Biology Midterm Exam Review KEYScientific Method:

Parts of an Experiment1. F 2. E 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A

7. ONE independent variable.

8. A. Temperature (location)B. # of seeds that sprouted.C. type of seed, number of seeds in each bag, bags (size, shape & what they are made of), box (size, shape & what they’re made of), amount of water in each bag, age of seeds, time the seeds were in each location.

Classification:9. List the characteristics that are possessed by all living things:

Made up of CELLS Obtain and use ENERGY Reproduce GROW and Develop Respond to their ENVIRONMENT

Maintain HOMEOSTASIS (stable internal conditions)

Contain GENETIC material (DNA) CHANGE over time (evolve)

10. On the left, list the current taxa (from the broadest to the most specific). DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

11. An organism’s GENUS and SPECIES are used to create its scientific name.

12. The scientific name for humans should be written as Homo sapiens

13. For two organisms to be classified as the same species, they must: Have a similar STRUCTURE / APPEARANCE. Be able to mate and produce offspring that FERTILE Found together in nature.

14. Organisms in the same class also share these other taxa: DOMAIN, KINGDOM and PHYLUM

15. When the classification system was first developed all living things were placed in one of two kingdoms. What were they? PLANT and ANIMAL

16. Use the dichotomous key to identify the scientific name of the cat seen to the right? Herpailurus yaguarondi

17. Which cats in the key are most closely related? Lynx rufus & Lynx canadensis

How do you know? Both are in the same genus (have the same first scientific name)

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Use the cladogram to answer the questions 18-20:

18. What characteristic(s) is/are shared by the horse and the

leopard? BOTH HAVE HAIR.

19. Which characteristic(s) is/are unique to (only had by) the

domestic cat? ABILITY TO PURR.

20. Which animal is the most primitive? TURTLE

21. Identify each vocabulary term described below:

PROKARYOTE / PROKARYOTIC = organisms whose cells do not contain a nucleus or

membrane bound organelles.

EUKARYOTE / EUKARYOTIC = organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound

organelles.

22. Using your knowledge of the six kingdom classification system, fill in the missing spaces in the chart below.

Classification of Living ThingsDomain ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA Kingdo

mARCHAE-

BACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA

Examples Bacteria mainly found in harsh environments

Common bacteria found in / around you

Amoeba, paramecium & euglena

Yeast, mold & mushrooms

Moss, fern, pine tree, grass, dandelion

turtles, worms, sponges, hydra, dogs, humans

Cell type All Prokaryotic All are EukaryoticNutrition heterotrophic or autotrophic heterotrophic or

autotrophic HETERO AUTO HETERO

# of cells unicellular unicellular Mostly unicellular Multicellular Multicellular

Cell Wall Cell wall(s) in most Some have a cell wall

All have cell walls made

of CHITIN

All have cell walls made of

CELLULOSE No Cell

Wall

23. Even though they contain genetic material, VIRUSES are not classified in the above system because they do not meet all the characteristics of a living thing (i.e. they are not made up of cells).

Biodiversity:24. A/an ADAPTATION is a genetic change that increases an organism’s chance of survival in a specific

environment.

25. If a new unicellular organism is discovered and it has no nucleus. Upon closer inspection you see that the cell is surrounded by a CAPSULE a thick protective covering, which is needed because it lives in very harsh conditions. Which kingdom is should this organisms be placed in? ARCHAEBACTERIA

26. Two structures that unicellular organisms use for movement include: CILIA and FLAGELLA

27. Most unicellular organisms that have a nucleus are classified in Kingdom PROTISTA. Some found in pond water have a CONTRACTILE VACUOLE (labeled with an X), which they use to push out water (to prevent their cell from popping).

28. Structure Y is the ORAL GROOVE. Its purpose is to take in large particles

(food).

29. Euglena use a/an EYE SPOT to detect light to be used for photosynthesis.

30. Decomposers like fungi and some bacteria are called HETEROTROPHS because when they break down organic material they are actually eating it.

31. Plants, algae and some bacteria can make their own organic compounds using energy from the sun. These organisms are called AUTOTROPHS. Plants are thought to have evolved from ALGAE a green

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Use the picture below to answer #27-28.

protist that lives in the water. In order to survive on land, plants had to develop a waterproof covering called a CUTICLE.

32. Plants like ferns have an advantage over mosses because they have VASCULAR TISSUE which allows them to grow up off of the ground (toward the sun).

33. Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue.

The PHLOEM carries sugar made in the leaves down to the roots for storage, or up to be used.

Water is moves UP from the roots to the leaves in the XYLEM

34. Stoma are important for plants because they allow gas exchange for

photosynthesis. When open CARBON DIOXIDE enters the leaf and

OXYGEN moves out. The guard cells close to prevent WATER from

leaving the leaf.

35. Match each plant structure to the adaptive advantage that it provides.

_E__ has spines or thorns on its surface.     A. Obtain more nutrients and water from the soil

_B__ very large leaves B. Increases surface area to collect sunlight

_C__ bright, smelly flowers   C. Attracts pollinators for sexual reproduction by the plant

_D__ sweet fruits                       D. Encourages animal to help with seed dispersal

_A__ deep roots                                     E. Protects plant from water-seeking animals

36. Matching: Use the terms below to answer each of the following questions/descriptions. You may use each term more than once. Some questions contain more than one possible answer (indicated by the number of answer spaces).

A. mosses B. gymnosperms C. angiosperms D. Ferns _B__ _C__ _D__ Plants containing vascular tissue.

_B__ _C__ Plants producing seeds.

_C__ Plants producing fruit.

_A__ The most primitive group of plants.

_C__ The most advanced group of plants.

_C__ Plants producing flowers.

_B__ Seeds are stored in cones (naked seeds)

37. What is the function of a flower? TO INCREASE SUCCESS OF POLLINATION / SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

38. The male part of a flower is called the STAMEN The top part, called the ANTHER makes pollen.

39. All of the female parts of a flower are called the PISTIL. The STIGMA is the sticky top that

catches pollen and the OVARIES makes eggs needed for sexual reproduction.

40. If pollination occurs, the ovary develops into a FRUIT with SEEDS inside.

41. Name two methods of pollination ANIMALS (BIRDS & BEES) and WIND.

42. Why is it beneficial for plants to spread their seeds out (away from the parent plant)? REDUCES

COMPETITION (INCREASES CHANCE THAT SOME OFFSPRING WILL SURVIVE).

43. Give one example of a stimulus that may change the direction that a plant grows. LIGHT, WATER, TOUCH & THE PULL OF GRAVITY.

44. Animals that have a backbone are called VERTEBRATES those without are INVERTEBRATES

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Stoma & Guard Cells

45. A frog is an example of an animal that undergoes COMPLETE metamorphosis since the tadpole does not look like the adult frog. Young grasshoppers resemble adults and so they undergo INCOMPLETE metamorphosis.

46. Animals that are ectothermic, have rough scaly skin and lays their eggs on land are called REPTILE.

47. ENDOTHERMIC (a.k.a. warm-blooded) animals use lots of energy to keep their body temperature the same. However, ECTOTHERMIC (a.k.a. cold-blooded) animals allow their environment to regulate their body temperature (and metabolism) so they don’t need to consume as many calories.

48. The circulatory system (heart & blood vessels) helps our body with gas exchange. The OXGYEN that is brought in by the lungs must be delivered to the body. The CARBON DIOXIDE, a waste must be brought back to the lungs were it is released (when you breath out).

49. Why must animals that rely upon external fertilization and development produce many more offspring than those that use internal fertilization and development? MORTALITY (DEATH) RATE IS SO HIGH THAT THEY MUST PRODUCE MANY OFFSPRING TO BE SURE THEIR SPECIES SURVIVES.

Cells 50. Put the following terms in order from least to most complex: organ, cell, organism, organelle, organ

system, tissue

ORGANELLE CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM

51. Which of the above terms is the basic unit of life? THE CELL52. Fill in the Venn diagram with the letters of the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.

A. ribosomes Prokaryotes EukaryotesB. membrane bound organellesC. bacteriaD. cell membraneE. nucleusF. animalsG. no membrane bound organellesH. cytoplasmI. plantsJ. DNAK. no nucleus

53. Single celled organisms, like paramecium, must maintain HOMEOSTASIS by keeping the internal environment constant.  One way is by using CONTRACTILE VACUOLES to push out excess water that may flow inside.

54. The ENDOSYMBIOTIC theory suggests that the origin of eukaryotic cells comes from the merging of several prokaryotic cells in a mutually beneficial relationship.

55. Identify organelles found in the cell seen below:

A – RIBOSOME

B – CELL MEMBRANE / PLASMA MEMBRANE

C – MITOCHONDRIA

D – CYTOPLASM

E – SMOOTH ER

F – ROUGH ER

G – NUCLEUS

56. What type of cell is pictured above ANIMAL Explain why you came to this conclusion. THE CELL DOES NOT HAVE A CELL WALL, CHLOROPLASTS OR A LARGE VACUOLE.

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A B EF

C

D HG

K IJ

57. Identify organelles found in the cell seen below:A – NUCLEUS

B – ROUGH ER

C – VACUOLE

D – MITOCHONDRIA

E – CELL WALL (outer most)

F – CELL / PLASMA MEMBRANE

G - CHLOROPLAST

58. What type of cell is pictured above PLANT CELL Explain why you came to this conclusion. THIS

CELL HAS A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE, CHLOROPLASTS & A CELL WALL.

59. Identify at least 4 differences between a plant and an animal cell:

Plant cells have A CELL WALL animal cells DO NOT HAVE A CELL WALL

Plant cells have A LARG E VACUOLE animal cells HAVE SMALL VACUOLES

Plant cells have CHLOROPLASTS animal cells DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPLASTS

Animal cells have LYSOSOMES plant cells DO NOT HAVE LYSOSOMES

Identify the correct organelle for questions 60-68.

60. MITOCHONDRIA Converts chemical energy from food/sugar into cell energy in the form of ATP

61. ER (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM) Transport channels in the cell, some are covered with ribosomes and others are not.

62. CELL WALL Found outside the cell membrane; provides support.

63. RIBOSOME Protein factory found in all cells

64. LYSOSOMES Cleans up the cell (contains special digestive enzymes)

65. GOLGI APPARATUS Collects, modifies, repackages & ships out large proteins/products.

66. CHLOROPLAST Converts solar energy into chemical energy (food/sugar).

67. NUCLEUS Control center of the cell which contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells.

68. VACUOLE Found in both plants & animals; in plants it is the largest organelle & mainly stores water.

69. In multicellular organisms cells often become specialized; As a result, a single organism may have

cells that vary in shape and structure based on each cell’s FUNCTION (JOB)

70. While you are looking through the eyepiece you push the slide on the microscope stage to the right.

Which way will the specimen appear to move in your field of view? LEFT

71. Draw the image seen on the slide below, as it would appear in the field of view of a compound light microscope.

72. If the R on the above slide was viewed under high power with the 40x objective lens, what would the

total magnification be if the eyepiece has a magnification of 10x? TOTAL MAG = 400X

73. Match the description of the parts of the compound light microscope with the proper term.

__F__ allows light to reflect upward__H__ lenses with varying magnification

__D__ regulates amount of light__J__ platform to support slide

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R

__G__ holds and turns objectives__I__ contains lens to look through__C__ only used to focus images on the lowest power__E__ focuses image under high power only

A. armB. baseC. coarse adjustmentD. diaphragmE. fine adjustmentF. light sourceG. nosepieceH. objective lensI. ocular lens / eyepiece J. stage

74. Identify the parts labeled on the microscope to the right:

A. EYEPIECE B. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE C. OBJECTIVE LENS D. STAGE E. DIAPHRAGM F. LIGHT SOURCE / LAMP G. COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB H. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

Cell Transport 75. Label the diagram of the Fluid Mosaic Model with the following terms:

phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, integral protein, cholesterol, carbohydrate, peripheral protein

76. Describe the functions of the components of the cell membrane:

Phospholipids: MAKES UP MAJORITY OF THE CELL MEMBRANE; SEPARATES CEL FROM ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

Proteins: ALLOWS LARGE / CHARGED MOLECULES INTO OR OUT OF THE CELL.

Carbohydrates: USED FOR IDENTIFICATION (A.K.A. ID TAGS)

77. Explain what it means when we say that living cells are selectively permeable? THE CELL CAN CONTROL WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES.

78. The goal of PASSIVE TRANSPORT it to DECREASE (increase/decrease) the concentration gradient; making the concentration on both sides of the cell EQUAL (equal / unequal)

79. List and describe the three forms of passive transport.

DIFFUSION - movement of small or uncharged solute (or dots) from a high to low concentration.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION - movement of large or charged solute across the cell membrane, from a high to low concentration, with the help of a protein.

OSMOSIS - movement of water across the cell membrane to help the cell reach equilibrium.

80. The goal of ACTIVE TRANSPORT it to INCREASE (increase/decrease) the concentration gradient; making the concentration on both sides of the cell UNEQUAL (equal / unequal). Unlike passive transport, ENERGY is required for active transport in the form of ATP.

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81. Refer to the following pictures to answer the next four questions.

A. Hypotonic solution B. Hypertonic solution C. Isotonic solution

Which of the above diagrams (A, B, or C) shows the ideal conditions for a red blood cell? C – ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Which of the above diagrams (A, B, or C) shows the ideal conditions for a plant cell? A Describe how this benefits the plant.

CAUSE WATER TO MOVE INTO THE CELLS (CELLS WILL BE RIGID)

Which of the above pictures shows what might occur if a freshwater fish were placed into a saltwater fish tank? B

What might happen to the cells of the fish? THEY WOULD SHRINK (DEHYDRATE) Explain. WATER WOULD MOVE OUT OF THE CELL

82. Draw an arrow on each diagram to indicate the movement of molecules for the process described below. Be sure to label your arrows with what is moving.

OSMOSIS DIFFUSION PUMP83. When a white blood cell engulfs (takes it in) a bacteria cell, this is an example of ENDOCYTOSIS [

exocytosis or endocytosis (circle one) ] This is an example of ACTIVE transport because it requires the cell to use ENERGY .

Cell Energy

84. The process in which ATP is produced without oxygen is called ANAEROBIC respiration or FERMENTATION ; In this process 2 (#) ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of glucose.

85. The process in which ATP is produced with oxygen is called AEROBIC respiration; In this process 36-38 (#) ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of glucose.

86. How is energy released from ATP so the cell can do work (what does ATP become)? ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN THE LAST (3 RD ) PHOSPHATE IS BROKEN OFF (LEAVING ADP + P)

87. Fill in the chart Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration (aerobic)

Organelle in eukaryotes where process takes place

An example of an organism that utilizes this process:

PLANTS & ALGAE ALL EUKARYOTES

Reactants(ingredients needed to start)

CO2 + H20 + SUNLIGHT O2 + C6H12O6

Products(what the process makes)

O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H20 + 36 ATP

88. Identify the process utilized by the cells below to produce ATP. Then list the byproducts they produce

WITHOUT oxygen.

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watersolute(dots)

solute(dots)

Yeast utilize a process called ALCOHOLIC fermentation. They use sugar and water to

produce ALCOHOL & CARBON DIOXIDE & 2 ATP

Muscle cells utilize a process called LACTIC ACID fermentation. They use sugar & water to

produce LACTIC ACID & 2 ATP

89. A runner is competing in a 10 km track meet and just before completing the race, the runner is nearly out of breath and the energy needed to finish the race. Which cell structure is most affected by this lack of energy?

a. Nucleusb. Ribosome

c. Mitochondriond. Plasma membrane

90. How does the process of photosynthesis in plants provide energy for animals?a. The water and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into glucose and oxygen for animals.b. The glucose and ATP used in photosynthesis are converted into water and carbon dioxide for animals.c. The glucose and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into proteins for animals.d. The oxygen and glucose produced through photosynthesis are converted into lipids for animals.

Chemistry/Biochemistry

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91. Fill in the missing information about organic compounds below

Organic Compound Name for monomeror subunits

CARBOHYDRATE MONO-SACCHARIDES

LIPID Fatty Acids & Glycerol

PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS

Nucleic Acids NUCLEOTIDES

92. Determine which organic compound best matches with each example listed below (answers may be used more than once).

1. A Glucose, Starch, Glycogen & Cellulose

2. B Triglyceride, Fats, oils & waxes

3. C Insulin, Hemoglobin, Enzymes

4. D DNA & RNA

A. CarbohydrateB. LipidC. ProteinD. Nucleic Aci

93. Which ONE compound listed on the left-hand side is a MONOMER? GLUCOSE

Fill in the blank with the word from the Biochemistry unit that best matches each statement:

94. ORGANIC COMPOUND Term for compounds that contain carbon (and hydrogen).

95. MONOMERS Small compounds that join together to form polymers

96. CARBOHYDRATE Sugars and starches are this type of organic compound.

97. STARCH A large molecule made by plants to store sugar (made by joining many glucose together).

98. HEMOGLOBIN Protein that covers the red blood cells and helps carry oxygen.

99. CELLULOSE Carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plants.

Use the graph on the right to answer questions 100-101.

100.The energy needed to start a reaction is called ACTIVATION ENERGY

101.In the graph, line C represents a reaction WITH (with/without) the help

of an enzyme; however line B represents a reaction WITHOUT

(with/without) the help of an enzyme. Enzymes allow a reaction to start

using LESS (more/less) energy

102.Label the numbers on the pH scale below and the terms weak acid, weak

base, strong acid, strong base and neutral.

0 7 14

103.What substances are found in the blood stream to minimize changes in pH? BUFFER

104.Below is the picture of an enzymatic reaction. Identify the parts (A, B, C & D):

A. ENZYME

B. SUBSTRATE

C. ACTIVE SITE

D. PRODUCTS

105.Identify two conditions that change how quickly an enzyme can do its job. pH and temperature

106.Explain how the above conditions affect an enzyme’s is ability to do its job. CHANGES IN THESE

CONDITIONS MAY CAUSE THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE TO CHANGE (substrate

won’t fit in active site).

107.In this graph, what is the optimal pH for Gastric protease? 3

108.In this graph, what is the optimal pH for Intestinal protease? 8

109.What happens to the enzyme activity of gastric protease if the pH starts off at 3.0 and raises to a pH of 8.0 (see the graph). GASTIC PROTEASE BECOMES LESS ACTIVE.

STRONG ACID WEAK ACID WEAK BASE STRONG BASE

NEUTRAL

110.What happens to the enzyme activity of intestinal protease if the pH starts off at 3.0 and raises to a pH of 8.0? ACTIVITY OF INTESTINAL PROTEASE INCREASES.

111.What do you predict will happen to the enzyme shown in this graph, if the temperature is raised above 50°C? Explain why! THE ENZYME DOES NOT WORK AT ALL (MAY DENATURE OR FALL APART).

112.Why would a distance runner consume carbohydrates instead of proteins before a race?

a. Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat.b. Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues.c. Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells.d. Carbohydrates provide energy for endurance.

113. Complete the following statements about testing for various organic compounds:

When BENEDICTS is added to a solution that contains SUGAR and it is heated, there is a color

change from blue to green to orange. When IODINE is added to a solution that contains STARCH

it will turn a blue-black color. Both of these tests indicate the presence of different kinds of

CARBOHYDRATES

BIURET is used to indicate the presence of a PROTEIN by turning from blue to purple.

LIPIDS are easy to identify because when they are put on BROWN PAPER it BECOMES

TRANSLUCENT

114.Why did Miller & Urey setup the experiment shown on the right? What were they trying to explain?

TO SHOW HOW MORE COMPLEX ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS MAY HAVE FORMED ON A PLANET

WITHOUT LIFE (PRIMITIVE EARTH)

115. What was their conclusion? UNDER CONDITIONS WHICH

EXISTED ON PRIMITIVE EARTH, COMPOUNDS LIKE

AMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES MAY HAVE BEEN

ABLE TO FORM ON THEIR OWN.