Naming CompoundsNaming Compounds

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

Covalent CompoundsCovalent Compounds

AcidsAcids

Look at the first element. Is it a Look at the first element. Is it a metal, nonmetal, or hydrogen?metal, nonmetal, or hydrogen?

Metal = Ionic BondMetal = Ionic Bond

Nonmetal = Covalent BondNonmetal = Covalent Bond

Hydrogen = AcidHydrogen = Acid

Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas (Binary)Writing Formulas (Binary)

Binary Compounds have only two Binary Compounds have only two types of elementstypes of elements

Determine the ions’ charges using Determine the ions’ charges using the periodic table or compound’s the periodic table or compound’s name.name.

Balance charges in the compound.Balance charges in the compound.

Ionic Bonds – Naming Binary CompoundsIonic Bonds – Naming Binary Compounds Check to see if the element has Check to see if the element has

more than one oxidation number.more than one oxidation number.

If the metal has more than one If the metal has more than one oxidation number, the compound oxidation number, the compound will be named using the Cation - will be named using the Cation - Roman Numeral – AnionRoman Numeral – Anion

The anion’s ending is changed to The anion’s ending is changed to ide for all binary compounds.ide for all binary compounds.

Ionic Compounds with Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions

Ionic compounds that contain more than Ionic compounds that contain more than two types of atoms are called polyatomic.two types of atoms are called polyatomic.

Examples of Polyatomic IonsExamples of Polyatomic Ions

– Sulfate – SOSulfate – SO44-2-2

– Carbonate – COCarbonate – CO33-2-2

– Phosphate – POPhosphate – PO44-3-3

– Ammonium – NHAmmonium – NH44++

Polyatomic Ions Cont.Polyatomic Ions Cont.

These compounds are named in three These compounds are named in three ways:ways:– Polyatomic Ion – Polyatomic IonPolyatomic Ion – Polyatomic Ion

Ex. Ex. (NHEx. Ex. (NH44))33POPO44 Ammonium CarbonateAmmonium Carbonate

– Cation – Polyatomic IonCation – Polyatomic IonEx. Lithium NitrateEx. Lithium NitrateEx. Ca(NOEx. Ca(NO33))22

– Polyatomic Ion – Anion (withPolyatomic Ion – Anion (with ide ending) ide ending)Ex. Ammonium nitrideEx. Ammonium nitride

Covalent CompoundsCovalent Compounds

To name covalent compounds:To name covalent compounds: prefix-first elementprefix-first element prefix-root of second element - ideprefix-root of second element - ide PrefixesPrefixes

1 1 = mono= mono 6=hexa6=hexa 2 = di2 = di 7=hepta7=hepta

3=tri3=tri 8=octa8=octa4=tetra4=tetra 9=nona9=nona5=penta5=penta 10=deca10=deca

Naming AcidsNaming AcidsDoes the acid contain oxygen?Does the acid contain oxygen?

YESYES OxyacidOxyacid

Change polyatomic Change polyatomic ending from:ending from:– ate to icate to ic– ite to ousite to ous

– Add the word AcidAdd the word Acid

NONO Binary AcidBinary Acid

Hydro-root of Hydro-root of nonmetal - ic nonmetal - ic

Add the word AcidAdd the word Acid

If water molecules are attached=If water molecules are attached= Hydrate Hydrate

Add numerical prefix and the word Add numerical prefix and the word hydratehydrate

Ex. MgSOEx. MgSO44 • 7H • 7H22OO

magnesium sulfate pentahydratemagnesium sulfate pentahydrate

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding

AcidsAcids

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding Positively charged ions are Positively charged ions are

attracted to negatively charged attracted to negatively charged ions, making a neutral compound.ions, making a neutral compound.

The Octet RuleThe Octet Rule

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in order to acquire a full set of valence order to acquire a full set of valence electrons.electrons.

Therefore, atoms will transfer electrons Therefore, atoms will transfer electrons to each other in order to have a full set to each other in order to have a full set of valence electrons. of valence electrons.

When electrons are transferred, ionic When electrons are transferred, ionic bonds are formed.bonds are formed.

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding

Energy Changes in Bond Energy Changes in Bond FormationFormation

Energy is absorbed when an element Energy is absorbed when an element loses an electron.loses an electron.

Energy is released when an element Energy is released when an element gains an electron.gains an electron.

Lattice energy is the energy released Lattice energy is the energy released when ionic bonds are formed. when ionic bonds are formed.

Properties of Ionic CompoundsProperties of Ionic Compounds

– high melting pointshigh melting points– dissolve in water: which makes solutions dissolve in water: which makes solutions

good conductors of electricitygood conductors of electricity– have large electronegativity difference have large electronegativity difference

between elementsbetween elements– usually form between metals and usually form between metals and

nonmetalsnonmetals– Lattice crystal: the regular pattern in Lattice crystal: the regular pattern in

which a crystal is arranged.which a crystal is arranged.

Types of IonsTypes of Ions

1) Monoatomic Ions - have one element 1) Monoatomic Ions - have one element

2) Polyatomic Ions - consist of more than 2) Polyatomic Ions - consist of more than one atom and have an overall chargeone atom and have an overall charge– Atoms in polyatomic ions are held together Atoms in polyatomic ions are held together

by covalent bonds.by covalent bonds.– Ex. Sulfate ion, ammonium ion, etc.Ex. Sulfate ion, ammonium ion, etc.– See polyatomic sheetSee polyatomic sheet

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding

Covalent Bonds are formed by Covalent Bonds are formed by SHARING pairs of electrons between SHARING pairs of electrons between 2 atoms.2 atoms.

Usually formed between two Usually formed between two nonmetalsnonmetals

MoleculesMolecules– a group of atoms held together by a group of atoms held together by

covalent bondscovalent bonds– molecular substance - contains molecular substance - contains

moleculesmolecules

Types of formulas for covalent Types of formulas for covalent bondingbonding

Molecular formula - tells you how Molecular formula - tells you how many atoms make up a compoundmany atoms make up a compound

ex. Cex. C66HH1212OO66

HH22OO Structural formula - shows how the Structural formula - shows how the

atoms are bonded to each otheratoms are bonded to each other

Multiple BondsMultiple Bonds

Single Covalent Bonds -share one pair Single Covalent Bonds -share one pair of electronsof electrons

Double bonds - share 2 pairs of Double bonds - share 2 pairs of electronselectrons

Triple Bonds - share 3 pairs of Triple Bonds - share 3 pairs of electrons (STRONGEST BOND)electrons (STRONGEST BOND)

Use dashes to represent covalent Use dashes to represent covalent bonds in a structural formula.bonds in a structural formula.

:N = N:

Exceptions to the Octet RuleExceptions to the Octet Rule

Atoms with less than an octetAtoms with less than an octetBoron BFBoron BF33

Atoms with more than an octetAtoms with more than an octetPhosphorus and SulfurPhosphorus and Sulfur

PClPCl55

Molecules with an odd number of Molecules with an odd number of electrons ex. NOelectrons ex. NO

Properties of Covalent BondsProperties of Covalent Bonds

-Low melting points, brittle, strong -Low melting points, brittle, strong odor, poor conductors of electricityodor, poor conductors of electricity

Shared electrons are attracted to Shared electrons are attracted to more electronegative elementmore electronegative element– Polar bonds - form between elements Polar bonds - form between elements

with big differences in electronegativitywith big differences in electronegativityex. Hex. H22OO

– Nonpolar bonds - exert equal pull on Nonpolar bonds - exert equal pull on electronselectrons

ex. F-Fex. F-F or O=O or O=O

How can you tell if a compound How can you tell if a compound has ionic or covalent bonds?has ionic or covalent bonds?

Use electronegativity difference Use electronegativity difference between the elementsbetween the elements

– non polar covalent less than 0.4non polar covalent less than 0.4– polar covalentpolar covalent 0.5 - 1.90.5 - 1.9– ionic bondsionic bonds greater than greater than

2.02.0

– See electronegativity chart for values.See electronegativity chart for values.

AcidsAcids

A molecular compound that dissolves A molecular compound that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions in water to produce hydrogen ions and a characteristic ion.and a characteristic ion.

In water, acids behave like ionic In water, acids behave like ionic compoundscompounds

Types of AcidsTypes of Acids

Organic Acids contain the Organic Acids contain the carboxylic group, -COOH.carboxylic group, -COOH.

Binary Acids: contain hydrogen Binary Acids: contain hydrogen and another elementand another element

Oxo Acids: contains oxygen and Oxo Acids: contains oxygen and another element another element