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Name: Period: 3 Cells and Tissues
Study Guide !CELLS AND TISSUES:
The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell's parts, or organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function. Cells have the ability to metabolize, grow and reproduce, move, and respond to stimuli. The cells of the body differ in shape, size, and in specific roles in the body. Cells that are similar in structure and function form tissues, which, in turn, construct the various body or-gans. Activities in this chapter include questions relating to the structure and function of the generalized animal cell and to the general arrangement of tissues and their contribution to the activities of the various body organs. !
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell !1. Correctly label all of the cell structures and organelles in the figure.
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2. This figure is a diagram of a portion of a plasma membrane. Label the diagram and then respond to the ques -tions that follow by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. !!!!
! !!! a. Name the carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface. ________________________ !! b. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is nonpolar? ________________________ !! c. Does nonpolar mean hydrophobic or hydrophilic? ________________________ !! d. What are two roles of the membrane proteins? ________________________ and ________________________ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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3. Label the specialization of the plasma membrane, shown in the figure. Then, answer the questions provided be -low that refer to this figure.
! ! a. What type of cell function(s) does the presence of microvilli typically indicate? ________________________ ! b. Which cell junction forms an impermeable barrier? ________________________ ! c. Which cell junction is an anchoring junction? ________________________ ! d. Which junction has linker proteins spanning the intercellular space? ________________________ ! e. Which cell junction is not illustrated, and what is its function? ________________________ !Cell Physiology - Membrane Transport 4. Identify the various mechanism by which substances can move across cell membranes by labeling the diagram.
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5. This figure shows three microscopic fields (A-C) containing red blood cells. Draw arrows to indicate the direc -tion of net osmosis. Respond to the following questions by inserting your responses in the spaces provided.
A B C a. Which microscopic field contains a hypertonic solution? ______ ! The cells in this field are said to be: ! b. Which microscopic field contains an isotonic bathing solution? ______ ! What does isotonic mean? ! c. Which microscopic field contains a hypotonic solution? ______ ! What is happening to the cells in this field and why? !!6. Identify the processes occurring in these diagrams.
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7. Identify the phases of mitosis depicted in the figure by inserting the correct name in the blank under the appro -priate diagram. Then label the diagram with the structures listed below. !
Nuclear membrane(s), if present Centrioles Nucleoli, if present ! Spindle fibers Chromosomes
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Protein Synthesis !8. This figure is a diagram illustrating protein synthesis. Using the terms below, label the corresponding structures
in the diagram. Next, using the letters of the genetic code, label the nitrogen bases on strand 2 of the DNA double helix, on the mRNA strands, and on the tRNA molecules. Then, answer the questions that follow by in-serting your answers in the answer blanks.
Backbones of the DNA double helix tRNA molecules Backbone of the mRNA strands Amino acid molecules
!a. Transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mRNA is called ________________________ !b. Assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called
________________________ c. The set of three nitrogen bases on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon is called a(n)
________________________.
d. The mRNA triplet AUG is called a the ________________________ !!!! 6
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BODY TISSUES !9. Label the diagram below with the appropriate terms.
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10. Twelve tissue types are diagrammed in the figures that follow. Identify each tissue type by inserting the correct name in the blank below it and label any visible structures.
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11. Using the choices, identify the following connective tissue types. ! Adipose connective tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Osseous tissue Hyaline cartilage !
a. ________________________ Provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagen fibers; found in tendons
b. ________________________ Acts as a storage depot for fat
c. ________________________ Composes the dermis of the skin
d. ________________________ Forms the bony skeleton
e. ________________________ Composes the basement membrane and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types
f. ________________________ Forms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints; rein -forces the trachea
g. ________________________ Provides insulation for the body
h. ________________________ Structurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth; contains chondrocytes
i. ________________________ Contains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts
j. ________________________ Forms the stroma or internal "skeleton" of lymph nodes, the spleen, and oth -er lymphoid organs !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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3 Cells and Tissues
Cellular
Organelles
The
Nucleus
1.
2.
3.
major structures
The Plasma
Membrane
5.
4.
specializations
6.
7.
8.
types
Cytoplasmic
Organelles
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Membrane
Transport
Passive
9.
10.
major types
special types of
diffusion
13.
14.
Active
11.
12.
examples
special types of
vesicular transport
15.
16.
17.
Cell Division
26.
results in
Flow of Genetic
Information
27.
↓
28.
↓
29.
Body
Tissues
30.
31.
32.
33.
major
categories
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Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissues Chapter Objectives !
Cells !12. Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter and list several trace elements. !!!13. Define cell, organelle, and inclusion. !!14. Sketch a cell diagram showing the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane). !!!!!!!!!!!15. List the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli. !!!!!16. Sketch a cell diagram showing the major organelles and discuss the major function of each. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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17. Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active trans-port, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, hypertonic, hypo-tonic, and isotonic. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
18. Describe plasma membrane structure and explain how the various transport processes account for the di-rectional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane. !!!!!!
19. Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13
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Body Tissues !20.Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types dif-
fer structurally and functionally. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!21. Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body. !!!!!!!!!!
Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues !22.Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the
growth stages are over. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14
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