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NAN: NEAR ME AREA NETWORK

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by

NISHANT NAIR (72868)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. DIVYA S.B.

(Asst. Professor, Dept. of Information Technology)

October 2011

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ETTUMANOOR

Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University

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1.INTRODUCTIONA computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection

of hardware components and computers interconnected by communications channels that

allow sharing of resources and information.

Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics

such as the medium used to transport the data, communications used, scale, topology, and

organizational scope.

The rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer

network are defined by communications protocols. Well-known communications protocolsare Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks,

and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for

data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and

application-specific data transmission formats.

Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline

of electrical engineering , telecommunications , computer science , information

technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical

application of these disciplines.

The Internet employs many different types of communication networks.

A local area network (LAN) covers a small geographic area, such as a school or company; a

metropolitan area network (MAN) usually spans a larger area, such as a city or state, whereas

a wide area network (WAN) provides communication in a broad geographic area covering

national and international locations. Personal area networks (PANs) are wireless LANs with a

very short range (up to a few meters), enabling computer devices (such as PDAs and printers)

to communicate with other nearby devices and computers. Due to the increasing popularity of

location-enabled mobile devices, a new type of communication network is emerging the

near-me area network (NAN).

A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing

physical network infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in

close proximity. Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and

share the same broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietarynetwork infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices

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are geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a

long distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer networkthat interconnects

computers in a limited area such as home, school, computer laboratory or office building. The

defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their

usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased

telecommunication lines. ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards have been

used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common

technologies currently used to build LANs.

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer networkthat usually

spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number oflocal area

networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber -optical links, and

provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet. The IEEE 802-

2002 standard describes a MAN as being: ``A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical

area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also

depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned

and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and

organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will oftenprovide means for internetworking oflocal networks. Authors Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane

P. Laudon (2001) ofManagement Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm 10th

ed. define a metropolitan area network as: ``A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large

computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls

between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan

region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet.. It can also be used in

cable television.

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that

covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national

boundaries). Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees,

clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence this mode of

telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of

location.

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer networkused

for communication among computer devices, including telephones and personal digital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network

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assistants, in proximity to an individual's body. The devices may or may not belong to the

person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for

communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for

connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). Personal area networks may

be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area

network (WPAN) can also be made possible with wireless networktechnologies such

as IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave and ZigBee.

2.OTHER AREA NETWORKS

i. Storage Area Network- A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicatednetwork that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. SANs

are primarily used to make storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries,

and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appear

like locally attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its

own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the

local area network by other devices. The cost and complexity of SANs

dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both

enterprise and small to medium sized business environments. A SAN does not

provide file abstraction, only block-level operations. However, file

systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access, and are known

as SAN file systems or shared disk file systems.

Sharing storage usually simplifies storage administration

and adds flexibility since cables and storage devices do not have to be

physically moved to shift storage from one server to another. Other benefits

include the ability to allow servers to boot from the SAN itself. This allows for

a quick and easy replacement of faulty servers since the SAN can be

reconfigured so that a replacement server can use the LUN of the faulty server.

While this area of technology is still new many view it as being the future ofthe enterprise data enter. SANs also tend to enable more effective disaster

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recovery processes. A SAN could span a distant location containing a

secondary storage array. This enables storage replication either implemented

by disk array controllers, by server software, or by specialized SAN devices.

Since IP WANs are often the least costly method of long-distance transport,

the Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) and iSCSI protocols have been developed to

allow SAN extension over IP networks. The traditional physical SCSI layer

could only support a few meters of distance - not nearly enough to ensure

business continuance in a disaster. The economic consolidation of disk arrays

has accelerated the advancement of several features including I/O

caching, snapshotting, and volume cloning (Business Continuance Volumes or

BCVs).

ii. Controller Area Network- Controllerarea network (CAN or CAN-bus)is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to

communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.CAN

is a message-based protocol, designed specifically for automotive applications

but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation and medical

equipment. Development of the CAN-bus started originally in 1983 at Robert

Bosch GmbH.[1] The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of

Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit,Michigan. The first CAN

controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the market in 1987.

Bosch published the CAN 2.0 specification in 1991. CAN is one of five

protocols used in the OBD-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD standard

has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since

1996, and the EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold

in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004.

CAN is a multi-master broadcast serial bus standard

for connecting electronic control units (ECUs). Each node is able to send and

receive messages, but not simultaneously. A message consists primarily of an

id (identifier), which represents the priority of the message, and up to eight

data bytes. It is transmitted serially onto the bus. This signal pattern is encoded

in non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and is sensed by all nodes. The devices that are

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connected by a CAN network are typically sensors, actuators, and other

control devices. These devices are not connected directly to the bus, but

through a host processor and a CAN controller. If the bus is free, any node

may begin to transmit. If two or more nodes begin sending messages at the

same time, the message with the more dominant id (which has more dominant

bits, i.e., zeroes) will overwrite other nodes' less dominant id's, so that

eventually (after this arbitration on the id.) only the dominant message remains

and is received by all nodes. This mechanism is referred to as priority based

bus arbitration. Messages with numerically smaller values of id. have higher

priority and are transmitted first. Each node requires a

Host processor- The host processor decides what received messages mean and which

messages it wants to transmit itself.

Sensors, actuators and control devices can be connected to the hostprocessor.

CAN controller (hardware with a synchronous clock). Receiving: the CAN controller stores received bits serially from the

bus until an entire message is available, which can then be fetched by

the host processor (usually after the CAN controller has triggered an

interrupt).

Sending: the host processor stores its transmit messages to a CANcontroller, which transmits the bits serially onto the bus.

Transceiver Receiving: it adapts signal levels from the bus to levels that the CAN

controller expects and has protective circuitry that protects the CAN

controller.

Transmitting: it converts the transmit-bit signal received from the CANcontroller into a signal that is sent onto the bus.

Bit rates up to 1 Mbit/s are possible at network lengths below 40 m.

Decreasing the bit rate allows longer network distances (e.g., 500 m at

125 kbit/s). The CAN data link layer protocol is standardized in ISO 11898-1

(2003). This standard describes mainly the data link layer (composed of

the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the media access

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control (MAC) sub layer) and some aspects of the physical layer of the OSI

reference model. All the other protocol layers are the network designer's

choice.

iii. Desk Area Network- DAN (Desk Area Network) is an interconnection ofcomputer devices around the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). This

exchange of information between various peripherals and CPU is based on the

transfer of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cells mainly. DAN (Desk

Area Network) enables the network to share resources over the network. It

also provides the access to foreign devices. This system enables to form A/V

connection. DAN (Desk Area Network) consists of A/V softwares. This

software has four main layers. This software is intelligent enough to guide and

support the A/V devices. It works on a simple process, when we on a VCR.

And put a cassette into it, it is automatically connected to the monitor. VCR

and other related devices are often connected to the network in order to built

DAN (Desk Area Network).

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3.BASICS TERMS

i. Computer Network- A computer network, often simply referred to as anetwork, is a collection of hardware components and computers

interconnected by communications channels that allow sharing of resources

and information. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of

characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data,

communications used, scale, topology, and organizational scope. The rules

and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network are

defined by communications protocols. Well-known communications protocols

are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local

area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols

for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks,

as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission

formats. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline

ofelectrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information

technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and

practical application of these disciplines.

ii. Cellular Network- A cellular network is a radio network distributed overland areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-

location transceiver known as a cell site orbase station. When joined together

these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a

large number of portable transceivers (e.g.,mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to

communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones

anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers

are moving through more than one cell during transmission. Cellular networks

offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:

increased capacity reduced power use larger coverage area reduced interference from other signals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology

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An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi driver's

radio system where the taxi company has several transmitters based around a

city that can communicate directly with each taxi.

iii. Location Based Services- A Location-Based Service (LBS) is aninformation or entertainment service, accessible with mobile devices through

the mobile networkand utilizing the ability to make use of the geographical

position of the mobile device. LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such

as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. LBS

include services to identify a location of a person or object, such as

discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend

or employee. LBS include parcel tracking and vehicle services. LBS can

include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising

directed at customers based on their current location. They include

personalized weather services and even location-based games. They are an

example oftelecommunication convergence. This concept of location based

systems is not compliant with the standardized concept ofreal-time locating

systems and related local services (RTLS), as noted in ISO/IEC 19762-5 and

ISO/IEC 24730-1

iv. IP- The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol usedfor relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetworkusing the Internet

Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it

is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet. IP is the primary protocol

in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of

delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based

on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and

structures for datagram encapsulation. Historically, IP was the connectionless

datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced

by Vint Cerfand Bob Kahn in 1974, the other being the connection-

oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet Protocol Suite is

therefore often referred to as TCP/IP. The first major version of IP, now

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referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the dominant protocol of

the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is in

active, growing deployment worldwide.

v. Wireless Communication- Wireless telecommunications, is the transferof information between two or more points that are physically not connected.

Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long

ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio

communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and

portable two-way radios , cellular telephones, personal digital

assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless

technology include GP Sunits, Garage door openers or garage doors,

wireless computer mice , keyboards and Headset (telephone/computer),

headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and

cordless telephones.

vi. Mobile Web-The Mobile Web refers to the use of Internet-connectedapplications, or browser-based access to the Internet from a mobile device,

such as a Smartphone or tablet computer, connected to a wireless network.

Traditionally, access to the Web has been via fixed-line services. However, the

Web is becoming more accessible by portable and wireless devices and in

2008 mobile access to the Internet exceeded desktop computer-based access

for the first time (source: International Telecommunications Union, Oct

2009).[1] The shift to mobile Web access has been accelerating with the rise

since 2007 of larger multitouch Smartphone, and of multitouch tablet

computers since 2010. Both platforms provide better Internet access and

browser- or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations

of mobile devices have done. The distinction between mobile Web

applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly

blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile

devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the speed and abilities

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of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to

sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for

the development ofplatform-specific native applications. Mobile Web access

today still suffers from interoperability and usability problems.

Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile

devices, mobile operating systems, and browsers. Usability problems are

centered around the small physical size of the mobile phone form

factors (limits on display resolution and user input/operating). Despite these

shortcomings, many mobile developers choose to create apps using Mobile

Web. A June 2011 research on mobile development found Mobile Web the

third most used platform, trailing Android and iOS.

4.NAN IN DETAIL

What Is a NAN?A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing

physical network infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in

close proximity. Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and

share the same broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietary

network infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices

are geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a

long distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.

Although mobile devices have provided location-based services

(LBSs) for a long time, the concept of NANs and their applications have emerged only

recently. Wireless carriers (in partnership with content providers) typically offer conventional

LBSs to their own subscribers. By using mobile devices geographic position, LBSs provide

users with information specific to their location, such as the nearest ATM or gas station. Such

services focus on a users access to information, whereas NAN applications focus on two-

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way communications among people within a certain proximity to each other. On the other

hand, NAN applications arent always concerned with those peoples exact locations.

The Emergence of NANs

Some services are meaningful only to a group of people in

close proximity, which has generated the need for NANs. The following scenarios show

some example NAN applications:

Ben is going to the ABC supermarket to buy three bottles of red wine. Thesupermarket offers a 30 percent discount on the purchase of six bottles, so he sends

a message to other customers to see if they would like to buy the other three bottles

of wine.

Susan bought a movie ticket 15 minutes ago, but she now feels dizzy and cantwatch the film. She sends out messages to people around the cinema to see if

anyone will purchase her ticket at 50 percent off.

In a theme park, guests would like to know each rides queue status to reduce theirwaiting time. So, they take a photo of the queue theyre in and share it with other

guests through a NAN application.

Ann works in Causeway Bay and would like to find someone to have lunch with.She checks her friend list to see who is closest to her at this moment and invites

that friend to join her.

Carol just lost her son in the street, so she sends out his picture, which is stored inher mobile device, to passers-by to see if they can find him. Figure 1 illustrates this

example.

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Although other methods can achieve the tasks just listed, NAN

applications are by far the most efficient.

NAN FormationMobile devices within the same mobile carrier network can form a

closed NAN. The carrier can identify a mobile devices location in the network (without

GPS) using the triangulating process, which is based on the signal from cell towers (base

stations) serving the mobile phone. If the carrier maintains a database of locations for all

running mobile devices, various applications for user groups in close proximity are possible.

However, this type of closed environment doesnt let applications exchange informationamong mobile devices from different carriers. In other words, the users outside the carriers

proprietary infrastructure are undiscoverable, limiting the NANs advantages.

Fig. NAN formation

We can achieve a global NAN via mobile devices that possess both a

GPS locater and Internet connectivity. Several technologies provide wide area wireless

connectivity, such as Wi-Fi/WiMAX, Exchanged Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). After retrieving the current position returned

from the GPS module, applications running in mobile devices can exchange their locations

through an Internet server. In this case, the application can discover nearby users no matter

which carrier they use.

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5.MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM FOR NAN APPS

1) iOS- iOS (known as iPhone OS before June 2010) is Apple's mobileoperating system. Originally developed for the iPhone, it has since been

extended to support other Apple, Inc. devices such as the iPod

touch, iPad and Apple TV. Apple, Inc. does not license iOS for installation on

third-party hardware. As of May 31, 2011, Apple, Inc.'s App Store contains

more than 500,000 iOS applications,[1] which have collectively been

downloaded more than 15 billion times. In the last quarter of 2010, it had a

26% share of the Smartphone operating system market in terms of units sold,

behind Google's Android and Nokia's Symbian.[2] As of May 2010, it

accounted for 59% of mobile web consumptionincluding both the iPod

Touch and the iPadin North America. The user interface of iOS is based on

the concept ofdirect manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface

control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user

input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS

includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which

have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its

multitouch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to

respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or

rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait

to landscape mode). iOS is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares

the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system by

nature. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core

Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current

version of the operating system (iOS 4.3.5) uses roughly 650 megabytes of the

device's storage, varying for each model.

2) Android- Android is an operating system for mobile devices suchas Smartphone and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset

Alliance led by Google. Google purchased the initial developer of the

software, Android Inc., in 2005.[9] The unveiling of the Android distribution

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on November 5, 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset

Alliance, a consortium of 84 hardware, software,

and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for

mobile devices.[10][11][12][13] Google released most of the Android code

under the Apache License, a free software license.[14] The Android Open

Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further

development of Android. Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux

kernel, with middleware , libraries and APIs written in C and application

software running on an application frameworkwhich includes Java-

compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik

virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run compiled Java code.

Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps")

that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a

customized version of Java. There are currently more than 520,000 apps

available for Android. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or

through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google.

Android was listed as the best-selling Smartphone platform worldwide in Q4

2010 by Canalys.

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6.PHONES SUPPORTING NAN

a. iPhone- The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled Smartphone marketed by Apple. The first iPhone was unveiled by Apple

CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, and released on June 29, 2007. The 5th

generation iPhone, the iPhone 4S, was announced on October 4, 2011, to be

released on October 14, 2011, two days after the release of iOS 5.0, the Apple

operating system for handheld devices. Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011, the

day after the iPhone 4S was unveiled. An iPhone can function as a video

camera (video recording was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS wasreleased), a camera phone, a portable media player, and an Internet client with

email and web browsing capabilities, can send texts and receive visual voicemail,

and has both Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity. The user interface is built around the

device's multi-touchscreen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical

one. Third-party as well as Apple application software is available from the App

Store, which launched in mid-2008 and now has over 500,000 "apps" approved by

Apple. These apps have diverse functions, including games, reference, GPS

navigation, social networking, security and advertising for television shows, films,

and celebrities. There are five generations of iPhone models, each accompanied

by one of the five major releases ofiOS (formerly iPhone OS). The original

iPhone was a GSM phone that established design precedents like screen size and

button placement that have persisted through all models. The iPhone

3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location. The iPhone

3GS added a compass, faster processor, and higher resolution camera, including

video recording at 480p. The iPhone 4 has a rear facing camera (720pvideo) and a

front facing camera (at a lower resolution) for FaceTime video calling and for use

in other apps like Skype. In 2011 the iPhone 4 was voted the Best Mobile Phone

On Earth. The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960x640 display; it was

released on June 24, 2010. In the U.S., AT&T was the only authorized carrier

until February 10, 2011, when a CDMA version of the iPhone 4 launched

for Verizon. On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the iPhone 4S. The iPhone

4S added a higher resolution camera (8Megapixel) with 1080p video

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recording, face detection, and video stabilization, a faster, dual core

processor, world phone capability (allowing a single handset to operate on

networks based on both GSM/UMTS and CDMA technologies), and a natural

language voice control system called Siri. It will be available in 16 GB and 32 GB

as well as a new 64 GB capacity. It was also announced that in the

U.S. Sprint would begin carrying the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S.

b. Samsung Galaxy- The Samsung Galaxy S is an Android Smartphone that wasannounced by Samsung in March 2010. It features a 1 GHz ARM "Hummingbird"

processor , 816 GB internal Flash memory, a 4-inch 480800 pixel Super

AMOLED capacitive touch screen display, Wi-Fi connectivity, a 5-

megapixel camera with a maximum resolution of 2560x1920 and, on select

models, a front-facing 0.3MP VGA camera (640x480). The base version of the

phone, the GT-I9000, was quickly followed by variant models for the US carriers

such as the Epic 4G, Vibrant, Captivate, Fascinate, and Mesmerize. The Samsung

Galaxy S features a PowerVR graphics processor, yielding 20 million triangles per

second, making it the fastest graphics processing unit in any Smartphone at the

time of release. Also, upon release, the Galaxy S was both the first Android phone

to be certified for DivX HD, and at 9.9 mm was the thinnest Smartphone

available. As of January 2011, Samsung had sold 10 million Galaxy S phones

globally. The Galaxy S was named the European Smartphone of the Year at

the European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) Awards 20102011.

Samsung Galaxy S was succeeded by Samsung Galaxy S II,3,4,5 .

c. Other Phones in market include phones from Motorola, HTC, Dell, SonyEricsson, Micromax, LG, Karbonn etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Imaging_and_Sound_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Imaging_and_Sound_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detection

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7.NEW CONCEPTSi. 3G- 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of

standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling

the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications

by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services

include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video

calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000

standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s.

Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile

broadband access of several Mbit/s to Smartphones and mobile modems in

laptop computers.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily inEurope, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions

predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS

and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same

infrastructure:

The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only

offered in China.

The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/sin the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the

uplink.

the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, usedespecially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with

the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95

hybrids. The latest release EVDORev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s

downstream.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on

kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone

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EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile

WiMAX standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are

approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are

based on completely different technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared

approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in

1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher

data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first

release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely

fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not

backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however

sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. Its evolution LTE

Advanced is a 4G technology. WiMAX is another technology verging on or

marketed as 4G.

ii. GPS- The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based globalnavigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides location and time

information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an

unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by

the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS

receiver with some technical limitations which are only removed for military

users. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of

previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors,

including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.

GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD)

and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The

Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only

the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007.

There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and the

European Union's Galileo positioning system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution

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iii. A-GPS- Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS or aGPS, is a systemwhich can, under certain conditions, improve the startup performance, or time-

to-first-fix (TTFF) of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used

extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones as its development was

accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 mandate making the location of a cell

phone available to emergency call dispatchers. Standalone GPS provides first

position in approximately 30-40 seconds. A Standalone GPS system needs

orbital information of the satellites to calculate the current position. The data

rate of the satellite signal is only 50 b/s, so downloading orbital information

like ephemeris and almanac directly from satellites typically takes a long time.

In AGPS, the Network Operator deploys an AGPS server. These AGPS

servers download the orbital information from the satellite and store it in the

database. An AGPS capable device can connect to these servers and download

this information using Mobile Network radio bearers such

as GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE or even using other wireless radio bearers

such as WIFI. Usually the data rate of these bearers is high, hence

downloading orbital information takes less time.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_positioning_system

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iv. HSDPA- High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is anenhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in

the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or

turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and

capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6,

7.2 and 14.0 Megabit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+,

which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with

Release 9 of the 3GPPstandards. For HSDPA, a new transport

layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), has been

added to UMTS release 5 and further specification. It is implemented byintroducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and

HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs

the user that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH, 2 slots ahead. The Uplink

High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) carries

acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of

the user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much

data to send to the user devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is the channel mapped to

the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual user data.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Shared_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Shared_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

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v. Wi- Fi - Wi-Fi is a mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices.A device enabled with Wi-Fi, such as a personal computer, video game

console, Smartphone, or digital audio player, can connect to the Internet via

a wireless networkaccess point. An access point (or hotspot) has a range ofabout 20 meters (65 ft) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Multiple

overlapping access points can cover large areas. "Wi-Fi" is a trademarkof

the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11

family of standards. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million people. There are over

four million hotspots (places with Wi-Fi Internet connectivity) around the

world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices are sold every year.[citation

needed] Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi

Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi

CERTIFIED" designation and trademark. The main issue with wireless

network security is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional

wired networks such as Ethernet. [citation needed]With wired networking one

must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal

network) or break through an external firewall. Most business networks

protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access.

Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate

or no encryption. An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router

can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by

forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone

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vi. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)-WiMAX is a trademark for a family oftelecommunications protocols that

provide fixed and mobile Internet access. The 2005 WiMAX revision

provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s forfixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum,

which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of

the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology

enabling the delivery oflast mile wireless broadband access as an alternative

to cable and DSL". WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of

the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the

WiMAX Forum. Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of

the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products

as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other

certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The original IEEE

802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001.

WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in

Korea. Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that

was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions such as

802.16m-2011. WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on

steroids"[5] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband

connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi but it can

also permit usage at much greater distances.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

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8.COMPARISON WITH WIRELESS LANs

Wireless networking in Wireless LANs(W-LANs) have same

properties as that of LANs. These enable the same capabilities and comparable speeds of a

wired 10BASE-T network without the difficulties associated with laying wire, drilling into

walls, or stringing Ethernet cables throughout an office building or home. Laptop users have

the freedom to roam anywhere in the office building or home without having to hunt down a

connector cable or available jack. Every room in a wireless home or office can be

connected to the network, so adding more users and growing a network can be as simple as

installing a new wireless network adapter.Reasons to choose wireless networking over traditional wired

networks include:

Running additional wires or drilling new holes in a home or office could be prohibited

(because of rental regulations), impractical (infrastructure limitations), or too expensive

Flexibility of location and data ports is required

Roaming capability is desired; e.g., maintaining connectivity from almost anywhere inside

a home or business

Network access is desired outdoors; e.g., outside a home or office building.

While Near-me Area Network (NAN) are implemented in cellular

phones. A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing physical network

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infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in close proximity.

Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and share the same

broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietary network

infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices are

geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a long

distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.

Although mobile devices have provided location-based services

(LBSs) for a long time,1 the concept of NANs and their applications have emerged only

recently. Wireless carriers (in partnership with content providers) typically offer conventional

LBSs to their own subscribers. By using mobile devices geographic position, LBSs provide

users with information specific to their location, such as the nearest ATM or gas station. Such

services focus on a users access to information, whereas NAN applications focus on two-

way communications among people within a certain proximity to each other. On the other

hand, NAN applications arent always concerned with those peoples exact locations.

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9.EXISTING NAN PROTOTYPE AND APPLICATIONSAs I just described, if a mobile device possesses both a GPS receiver

and Internet connectivity, developing a NAN application to run in it isnt challenging. The

device platform typically provides the API that will return location coordinates for pro-

grammers. After obtaining the coordinates value, the programmer can use its own protocol

or an existing one (such as HTTP) to talk to a central server in the Internet that updates users

current locations. By using location information, the application can provide various services,

such as messaging nearby people and sharing photos with them. Figure 2 shows the system

architecture. Next, lets look at some existing NAN applications.

Because Apples iPhone (www.apple. com/iphone/) supports 3G dataspeed and Assisted GPS (A-GPS, which I describe in more detail later), it provides a

convenient platform for developers to create a variety of NAN applications.

Handshake.The Handshake application (http://gethandshake.com) lets users

easily pass their contact information to others nearby without typing. For example, one day,

Alice meets Bob, and they want to exchange contact information. They both launchHandshake, which identifies the fellow user nearby with the iPhones built-in location

service. After that, Alice can send her contact entry to Bob, and vice versa. This process

occurs without any typing and thus avoids introducing mistakes.

WhosHere.WhosHere (http://my Rete.com/WhosHere.html) helps users meet

people nearby with similar interests. First, users fill out their profile and indicate what types

of people they would like to meet. Then, WhosHere shows the user the closest people who

match this description. After that, users can text message each other within WhosHere itself.

Clearly, this NAN service eliminates the need to give out phone numbers or email or IP

addresses, providing a different form of communication. The free application was launched in

July 2007 on Apples iTunes App Store as a geosocial networking and discovery service that

allows iPhone and iPod touch users to see where they are in relation to each other.[2].

Features include being able to text message other users, see a list of nearby users, list of new

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users and a history list of users that have exchange messages. Now one can call via wi-fi with

the iPod touch or iPhone if you have a mic. (version 2.1)

On September 23, 2008, the ability to send pictures between users was added to the

application. WhosHere has a user base of 100,000 and is used globally (100 countries)

LooptLoopt (www.loopt.com) lets users better connect with friends on the

fly. Its operation is simple. It first requires users to create a friend list. If the location-sharing

option is turned on, Loopt will regularly

update its own location to the server. Thus, by consulting the server, users can see where and

how far away their friends are, as well as the last time they updated their locations.

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Consequently, Loopt lets users see their friends on a detailed map,

get alerts when friends are nearby, exchange photo and other information, and explore places

and events friends recommend.

Fire Eagle: the Central Server

Yahoos Fire Eagle (http://fireeagle. yaho.net) is a site (or central

service) that stores information about a users location, letting o