Name:______________________Period:____

1

AIMS Review Packet – Part 2 (ANSWERS)

Genetics 1) What is genetics?

The science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring. 2) Who is considered to be the “father” of genetics? Gregor Mendel 3) What is an allele? Variation of a gene 4) Define homozygous and heterozygous. Homozygous: an individual that has identical alleles for a trait. (AA or aa) Hetereozygous: an individual that has two different alleles for a trait (Aa) 5) Identify the following genotypes as homozygous recessive (HR), homozygous dominant (HD),

or heterozygous (HE): HH Tt Jj rr Ss MM HH: homozygous dominant Tt: heterozygous Jj: heterozygous

6) Define genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each. Genotype: the entire genetic make-up of an organism Phenotype: the physical appearance of an organism (because of genotype) 7) What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait? If the dominant trait is present it will be expressed in the organism’s phenotype. The recessive trait only shows in the phenotype if it is homozygous for the recessive trait. 8) Can a heterozygous individual show the phenotype of the recessive trait? Explain. No, Only if the organism is homozygous recessive. Otherwise the dominant trait will mask the recessive. 9) Explain the uses of a karyotype. Used to diagnose CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMAILTIES (EXAMPLE: Down syndrome) Also can find out the sex of the person.

Name:______________________Period:____

2

10) If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?

Dimples is the dominant trait. 11) Everyone in Squidward’s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is heterozygous for his blue

skin. His wife has green skin. a. Create a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children. b. What are the possible genotypes? _______Bb , bb______

c. What are the possible phenotypes? ____green skin, blue skin__

d. What are the chances of a child with blue skin? ____50%____

e. What are the chances of a child with green skin? ______50%______

f. Phenotypic ratio: ____1:1 or 2:2___________

g. Genotypic ratio: _____0:1:1 or 0:2:2___(“0” for BB genotype)___

12) What is Incomplete dominance? Give an example When both alleles are present there is a blending of the phenotype. Example: rr=White flower : RR=Red flowers : Rr=pink flowers

13) What is Co dominance? Give an example. When both traits are expressed at the same time. Dog with black and white spots or Barred Rock Chicken

14) Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome? X chromosome 15) What sex chromosomes does a male carry? Female? Males: XY Females: XX 16) If S= striped and s= solid, what are the phenotypes for each of the following:

a) Ss, Striped b) SS, Striped c) ss, Solid

17) If brown hair is dominant (B) to blonde hair (b), and two parents have a brown hair child, what are the possible genotypes of each parent? BB or Bb

18) If the gene for tall plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short plants, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring when a tall plant is crossed with a short plant? Complete the cross.

T = tall t= short TT = tall height Tt = medium height For TT x tt the offspring will all be medium height. tt = short height

B b

b

b

Bb

Bb

bb

bb

t t

T

T

Tt

Tt Tt

Tt

Name:______________________Period:____

3

19) In horses the coat color is controlled by co-dominant alleles. The alleles for a red coat or white coat are both expressed in a heterozygote. Horses that have a both a red and white coat are said to have a roan coat (both red and white hairs). Horses that have neither of the dominant alleles have a blonde coat. Cross two individuals with roan coats. Calculate the phenotypic (PR) and genotypic ratios (GR).

Rr x Rr RR : Rr : rr PR 1 : 2 : 1 GR 1 : 2 : 1 20) The gene for baldness is carried on the x-chromosome. What are the chances that a

bald man and a carrier (heterozygous) woman would have a bald boy? A bald girl? Show the cross.

Bald Girl = 25% Chance

Bald Man Genotype = XcY Bald Boy = 25% Chance

Carrier Woman Genotype = XXc

21) Draw a pedigree and find the genotypes for the following situation tracking the instance of the recessive trait blonde

hair: A blonde man marries a brown haired woman. They have two daughters who both have brown hair and a son with blonde hair. Their son has a son of his own with brown hair. Male = Female =

Brown Hair Blond Hair Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration 22) What is an autotroph? Give examples

Organism that creates its own energy “auto”matically ; ex) plants 23) What is a heterotroph? Give examples Organism that needs to eat to gain energy ; ex) animals 24) How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked? Both important part of the food chains/webs; both rely on each other for reactants and products of photo/CR 25) Why is chlorophyll green? Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light EXCEPT green 26) What is photosynthesis?

A process in which plants capture the suns energy to convert to “food”

R

R r

r

RR

Rr

Rr

rr

Xc

Xc X

Y

Xc X

c

Xc X

XY

Xc Y

Name:______________________Period:____

4

27) What is the equation for photosynthesis? Label the reactants and products.

CO2 + H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + O2

Products =C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)

Reactants = CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, energy from the sun)

28) Where does photosynthesis occur? Within Chloroplasts 29) Where does the light reaction occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out?

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and ATP / NADPH

30) Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out? Stroma of the chloroplasts ; Carbon dioxide, glucose 31) Which pigment is directly involved with photosynthesis? (The primary pigment)

Chlorophyll 32) Why are carotenoids and chlorophyll b (alternatives to chlorophyll a) important to photosynthesis? They absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll “a” to maximize sunlight energy intake. Like, for example, when the sun rises lower in the sky in the fall and winter. 33) What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Temperature, carbon dioxide levels, amount of energy from sun 34) Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems? Leaves! 35) Why does photosynthesis not occur in the other two places? Lack of chlorophyll 36) What is an aerobic pathway? Give an example. Pathway taken by cells to create energy if oxygen is present 37) When does aerobic respiration occur? All the time ; when oxygen is available 38) What is an anaerobic pathway? Give 2 examples. Pathway taken by cells when oxygen is absent ; lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation 39) What type of cellular respiration does yeast undergo? Fermentation 40) What is cellular respiration? A process in which mitochondria use oxygen and glucose to make ATP (energy) for the cells. 41) Which is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products.

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy Products: CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, ATP) Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2 (Glucose and oxygen)

Name:______________________Period:____

5

42) Where does aerobic respiration occur in a eukaryotic cell? In a prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell = mitochondria Prokaryotic cell = cytoplasm (since prokaryotes don’t have mitochondria) 43) Why do cells need energy? To perform most cellular functions (protein synthesis; active transport, etc) 44) How much ATP can be produced from a complete

breakdown on one glucose molecule? Include all the steps.

38 ATP 45) How does the amount of energy produced in cellular

respiration compare with energy produced during fermentation?

Fermentation simply keeps glycolysis going, so therefore making 2 ATP every cycle.

46) Glucose is broken down during glycolysis to form what? What else is formed?

Pyruvic acid ; NADH will most likely NOT be

on AIMS

47) Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration reciprocal parts of a cycle? (How are they linked to each other?) The products of PHOTO become the reactants in CR and visa versa

48) Describe what is happening in graph 1. Explain why?

As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increase ; the more photon exposed to, the more ATP and NADPH can be made therefore leading to more glucose in the dark reactions

49) Describe what is happening in graph 2. Explain why? As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis…. To a point! After about 25o Celsius, temperature has a negative effect on the rate of photosynthesis.

Ecology 50) List the levels of organization for populations from smallest to largest for Ecology. Understand the differences.

Organism (one individual) Population (more than one of the same species) Community (one species population and all the other living populations in the area) Ecosystem (All the living and non-living things that interact) Biosphere (where life is found on the earth)

Name:______________________Period:____

6

51) What is a biome? Geographical areas that share the same climate, vegetation, and wildlife 52) What defines different biomes?

Temperature, rainfall, amount of sunlight, similar plants, similar animals, etc

53) What 2 main environmental factors defines the different biomes?

Temperature and amount of water 54) What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Primary starts on bare rock without soil Secondary starts out with soil and seeds

55) In primary succession what is the first species to start to grow? Why? Lichen; they can grow on bare rock 56) What is a symbiotic relationship? A relationship between TWO living organisms 57) Define, Compare and Contrast Mutualism, Commensalisms, and Parasitism. Who benefits?

Mutualism – Both benefit (+. +) Commensalism – One benefit and the other is neither harmed nor helped (+, no impact) Parasitism – One is harmed while the other benefits (+. -)

58) What factors influence the growth of human population? Available resources, economic status, health & nutrition, technical innovation, medical development, etc 59) What is the difference between density dependent factors and density independent factors?

density dependent – changes due to the density of the population, i.e. available resources (water, food, shelter) density independent – Changes that occur independently of population density ( i.e. weather patterns, other natural disasters)

60) Compare and contrast exponential growth to logistical growth. Draw a graph to represent each. Exponential growth – rapid, consistent growth Logistic – includes a period of exponential growth, but then levels out about carrying capacity

Name:______________________Period:____

7

61) What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity? Typically will crash due to overpopulation leading to major competition – resources deplete very quickly and many die off or move away 62) What is the relationship between population and resources? Typically: The lower the population = more resources The larger the population = more competition / lack of resources Above is a population pyramid. Spend some time and read the graph then answer the following question. 63) Describe what is happening in each of the population pyramids.

Kenya – rapid growth due to highest % age groups being ages 0 -20ish US – fairly steady growth rate as most of the groups are about the same % of the population Italy – Growth has slowed, due to lower % of ages 0-20

64) As a population gets older, what type of jobs will be in high demand? Nurses; home care takers, nursing home attendants, assisted living homes

65) What is the relationship between predators and prey? Predators eat prey

Name:______________________Period:____

8

66) Review the steps to the:

a) Water cycle. What is transpiration?

b) Carbon Cycle. What ways does carbon get into the atmosphere?

Name:______________________Period:____

9

c) Nitrogen Cycle. How does nitrogen get introduced to the soil?

67) How is a food web different from a food chain?

Food chain – one linear flow of energy Food web – ALL possible flows of energy through a community

Name:______________________Period:____

10

68) What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next? 90% is lost as heat, therefore 10% is passed on 69) What is binomial nomenclature? A way to classify living organisms: A two-part naming system that gives each species a unique name that includes its genus and species. Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower case. If typing the name it needs to be italicized. If handwriting the name it needs to be underlined. 70) What are the levels of naming? Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Do Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach) 71) What are the six kingdoms?

1 - Eubacteria 2 - Archae bacteria 3 – Protista (protists – microscopic single or multicellular eukaryotes) 4 – Fungi (fungus – i.e. mushrooms) 5 – Plantae (plants) 6 – Animalia (Animals)

174) How are the kingdoms different Eubacteria / Archae bacteria = prokaryotes; asexual; single-celled Protista = eukaryotes; single or multicellular ; asexual , gains energy in many ways Fungi = eukaryotes, multicellular, use spores to reproduce either asexual or sexual, gain energy through absorbing it from soil or other organisms Plantae = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy through photosynthesis Animalia = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy by EATING, sexual 72) What are the characteristics that all animals have?

Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic organisms. They have multiple cells with mitochondria and they depend on other organisms for food.