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Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County BY ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE 1 ; GATWIRI MURITHI 2 AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI 2 1 , University of Nairobi 2 , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Nandi County sites. Nandi County Sites. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County
BY
ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE1; GATWIRI MURITHI2
AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI2
1, University of Nairobi2, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
1KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Nandi County sites
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 2
Nandi County Sites
• Nandi North /Central lies between 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands.
• receives mean rainfall of between 1,200-2,000mm per yea - bimodal.
• Kipkaren and Kabiyet are ideal for maize and wheat cultivation. The climate is ideal for dairy activities. Maize sufficient.
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 3
Nandi county
• Nandi Central rises from 1,400m along the border with Nyando district to 2,400m above sea level in the highlands
• Upper Highland (UH) Lower Highlands (LH1-2) and Upper Midlands (UM1-2).
• Nandi South is a maize deficit zone despite being 68% arable and having good climate
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 4
Livestock statistics
• Family size 5.9 greater than National average 4.6
• Average number of cows per household 3.0 in Kaptumo, 4.1 in Kipkarren and 4.4 in Kilibwoni
• Milk production per cow per day was 2.9 l Kipkarren; 4.3, Kaptumo and 3.1l in Kilibwoni
• Ratio of milking to total females 1:1.2
5KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Mycotoxins
• Mycotoxins are produced by specific genera of fungi – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium spp.
• The toxigenic fungi can invade crops during pre- and post harvest periods producing toxins.
• Toxin production is favored by environmental conditions - temperature, moisture, water activity, relative humidity
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 6
Mycotoxins
• Fungi normally grow between 10 - 400C, pH between 4-8, Aw below 0.70.
• Some of the metabolites have been used as therapeutic agents - fumagillin, fusaric acid, and mycophenolic acid.
• Dispute as to why fungi produce the mycotoxins – anti- insect and anti –rodent agents while others think are reactions to agricultural biocides
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 7
Mycotoxins
• Diversity of mycotoxins depends on interactions of a number of factors which include: types of substrate, moisture content, available nutrition, temperature, humidity, maturity of the fungal colony, co occurrence with other fungi, competition from other microorganisms, stress factors, physical damage of the substrate etc.
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 8
Household selection
Criterion• Dairy farming, growing maize, millet and
sorghum• Child under five years, pregnant spouse• 255 households selected• 62 Kilibwoni• 98 Laboret• 96 Chepkongongy
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 9
Livestock Keeping in Nandi ( KNBS 2009)Cattle Sheep Goats
National wide 17,467,774 17,129,153 27,740, 153
Sub county
Nandi North 255,881 529,492 219,394
Nandi Central 85,198 34,680 5,220
Nandi South 68,155 22,280 14,340
10KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Livestock NumbersCattle Kipkarren Kilibwoni Kaptumo
Breed
Improved 384 224 210
Local 9 35 75
Total 393 259 285
Sex
Male 97 81 98
Female 302 195 186
Total 399 276 284
Age Cohort Suckling 95 69 56
Nullipara 59 43 65
Productive 221 159 158
Total 375 271 279
11KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Livestock NumbersSheep Kipkaren Kilibwoni Kaptumo
BreedImproved 134 10 46
Local 18 7 42Total 152 17 88
SexMale 26 7 23
Female 114 12 66Total 140 19 89
Age Cohort
Suckling 16 3 26Nullipara 14 4 10
Productive 114 10 50Total 144 17 86
12KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Livestock NumbersGoats Kipkaren Kilibwoni Kaptumo
Breed Improved 7 2 0
Local 8 14 8
Total 15 16 8Sex Male 5 12 2
Female 10 4 6
Total 15 16 8
Age Cohort
Suckling 0 4 0
Nullipara 12 7 3
Productive 3 5 5
Total 15 16 813KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th
November 2013
Aflatoxins and FumonisinsFungal Species Mycotoxins
Aspergillus spp Aflatoxins,
Fusarium spp Fumonisins, ZEN, DON, Trichothecenes
Claviceps spp Ergot alkaloids
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 14
Aflatoxin and fumonisinsDistribution (Continent) Toxin
Africa and Asian Sub continent Aflatoxin
Australia Aflatoxin and Fumonisin
North America Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON)
South America Aflatoxin, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin ZEN, DON,
Eastern Europe ZEN and DON
Western Europe Ochratoxin, ZEN and DON
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 15
Sources of mycotoxins
Growing pasture –fungal contamination of grassesSilageHay, straw and Maize stoversAbout 25% of the worlds cereals are contaminated by aflatoxins (FAO, 1987, CAST 1989)
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 16
Husbandry practices
Husbandry Practice
Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)
Zero grazing 0.0 11.6 0.0
Semi-Zero grazing
1.7 16.9 16.9
Pasture 31.2 20.2 30.6
Tethering 6.0 12.0 27.8
17KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Husbandry PracticesHusbandry Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)
Dairy meal 21.8 39.1 35.3Maize or wheat bran 12.5 37.5 12.5Maize germ 11.1 0.0 55.6Wheat germ 0.0 0.0 60.0Pollard 0.0 0.0 100.0Maize stovers 27.1 21.4 14.1Rice/wheat/ other straws 100.0 0.0 0.0Spoilt maize grain 35.8 30.1 30.9Hay 0.0 3.0 6.1Napier 15.2 28.0 32.6Free range 30.0 14.1 18.5Others 10.3 41.1 34.9
18KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Feed SourcesSource Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)
Buy 17.7 29.3 31.5
Grow 26.3 24.2 22.5
Crop residues 14.2 27.7 22.3
Exchange for milk/manure/draught 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 36.8 13.2 2.6
19KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Effects of aflatoxin : Cattle
Clinical signs seen in cattle fed contaminated feeds - chronic exposure Target organ is the Liver
Reduced weight gain Reduced feed conversion efficiencyReduced milk production (33 % Masri et al 1969)Decreased feed intake Reduced fertility (2%, Gutherie 1979)Increased susceptibility to diseases
20KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Effects of aflatoxin: PoultryPoultry are the most susceptible to aflatoxin among the livestock with ducks being the most among poultry.Clinical signs include:-
Reduced feed intakeReduced egg productionReduced hatchability of eggsPoor egg shell qualityLeg problems – ricketsCarcass condemnation - bruising
21KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Effects of aflatoxin: swineFeeding system in pigs can increased incidences of introduction of aflatoxins- wet feeding systemsClinical signs in piggery include:-
Reduced feed intakeReduced growth rateLower sow productivity – 800ppb –fewer piglets born live /weanedLiver damageVit E (mulberry heart disease) and A deficiency (inco-ordination and hind legs paralysis)
22KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Effects of aflatoxin in swineDepressed immune response – reduced phagocytosis by 36% - in vitro tests with pig cells given 100ng/ml of AFB1, reduced antibody and interleukin production (Liu et al 2002).
23KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Effects of aflatoxin in Horses
Live longer in farms than other livestock300ppb cause deathLoss of weight,Poor body conditionReduced fertilityLiver necrosisImmune suppression.
24KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013
Aflatoxin in Animal feedsSub County Source Levels of Aflatoxin
Negative
Less than 5 ppb
Greater than 5 ppb
Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 46.3 51.9 1.9
Market (n=1) 0.0 100.0 0.0Kilibwoni Farm (n=36) 41.7 50.0 8.3
Market(n=3) 66.7 33.3 0.0Kaptumo Farm (n=57) 40.4 57.9 1.8
Market (n=2) 50.0 50.0 0.0Makindu Central
Market (n=2) 50.0 0.0 50.0Total 209 44.0 52.6 3.3
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 25
Aflatoxin in Milk
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 26
Fumonisins in FeedsSub County Source Levels of Fumonisin
Negative (%)
< 2ppm > 2 ppm
Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 1.9 70.4 27.8
Market (n=1) 0.0 100.0 0.0Kilibwoni Farm (n=36) 8.3 80.6 11.1
Market(n=3) 0.0 33.3 66.7Kaptumo Farm (n=57) 3.5 66.7 29.8
Market (n=2) 0.0 100.0 0.0Makindu Central Market (n=2) 0.0 0.0 100.0Total 3.3 70.3 26.3
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 27
Fumonisin effects in Livestock Equine leucoencephalomalaciaPorcine pulmonary edemao Liver toxicityReduced weight gainReduced reproductive efficiencyReduced milk and egg productionIncreased susceptibility to stress and d’se
infections Disruption of lipid metabolism
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 28
Economic impactsAflatoxin residues in milk
2% of the dietary aflatoxin will be converted into AFM1
There are over 1.5M smallholder farmers who produce the bulk of the 4.07Million tonnes (FAO, 2009)
Per capita Consumption of 145 liters (CGIAR, 2008)
Source of chronic exposure This could hinder trade –non tariff barrier.
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 29
Economic Impact of Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin found in eggs The ratio of transmission of aflatoxin B1 in
feed to eggs and muscle has been shown to be 5000:1 (Oliveira et al 2000, Bintvihok et al2002)
No data on prevalence of aflatoxin in eggs in Kenya
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 30
Control
Knowledge- Use of spoilt maizeKnowledge – Safety of milk of Aflatoxin contaminated feedSafety Laboret
n=101)Kilibwoni (n=63)
Chepkongony(n=97)
Yes 51.5 76.2 72.2
No 13.9 20.6 14.4
Don’t Know
34.7 3.2 13.4
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTMinistry of Foreign Affairs
Finland, MTT and University of Nairobi
SFSD Team
Thank you
KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 32