NAME OF STUDENT INTAN FATIHAH BINTI AHMAD MASTER …eprints.utem.edu.my/18358/1/Effect Factors Of Psychophysical And...Musculoskeletal disorder biasanya dikaitkan dengan masalah keletihan

TITLE OF THE THESIS

(Uppercase, centred, bold, 18 point gold colored font)

NAME OF STUDENT

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EFFECT FACTORS OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL OF UPPER QUADRANT

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS

INTAN FATIHAH BINTI AHMAD

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

2016

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

EFFECT FACTORS OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND

BIOMECHANICAL OF UPPER QUADRANT MUSCULOSKELETAL

DISORDER AMONG YOUNG DRIVERS

Intan Fatihah binti Ahmad

Master of Science in Manufacturing Engineering

2016

EFFECT FACTORS OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL OF UPPER QUADRANT MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER AMONG YOUNG

DRIVERS

INTAN FATIHAH BINTI AHMAD

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

in Manufacturing Engineering

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

2016

DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitle “Effect Factors of Psychophysical and Biomechanical of

Upper Quadrant Musculoskeletal Disorder among Young Drivers” is the result of my own

research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree

and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : …………………………....

Name : Intan Fatihah binti Ahmad

Date : .............................................

APPROVAL

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in

terms of scope and quality for the award of Master of Science in Manufacturing

Engineering .

Signature : …………………………..

Name : Dr. Seri Rahayu binti Kamat

Date : ..........................................

DEDICATION

To my Beloved Husband who always support me:

Mohd Zulhilmi bin Ismail

And

To my beloved parent and in-laws,

Ahmad bin Abd Razak

Roslizan binti Sulaiman

Ismail bin Karim

Zaiton binti Md Shah

To my handsome and beautiful sunshine,

Muhammad Yusuf bin Mohd Zulhilmi

Indah Zulaikha binti Mohd Zulhilmi

To my Supervisor,

Dr. Seri Rahayu binti Kamat

To my Families and my Friends

Especially Adilah, Rawaida, Hafiz and others

Thanks for their love and care.

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ABSTRACT

Musculoskeletal disorder is commonly associated with driver fatigue problem.

Previously, various techniques were proposed to the influence of changes in physical and

psychosocial conditions on musculoskeletal disorders. However, the impact factors

contribute to the musculoskeletal disorder is still more to achieve. This research aims to

identify impact of psychophysical experience, biomechanical and heart rate of drivers

towards prevalence musculoskeletal disorder. Moreover, the relationship between

presence of musculoskeletal disorder with Time, Gender, BMI and Length of Arm (LoA)

will be evaluated.

Participant will be asked to driving for 30 minutes and repeat the procedure for

two times. At the same time, the movement of the participant while driving will be

capture by Motion Capture and video also is taken. Meantime, the Heart rate of the

participant while driving is monitor. Between the replication, the participant will be given

questionnaire sheet to be answered. The questionnaire sheet will be answered the part of

the participant’s body feeling discomfort during the experiment where this discomfort

part is potential for musculoskeletal disorder prevalence.

Results identified both upper arm and lower arm problem. Biomechanical

analyses found static posture of arm and undesirable wrist positions lead to discomfort.

Although the results were promising, there were still some limitations that need to be

overcome in future study.

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ABSTRAK

Musculoskeletal disorder biasanya dikaitkan dengan masalah keletihan pemandu.

Sebelum ini, pelbagai teknik telah dicadangkan mengaitkan perubahan keadaan fizikal

dan psikososial pada musculoskeletal disorder. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak lagi

faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada musculoskeletal disorder perlu dikaji. Kajian ini

bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kesan psychophysical experience, biomechanical dan

kadar denyutan jantung pemandu terhadap musculoskeletal disorder. Selain itu,

perkaitan antara kewujudan musculoskeletal disorder dengan Masa, Jantina, BMI dan

Panjang lengan (LoA) akan dikaji.

Peserta akan diminta untuk memandu selama 30 minit dan mengulangi prosedur

tersebut sebanyak dua kali. Pada masa yang sama, pergerakan peserta semasa memandu

akan diambil dengan Motion Capture dan video juga diambil. Sementara itu, denyutan

jantung peserta semasa memandu akan dimonitor. Peserta akan diberi lembaran soal

selidik untuk dijawab setiap kali selepas eksperiment. Soal selidik ini akan menjawab

bahagian tubuh yang mana peserta rasa tidak selesa semasa eksperimen di mana

sebahagian ketidakselesaan ini berpotensi untuk menjadi musculoskeletal disorder.

Keputusan akhir menunjukkan peserta mengalami ketidakselesaan di bahagian

lengan. Analisis daripada keputusan biomekanikal mendapati postur lengan yang static

dan kedudukan pergelangan tangan di tempat yang tidak diingini membawa kepada rasa

tidak selesa. Walaupun keputusan akhir dapat dicapai, beberapa batasan di dalam kajian

ini perlu diatasi di kajian pada masa hadapan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would never have been able to finish my dissertation without the guidance of my

committee members, help from friends, and support from my family, husband and kids.

First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere

acknowledgement to my supervisor Dr. Seri Rahayu binti Kamat from the Faculty of

Manufacturing Engineering University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for her

essential supervision, support and encouragement towards the completion of this thesis. I

would also like to express my greatest gratitude to Dr. Ahmad Yusairi bin Bani Hashim

also from Faculty Manufacturing Engineering for his advice. Special thanks to MyBrain

UTeM for the financial support throughout this research. Particularly, I would also like to

express my deepest gratitude to Mrs. Zuraidah, technician from ergonomic lab faculty of

Manufacturing Engineering for her assistance and time spent in this works.

Special thanks to all my peers Adilah, Rawaida, Hafiz, Hafizah, Fevilia and

Fariza. Not forgotten my beloved parent, in law and sibling for their understanding and

moral support in completing this master. Lastly, my greatest gratitude for my beloved

husband, Zulhilmi and my kids, Yusuf and Zulaikha for their love and their consideration.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION APPROVAL DEDICATION ABSTRACT i ABSTRAK ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF APPENDICES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the research 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Objective of the research 4 1.4 Research questions 4 1.5 Scope and limitations 5 1.6 Potential benefits 6 1.7 Outlines of the research 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) 8 2.1.1 Upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorder 9 2.1.2 MSD happen among occupational drivers 10 2.1.3 Driver fatigue 12 2.2 Psychophysical experience factors 14 2.2.1 Psychophysical risk factors towards MSD 14 2.2.2 Analysis method for psychophysical risk factors 15 2.3 Biomechanical factors towards MSD 16 2.3.1 Relationship between biomechanical and MSD 17 2.3.2 Analysis method for biomechanical risk factors 18 2.4 Psychophysical factors and Biomechanical factors parameter of study 20 2.5 Summary of Literature review 23 3. METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Experimental design 25 3.1.1 Research design 27 3.1.2 Sample size 27 3.1.2.1 Participants 28 3.1.3 Independent Variable 28 3.1.3.1 Psychophysical factor 30 3.1.3.2 Biomechanical factor 31 3.1.4 Dependent Variable 31

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3.1.5 Control Variable 31 3.1.5.1 The road used by participants 32 3.1.5.2 The speed of car 32 3.1.5.3 Placement of hand while driving 32 3.2 Workstation Setup 33 3.3 Heart rate Setup 35 3.4 Motion Capture (Mocap) Setup 36 3.4.1 Calibrate the Mocap 38 3.4.2 Set Origin for Mocap 42 3.4.3 Attaching marker set to the participant 42 3.4.4 Capturing and processing a static trial 44 3.4.5 Capturing and processing dynamic trial 46 3.5 Experimental procedure 47 3.5.1 Driving instruction and task practice 49 3.5.2 Probe questioning 49 3.5.2.1 Validation of questionnaire 50 3.6 Statistical analysis 52 4. RESULTS&DISCUSSIONS 55 4.1 Demographic and anthropometric characteristics for participants 55 4.2 RULA Assessment results 56 4.3 Psychophysical Experience results 57 4.3.1 Level of discomfort versus Upper Body 57 4.3.2 Level of discomfort versus Time 59 4.3.3 Level of discomfort versus Gender 61 4.3.4 Level of discomfort versus BMI 62 4.4 Biomechanical result 64 4.4.1 Impact of Time towards MSD for biomechanical results 64 4.4.1.1 The first 30 minutes 64 4.4.1.2 The second 30 minutes 66 4.4.1.3 The third 30 minutes 69 4.4.2 Impact of gender towards MSD for biomechanical results 71 4.4.2.1 Male participant 71 4.4.2.2 Female participant 74 4.4.3 Impact of BMI towards MSD for biomechanical results 77 4.4.3.1 Underweight participant 77 4.4.3.2 Normal participant 79 4.4.3.3 Overweight participant 81 4.4.3.4 Obesity participant 84 4.5 Summary for Psychophysical experience and Biomechanical results 86 4.5.1 Summary results for Psychophysical experience 86 4.5.2 Summary results for Biomechanical 87 4.6 Discussion of results 91 4.6.1 Impact of Psychophysical experience towards MSD 92 4.6.1.1 Occurrence of MSD on Upper quadrant 92 4.6.1.2 Impact of Time on MSD 93 4.6.1.3 Impact of Gender on MSD 94

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4.6.1.4 Impact of BMI on MSD 94 4.6.2 Effect of Biomechanical factor towards MSD 95 4.6.2.1 Impact of Hand movement and Heart rate towards MSD 95 4.6.3 Relationship of Psychophysical experience and Biomechanical for MSD prevalence 96 5. CONCLUSIONS 98 5.1 Conclusion of the research 98 5.2 Contribution to Knowledge and Science 99 5.3 Future research possibilities 100 REFERENCES 101 APPENDICES 106

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1 General Road Accident Data in Malaysia (1997-2014) 2

2.1 Example of Musculoskeletal disorder 122.2 Parameter of study 203.1 Research design 273.2 Detail of motion marker 293.3 Classification of Body Mass Index 313.4 Example set of data 523.5 Example of summary ANOVA 543.6 Analysis of Variance for Number of Words Recalled 544.1 Demographic and anthropometric characteristics for 16 participants 564.2 Summary table for Psychophysical experience results 874.3 Summary of Biomechanical result for first 30 minutes 884.4 Summary of Biomechanical result for second 30 minutes 894.5 Summary of Biomechanical result for third 30 minutes 904.6 Static arm’s point 924.7 Heart beats before participants start the experiment 97

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Number of accidents by types of vehicles, Malaysia, 2005-2009 [Source: Department of Road Safety Malaysia]

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3.1 Research planning flow chart 263.2 Location of Motion markers 293.3 Map of road for the entire participants 323.4 Placement of Hand for each participant 333.5 Driving car simulator 333.6 Flow chart of workstation setup 343.7 Flow chart of Heart rate setup 363.8 Flow chart of Motion Capture (Mocap) setup 373.9 Flow chart for Mocap Calibration 393.10 Example to select Active Wand 403.11 Setting for Calibrate Camera area 403.12 Wand frames during calibration process 413.13 Camera calibration feedback 423.14 Attaching marker to participant 433.15 Flow chart for static trial process 443.16 Example of static position for each participant 45

3.17 Flow chart to capture dynamic trial 46

3.18 Flow Chart for experimental procedure 48

3.19 RULA Assessment Worksheet 51

3.20 Level score for MSD risk 51

4.1 ANOVA for effect of Level of discomfort towards Upper body 58

4.2 Interval plot for Level of discomfort versus Body part 58

4.3 Analysis of Variance for Level of discomfort versus Time 59

4.4 Interval plot for Level of discomfort versus Time 60

4.5 Grouping information for 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes 60

4.6 ANOVA for Level of discomfort versus Gender 61

4.7 Interval plot for level of discomfort versus Gender 62

4.8 ANOVA for Level of discomfort versus BMI 63

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4.9 Interval plot of Level discomfort versus BMI 63

4.10 Graph of Movement versus heart rate and time for Driver 7 at first 30 minutes

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4.11 Condition of road and Driver 7 at minute 27 for first 30 minutes driving

66

4.12 Condition of road and Driver 7 at minute 2 for first 30 minutes driving

66

4.13 Graph of Movement versus heart rate and time for Driver 7 at second 30 minutes

67

4.14 Road condition at minutes 15 until minutes 19 68

4.15 Driver 7 conditions from minute 15 until minute 19 69

4.16 Graph of Movement versus heart rate and time for Driver 7 at third 30 minutes

70

4.17 Condition of road and Driver 7 during third 30 minutes at minute 2 71

4.18 Condition of road and Driver 7 during third 30 minutes at minute 27 71


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4.20 Condition of road and Driver 2 during second 30 minutes at minute 8

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4.21 Condition of road and Driver 2 during second 30 minutes at minute 22 and 29

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4.23 Condition of road and Driver 14 during second 30 minutes at minute 8 and 12

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76


78


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4.27 Condition of road and Driver 1during second 30 minutes at minute 25

79


80


80


81


82

4.32 Condition of road and Driver 5 during second 30 minutes at minute 16, 19 and 24

83


84


85

x


85

4.36 Condition of road and Driver 11 during second 30 minutes at minute 18 86

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A1 Paper 1 102

A2 Paper 2 103

A3 Paper 3 104

A4 Paper 4 105

B1 SOP for Car simulator’s experiment 106

B2 Example of Questionnaire form 107

C RULA assessment form result 108

D Details information of biomechanical results for all 15 participants 109

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BMI - Body Mass Index

CLAV - Clavicle

C7 - 7th Cervical Vertebra

EMG - Electromyogram

HR - Heart rate

Ht - Height

LELB - Left elbow

LFIN - Left finger

LFRA - Volumetric flow-rate

LoA - Length of Arm

LSHO - Left shoulder

LUPA - Left upper arm A

LUPB - Left upper arm B

LUPC - Left upper arm C

LWRA - Left wrist A

LWRB - Left wrist B

m - Minutes

Miros - Angle

mm - Density

Mocap - Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research

MSD - Musculoskeletal disorder

T10 - 10th Thoracic Vertebra

UB - Upper Body

Wt - Weight

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1

1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides information regarding the backgrounds of the study,

problems statements, objectives, research questions, scope and limitations and potential

benefits of the study. This chapter also presents the outline on how the study been carried

out.

1.1 Background of the research

The car has been an important transport to people nowadays. It plays significant

role in moving people from one place to another in the most convenient way. It is a safe

vehicle. However, many car accidents happen lately and made people worried and they

had second thought whether car is a safe transport.

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Table 1.1 General Road Accident Data in Malaysia (1997-2014)

(Source: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research)

Table 1.1 shows the statistic of road accident in Malaysia from 1997 until 2014.

From the table, road crashes in Malaysia are increasing year by year.

According to Liu and Wu (2009), fatigue has been proofed to be related to road

accidents which happened all over the world. Many studies have related to fatigue and

some of the factors associated with fatigue are sleep deprivation and prolonged sitting.

Most studies has related fatigue to ‘endogenous’ factors only, however only few studies

focusing on ‘exogenous’ factor (Liu and Wu, 2009). Endogenous is related to internal

factors and exogenous is about external factors.

This research will be focused on driver’s hand movement while driving.

Furthermore, the impact of psychophysical experience towards driver’s movement and

heart rate will be analyzing whether it would contribute to musculoskeletal disorder

3

prevalence. Moreover, gender, BMI and Time factors will be identified if they can

provide to musculoskeletal disorder presence.

1.2 Problem statement

Musculoskeletal disorder has been ranked as one of health issues among

Malaysian driver (Bahri et al., 2014). There have been a lot of injuries were reported that

resulting direct and indirect losses to the driver. In order to overcome the problem, many

researchers have focused in this area to find the factors contributing musculoskeletal

prevalence such as:-

(1) Seating comfort has been found as one of contributing factor for

musculoskeletal disorder. The seat adjustments are found will not only affect

the comfort perception of the driver but also their feel of fatigue (Durkin et

al.,2006 and Kyung et al.,2008).

(2) Psychosocial issues can contribute to musculoskeletal disorder not only to

driver but also industrial worker. It is happen when they were in negative

mood or carrying the heavy workload. Thus, it is important to paying attention

to psychosocial conditions to reduce the musculoskeletal disorder (Fredriksson

et al, 2001)

However, the number of drivers experiences the musculoskeletal disorder still not

declining but increasing. Moreover, musculoskeletal disorder still be related with driver

for example, posture has been stated as an important risk factor for upper limb MSDs

(Finneran and O’Sullivan, 2013) such as pain in the lower back (Gallais and Ã, 2006) and

shoulder (Ã et al, 2007). Furthermore, there is a minimal study in analysing impact of

psychophysical experience, biomechanical and heart rate in musculoskeletal disorder

prevalence for Malaysian population especially young drivers when driving.

4

.

1.3 Objective of the research

Specifically, the aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of upper body

musculoskeletal disorder among young drivers. To achieve the research aim, the

following objectives are set:-

(1) To define the association psychophysical experience with upper quadrant

musculoskeletal disorder among young drivers.

(2) To identify heart rate and biomechanical factors for hand movement while

performing driving task.

(3) To appraise association psychophysical experience and biomechanical risk

factor for prevalence upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorder among young

drivers.

1.4 Research questions

This research will investigate the effect of heart rate, psychophysical experience

and biomechanical risk factors towards upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorder.

(1) Which of body parts experienced the highest levels of discomfort when

performing the driving task for first 30 minutes?


performing the driving task for second 30 minutes?


performing the driving task for third 30 minutes?

(4) Which gender experienced the highest discomfort when performing the

driving task?

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(5) Which BMI experienced the highest discomfort when performing the driving

task?

(6) Did Length of Arm (LoA) affecting level of discomfort while performing the

driving task?

(7) How the gender, BMI, Time and LoA can contribute to musculoskeletal

disorder?

(8) What is the relationship between hand movements while driving with heart

rate?

(9) How movement of hand and heart rate can contribute to musculoskeletal

disorder?

(10) How psychophysical experience and biomechanical risk factor is correlates

to each other and contribute to the musculoskeletal disorder?

1.5 Scope and limitations

The scope of this research is to study the psychophysical experience,

biomechanical risk factor and heart rate during driving. Driving required drivers to use

their hands to move the steering wheel and change the gear. Thus, the hand movement

will be asses in this research as it is the most affecting body parts when perform the

driving task. The participants selected are ensured to be in a good physical and health

because this research needs to measure the condition of healthy participant free from a

musculoskeletal disorder. The range ages of the participants are 20 to 28 years old as this

age group has highest involve in the car accidents compared to other age group

(Rashvinjeet S.Bedi, 2011). Moreover, the position of hand on the steering wheel will be

synchronized for each participant. The road will be driving by all participants also will be

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synchronized for each participant. This research also will be focused on the left hand

movement because the left hand is used more force compared to the right hand (Seri R. et

al.,2015).

1.6 Potential benefits

The potential benefits can be expected from the proposed study of effect factors

biomechanical, psychophysical experience and heart rate are as follows:-

(1) Medical practitioners can detect the early prevalence of musculoskeletal

disorder. Industrial automotive can predict the psychophysical experience,

hand movement and heart rate of the driver when driving to avoid

musculoskeletal disorder presence.

(2) It is also can wide knowledge more about the musculoskeletal disorder risk

factor.

(3) The information will help the Automotive industries to improve their product

design in order avoid the musculoskeletal disorder ensue to their customer.

(4) Methods, data and models generated by the research can be used as references

for the academician for the future reference and research on musculoskeletal

disorder.

1.7 Outlines of the research

This research is started with the introduction to the musculoskeletal disorder that

commonly happens for drivers. Chapter one provides the background of the study,

problem statements, objectives, research questions, scopes and limitations and potential

benefits of the study. The main and critical objective is to find the correlation between

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NAME OF STUDENT INTAN FATIHAH BINTI AHMAD MASTER …eprints.utem.edu.my/18358/1/Effect Factors Of Psychophysical And...Musculoskeletal disorder biasanya dikaitkan dengan masalah keletihan