faster, smaller and enhanced handheld devices

Applications and Uses: Advanced display technologies withconductive nanomaterials, quantum computing, data storage,printable and flexible electronics, magnetic nanoparticles fordata storage

Energy/Power

Benefits: New materials for energy harvesting and storage Applications and Uses: DC-DC power converters, fuel cells,nanocomposites for high temperature applications

Environment

Benefits: CO2 reduction and clean-up Applications and Uses: Air and water filtration, waste andwater treatment, hazardous materials disposal, in-buildingenvironmental systems, remediation


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Nanoelectronics: Applications

under Development

Researchers are looking into the following

nanoelectronics projects:

Building transistors from carbon nanotubes to

enable minimum transistor dimensions of a few

nanometres and developing techniques to

manufacture integrated circuits built with nanotube

transistors.

Using electrodes made from nanowires that would

enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as

thinner than current flat panel displays.
http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor-integrated-circuits.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor-integrated-circuits.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-nanowire-flat-panel-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-nanowire-flat-panel-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-nanowire-flat-panel-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-nanowire-flat-panel-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor-integrated-circuits.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor-integrated-circuits.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-transistor.html


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Combining gold nanoparticles with organic

molecules to create a transistor known as a

NOMFET (Nanoparticle Organic Memory Field-Effect Transistor).

Using carbon nanotubes to direct electrons to

illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight,millimeter thick "nanoemmissive" display

panel.

Making integrated circuits with features thatcan be measured in nanometers (nm), such as

the process that allows the production of

integrated circuits with 22 nm wide transistor

gates.
http://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/22nm/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/22nm/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/22nm/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/22nm/index.htmhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanotube-nanoemissive-display.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.htmlhttp://www.understandingnano.com/nanoelectronics-gold-nanoparticles-organic-transistor.html


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o The scope and application of Nanotechnology istremendous and mind-boggling and it is one of thehottest career option available to IndianEngineering graduates.

oNanoelectronic technology will be the majortechnology in development of every machine in

coming years.o The industries which provide advancements in the

objects are already formulating the advancementsin the nanotechnology.


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*Nanotechnology is already now akey element of Nanoelectronics.Several alternatives proposed toovercome foreseen scalinglimitations, but maturity andeconomical considerations

cannot be neglected.*Despite enormous recent

progress in the fabrication,many challenges remain. Forsolid state nanoelectronics, one

of the most importantchallenges is to be able toproduce reliably and uniformlyin silicon the characteristicnanometer-scale features

required for nanoelectronics


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Summary

Nanoelectronics is not only about size but alsophenomena, mechanism, etc.

Nanoelctronics is a wide open field with vast potential forbreakthroughs coming from fundamental research.

Some of the major issues that need to be addressed are: Understand nanoscale transport (theory & experimental).

Develop/understand self-assembly techniques to doconventional things cheaper.

Find new ways of doing electronics and find ways of

implementing them (e.g. quantum computing; hybrid Si-biological systems; cellular automata).


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Nano Electronics presentation by Suyog S