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PLANT&PHOTOSYNTHESISSTUDYGUIDE PlantEvolution
1) List5characteristicscommontoallplants
2) Completethecladogram.
3) Whatarethethreeadaptationsthathaveallowedplantstoliveonland?
4) Whatarenon-vascularplantscalled?
5) Describewhynon-vascularplantsareshortandgrownearwater.
6) Whatarethedominatephasesoftheseplants’lifecycles(gametophyteorsporophyte?)
1. Multicellular eukaryotes 2. Have cell walls made of cellulose 3. Autotrophic, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll 4. Reproduce sexually 5. Alternation of generations (life cycle)
Adaptation#1
Awaxycuticletopreventwaterloss
andstomataregulatewaterand
gasexchange
Adaptation#3Vasculartissues
(xylemandphloem)forabsorbingand
transportingmaterialswithin
theplant
Adaptation#2Protectivecoveringonreproductivecells(sporangia-sporesandseeds-embryo)toprevent
waterloss
Bryophytes aka mosses
Reproduce by spores
Hardened vascular tissue
Seeds
Flowers
Nonvascular plants
Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants
Angiosperms
Bryophytes do not contain any xylem or phloem, so they must minimize the distance needed to transport water and nutrients via passive diffusion from cell to cell. They live near water because they don’t have roots to absorb water in the soil, so they rely on freely available liquid water.
Common Ancestor
Moss
Gametophyte
Angiosperm
Sporophyte
Fern
Gametophyte=Sporophyte
Name:
Algal ancestors
7) Describethetwotypesofvasculartissue.(Whatproductsdotheycarryandinwhichdirection?)
8) Howdoesaplantusepollen?
9) Whyisitmoreadvantageousforaplanttouseanimalpollinatorsratherthanthewind?
10) Whathappenstotheovuleandovaryafteraplantisfertilized?(Whatdothesestructuresbecome?Whatistheirrole?)
Xylem Xylem carries water, ions and minerals. Xylem sap moves by transpiration and root pressure. It is “pulled” by the tension from the soil to the air in one direction (upwards).
Phloem Moves sugar (food) and transported in live cells. Phloem sap moves from source (area of sugar production, builds pressure) to sink (area of sugar use, reduces pressure). Transport happens in multiple directions.
Pollen contains the male gametophytes in angiosperms. It contains sperm cells which will fertilize the ovules in the ovary (female gametophyte)
Pollination via animals is more efficient and direct than the wind. An animal will deliver the pollen to another plant’s stigma. Wind pollination is more random and hit or miss.
Ovule:Ovulesaretheplant’sunfertilizedeggcells.Theywillbecometheseedswhentheplantisfertilizedandtheembryodevelops.
Ovary:Theovarycontainsthefemalegametophytes.Oncefertilized,theovarywilldevelopintothefruit(endospermprovidesnutrientstothegrowingembryo).
11) Structureandfunctionoftheflower(angiosperm):Matchthepartsandwritethefunctionofeachflowerpartnexttoitsname:
__I__Pollen11 1.makespollen
__G__Stigma5 2.anunfertilizedegg
__J__Sepals7 3.holdsthestigmaup
__A__Petals6 4.chambercontainingovules(eggs)
__B__Stamen8 5.producesstickysubstancetotrappollen
__D__Anther1 6.attractpollinators
__C__Filament9 7.open,close,protecttheflower
__H__Style3 8.themalereproductivestructure
__F__Ovary4 9.holdstheantherup
__K__Ovule2 10.thefemalereproductivestructure
__E__Carpel10 11.containssperm
Part Function
PlantTissue 12) Describethe3tissuetypesandtheirrelativefunctions:
Roots13) Whatarethethreemajor
functionsofaroot?
14) Whatistheimportanceoftheapicalmeristem?Theroothairs?
Stems15) List3functionsofstems:
1. Anchorplantintheground2. Absorbwaterfromsoil3. Absorbdissolvednutrientsfromsoil
1. Produceleaves,branchesandflowers
2. Holdleavesuptosunlight
3. Transportsubstancesbetweenrootsandleaves
DermalTissueOutermostlayeror“skin”oftheplant.Includesthecuticlesandupper/lowerepidermis.Functionstopreventwaterloss,protectgroundtissue,andsiteofgasexchange(viastomata).
VascularTissueCirculatorysystemofaplant;containsxylemfortransportingwaterandphloemfortransportingsugarsaroundtheplant.
GroundTissueMakesupbulkoftheplant(betweendermalandvasculartissues).Includesthepalisadeandspongymesophyll.Functionsinphotosynthesisandsitesofgasstorage.
Roothairs:tinycellularprojectionsthatincreasesurfaceareaforabsorption.
Apicalmeristem:areaoffastcelldivisionasnewcellsareaddedtothegrowingroot.
Leaves16) Labelthepartsofaleafandbrieflydescribetheirfunction. Transpiration
17) Describethedifferencebetweenadhesionandcohesion.
18) Whatiswaterpotential?Whatareitstwoparts?Inwhichdirectiondoeswatermove?
19) Describehowwatertravelsupatree.(underlinethewords:rootpressure,cohesion,adhesion,xylem,transpiration,stomata,waterpotential)
Cohesion…Two like molecules attracted together (water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds)
Adhesion…. Two different molecules attracted together (water adhering to root wall)
Water first enters a tree from the roots. The soil has a high water potential compared to the roots, so water moves into the roots by root pressure. The movement of water continues upwards through the xylem. It stays as one column against gravity due to cohesion (hydrogen bonding of adjacent water molecules) and adhesion (water molecules to the root wall). Transpiration, or evaporation of water from the leaf stomata, “pulls” on the water column due to the tension of the water loss. Water molecules from down the column replace the ones lost to the air. There is a continuous movement of water from the soil all the way to the top of trees as water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential.
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Guard cells
Cuticle
Vascular bundle/vein
Stoma
Where photosynthesis primarily occurs
Filled with air spaces that store CO2 and O2 gas.
Opens/closes to regulate gas exchange
Waxy layer that helps prevent water loss
Transport of water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)
Small opening where gases enter and leave
The potential energy of water to move from one location to another. Water potential is composed of pressure potential and solute potential. Water moves from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.
ψ = ψρ (pressure potential) + ψs (solute potential)
20) Drawagraphshowinghowthefollowingvariablesaffecttranspirationrates.
21) Usethefollowingtermstodescribehowastomaopensandcloses:
22) Whatadvantagesdoplantshavewhentheirstomataareclosedduetoshortwatersupply?Whatarethedisadvantages?
23) Whataretherolesofvarioushormonesinplantgrowthanddevelopment?
Hormone FunctionAuxin Cellelongationinstems
Gibberellins Stimulateseedgerminationandgrowth
Abscisicacid Inhibitseedgerminationandgrowth
Ethylene Promotesripeningoffruit
Polygalacturonase Enzymethatbreaksdownplantcellwallsandsoftensfruit
K+ ions pumped OUT of guard cells; water moves from inside cell (hypotonic)) to outside the cell (hypertonic). Causes cell to become flaccid and closes the stoma.
AdvantagesPlantsconservewater(can’tevaporatefromtheirstoma=transpiration).Waterisneededforphotosynthesisandtomaintainturgorpressureinsidecell.
DisadvantagesPlantscannottakeinCO2forphotosynthesisorreleaseO2whenstomaareclosed.RateofPsslows.HigherriskofphotorespirationasO2intheplantincreaseandCO2isusedup.
K+ ions move into guard cells; water moves from outside cell (hypotonic) to inside the cell (hypertonic). Causes cell to swell (become turgid) and opens the stoma.
Dark
• themovementofK+ions• movementofwater• guardcellsopening/closing• stomaopening/closing
Class Data: • Control: -30 • Bright (constant) light: -48 • Dark: -33 • Wind: -46 • Humidity: +10
Increased transpiration = more mass loss
PlantLifeCycle24) Labelthecircles
aseither(n)or(2n).Labeltheboxesaseitherfertilizationormeiosis.
25) Whatismeantby
doublefertilization?26) Howareseeds
differentfromspores?27) Howistheseed
embryonourished?
2spermnuclei(bothhaploid)traveldownthepollentubeandmeettheovule.Onespermfertilizestheegg(n),creatingadiploid(2n)zygote.Theotherspermjoinswith2polarnucleiintheovary(bothhaploid)toformtheendosperm,whichistriploid(3n).Theendospermnourishesthedevelopingembryointheseed.
Seedsareproducedfromfertilization,containanembryoandendosperm,arediploid,anddevelopintothesporophyte.
Sporesareproducedfrommeiosis,arehaploid,anddevelopintothegametophyte.
meiosis
fertilization
nn
nn
n
2n2n
Theendospermprovidesfoodsuchasstarch,proteins,andothernutrientsforthegrowingplantuntilleavesareproducedandphotosynthesisbegins.
Photosynthesis
28) Whatarethetwo
reactionsthatmakeupphotosynthesis?
29) Wheredoeseachstage
occur?30) Whatarethereactants&productsofthe1ststage?31) Whatarethereactants&productsofthe2ndstage?32) Whatpigmentsare
involvedinlightenergytransformation?
33) Whatcolors(&wavelengths)ofvisible
lightdotheytransmit?34) Whatcolorsdothey
absorb?
Light-dependentreaction Calvincycle(light-independent)
Thylakoidmembrane
Stromaofchloroplast
H2O,ADP,NADP+,Pi,lightenergy
NADPH,ATP,O2
NADPH,ATP,CO2
C6H12O6,ADP,NADP+,Pi
Main:Chlorophylla 2nd:Chlorophyllb Accessory:Carotenoids
Green Green
Red,orange,yellow
Violet-blue,orange-red
Blue,orange
Purple-blue-green