Name Index

AAbbott, Monica, 306Abramovitz, Max, 502Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, 20, 35Ackerman, Edward, 254, 255Adams, Douglas, 24Adhemar, Joseph, 298, 322Adhikari, S. K., 36Agassiz, Louis, 86, 87, 95, 300, 305, 337, 651Ahlenius, Hugo, 755Ahmed, Mustafa, 646Aldrich, L. Thomas, 148, 160Alighieri, Dante, 219, 234Allen, Woody, 717Alpher, Ralph, 121, 130Alvarez, Luis, 95, 102, 147Alvarez, Walter, 90, 95, 102, 147Amati, Nicolo, 173, 181Amontons, Guillaume, 225, 377, 386, 423, 440Amundsen, Roald, 652Anderson, Carl David, 338, 340, 348, 349Andersen, Stephen O., 457Anderson, Roger, 84, 95, 102Andres, Bob, 497Angstrom, Anders Jonas, 208, 213, 436Angstrom, Knut, 284, 436Appleton, Edward, 337Applewhite, E. J., 36Archer, David, 501, 777Arduino, Giovanni, 84, 86, 94Aristotle, 17, 34, 173, 181, 219, 525, 526Armstrong, Neil, 33Arouet, François-Marie (Voltaire), 538Arrhenius, Gustav, 304, 319Arrhenius, Svante, 115, 130, 241–242, 257, 284, 304, 315, 436, 458,

465, 470, 495, 667, 691, 714, 717Assisi, Francis of, 1Auger, Pierre Victor, 339, 349Augustine of Hippo (St Augustine), 219, 234Augustus, 31, 35Avogadro, Amedeo (Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Bernadette

Avogadro di Quaregna e Cerreto), 51, 54, 108, 129–130, 379,381, 429, 440

BBach, Johann Sebastian, 13, 15, 21, 36, 70, 257, 684Bacon, Roger, 45

Bader, Henri, 414Bahcall, John, 336Balfe, Alex, 471Ballot, Buys, 176, 548, 550Balmer, Johann Josef, 208–209, 213, 265Balmer, Johann Jakob, 283Balukhovskiy, Alexander Nikolaievitch, 604Barberini, Maffeo, Cardinal, 668Bard, Edouard, 346Barnard, Tom, 115, 288Barrell, Joseph, 128Barron, Eric, 358, 371, 459, 482–483, 600, 723Barry, R. G., 257, 575Bartholinus, Erasmus, 189, 200Bartlett, Albert, 65, 726Barton, Joe, 492, 667Baudelaire, Charles, 36Beacham, Hans, 99Beaufort, Francis, 26, 35Becher, Johann Joachim, 219, 234, 377, 386Becquerel, Henri, 112‒115, 130, 261, 284, 337, 348Beethoven, Ludwig van, 38, 387Beiersdorf, Helmut, 488, 717Bellarmine, Roberto, Cardinal, 667, 668Benson, Bill, 264, 373, 374, 387Bentham, Jeremy, 116, 118, 129Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich, 532‒536, 552Berger, Wolf, xxiiiBergengren, Jon, 467, 483Berger, André, 293, 306–307, 310, 315–320, 323, 324, 681Berlanger, Paul, xxiiiBerner, Robert, 452Bernoulli, Daniel, 65Bernoulli, Jacob, 65, 69Berra, Yogi, 684, 721Beşiktepe, S., 754Beyrich, Heinrich von, 86, 95, 486Bierce, Ambrose, 10–12, 51Bierstadt, Albert, 434Black, Joseph, 80, 377, 387, 391, 418Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 148, 160Blanchon, Paul, 641, 642Boden, Tom, 497Bogdanov, Nikita, 670Bohr, Niels, 123, 130, 147, 263–266, 269–271, 273, 277–281Boltwood, Bertram, 118Boltzmann, Ludwig, 228, 232–233, 237, 253, 289Bonacci, Leonardo, 19, 35

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016W.W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27404-1

781

Bond, Gerard, 664Bond, James, 470Bonet, Grace Wing, 471, 472Bonnert, Oliver, 503Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 176Born, Max, 279Boyle, Robert, 173, 181, 189, 200, 377, 380, 386, 423, 440Brackett, Frederick Sumner, 284Bradbury, Ray, 448Bradley, Ray, 664, 666, 667Brahe, Tycho, 525Brahms, Johannes, 715Bramlette, Milton, 132Britten, Benjamin, 470Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 4, 11–12, 307, 316, 323, 458, 586, 590,

599, 607, 627, 661, 662, 721Brown, Dan, 338Brown, George, 577Brown, Robert, 282, 283Bruckner, Anton, 455Brunelleschi, Fillipo, 503Bruno, Giordano, 525, 668Brunot, Ken, 388Bubnoff, Sergei von, 106, 146, 152, 160, 716Buchsbaum, Ralph, 301Buckland, William, 83, 86, 94–95Büdel, Julius, 299Budyko, Mikhail, 2, 11–12, 291, 323, 358, 364, 369, 371, 458, 468,

516, 571, 606, 694, 697, 743, 745, 747, 754, 777Buffon, Comte de, 77, 78, 94Bulow, Werner von, 637–638Bumpers, Dale, 777Bunsen, Robert, 111, 207, 213, 225–226, 235Burbridge, Margaret, 121, 130Burckhardt, Jacob, 161Bürgi, Joost, 24, 35Burgess, Ebeneser, 221, 428Burns, Robert, 78, 387Burri, Conrad, 51Bush, George H. W., 686–687, 740Butler, Clifford Charles, 341Buys-Ballot, Christophorus Henricus Diedericus, 548, 550

CCaccini, Tommaso, 669Caesar, Julius, 31–35Caillon, Nicolas, 492Campbell, Alexander, 387Cande, Steven C., 150Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 108Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi, 222–223, 234, 235Carozzi, Albert, 139, 258Carrington, Richard Christopher, 335, 348Carroll, Lewis, 167, 181, 261, 278, 283Carter, Jimmy, 151, 555Cartesius, Renatus (René Descartes), 54, 186Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 188, 200Catherine the Great, 2, 318Cavelier, Claude, 486Čepek, Pavel, 39, 164, 201, 351, 671Chadwick, James, 123, 125–126, 268, 284, 341, 348Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, 8–11, 139, 284, 298, 303, 321, 436,

458, 465, 470Chapman, Sydney, 425–426, 440Charles I, 32, 628

Charles, Jaques Alexandre César, 387Charpentier, Jean de, 86Chastellet (Châtelet), Marquis Florent-Claude, 538Châtelet Émilie du (Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil,

Marquise du Châtelet), 537, 538, 552Chopin, Frédéric, 130Chorley, R. J., 257, 575Christensen, Eigil Friis, 346, 349Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel, 223, 234–235Cleopatra, 31Clerk, John, of Eldin, 196Clinton, Bill, 737, 740, 777Coneybeare, William Daniel, 86, 94Clotworthy, Jack, 600Clouseau, Jacques, 516Colladon, Jean-Daniel, 178–179, 181Collins, William, 363, 371Columbus, Christopher, 188, 200Compton, Arthur, 337Confucius, 721Constable, John, 434Copernicus, Nicolas, 198, 297, 322, 525, 552, 668Coriolis, Gaspard Gustave de, 536, 537, 575, 599Coriolis, Jean-Baptiste-Elzéar, 536Cowan, Clyde, 341, 349Coward, Noel, 4, 470Cranfill, Tom, 39–40, 70, 74, 98, 100Creager, Joe, 388Crick, Francis, 279Crutzen, Paul, 153, 160, 452–453, 457Cullen, William, 377Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 116Curie, Pierre, 115, 117, 119, 130Cuvier, Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric (Georges), 79, 80

Dd'Archiac, Etienne (Étienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon,

Vicomte d'Archiac), 133d’Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien d’Omalius, 86, 94d’Indy, Vincent, 684da Vinci, Leonardo, 173, 219, 234, 557Dalton, John, 51, 107, 108, 129, 225, 263, 283, 377, 418, 423Dana, James Dwight, 86, 89, 95Dansgaard, Willi, 312, 658Darwin, Charles, 6, 78, 87, 95, 106, 648, 740Darwin, Sir George, 115, 130Davis, Raymond, 336, 349de Broglie, Louis, 277, 278, 284de Chasteigner, Louis, Lord of La Roche-Posay, 33de Châtelet, Émilie (Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil,

Marquise du Châtelet), 537, 538, 552de Geer, Gerard, 87, 95, 129de la Beche, Henry, 83, 87, 94–95de Laplace, Pierre-Simon (Marquis), 177, 533de Lisle, Claude Joseph Rouget, 70de' Medici, Ferdinando II, 47, 689, 714de Perrins, Calignon, 526de Rossi, Michele Stefano, Conte, 25de Tholosé, Henri-Alexis, 539Debierne, Andre-Louis, 117Debussy, Claude, 181, 599DeConto, Robert, 467, 763Degas, Edgar, 36DeGroff, Dale, 470Dennison, John, 375

782 Name Index

Desaga, Peter, 207, 213, 235Descartes, René, 35, 54–55, 69, 186, 195, 200, 538Desnoyers, Paul A., 84Dewar, James, 270, 284Dickens, Charles, 692Dickens, Gerald, 684Diesel, Rudolf, 235Dietz, Robert, 149Dirac, Paul, 280, 285, 292, 338, 348Disney, Walt, 160Dittmar, Wilhelm (William), 616Döbereiner, Johann, 110, 129Dodson, Charles Lutwidge, 167, 283Donath, Fred, 287Doppler, Christian, 175Dorini, Niccolo, 669Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 345Dove, Heinrich W., 530Drake, Sir Francis, 90Dubček, Alexander, 238, 351, 687Dulong, Pierre Louis, 228, 235Dutch, Steven, 396Dyson, Freeman, 721

EEagle Plume, Charles, 627–628Eco, Umberto, 235Eddington, Sir Arthur, 121, 130, 230Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 162Ehrenfest, Paul, 273Einstein, Albert, 110, 121, 130, 185, 199, 207, 263, 266, 271, 274,

277‒278, 279, 281, 284, 339–340, 379, 382, 386, 436, 693, 721Eirikson, Leif, 744Ekman, Vagn Walfrid, 579, 593, 599Eliot, T. S., 212Ellis, Henry, 317Elsaesser, Hugh, 366Emanuel, Kerry, 571Emery, Kenneth O., 286Emiliani, Cesare, 6, 11, 17, 36, 65, 70, 139, 144, 183, 230, 278, 288,

301–302, 306, 308, 310, 313, 317‒319, 322, 336, 349, 372, 373,383, 426, 609, 627, 647, 683, 693, 709, 776

Emmons, Samuel Franklin, 86, 95Epstein, Sam, 281, 301, 302, 684, 693Erasmus of Rotterdam, 161Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 46Eric the Red (Eirík Rauði), 744Espey, James, 547Euclid, 185, 200Euler, Leonhard, 24, 65, 161Everest, George, 638Ewing, Maurice, 149, 287, 304, 372, 387, 389, 419, 521

FFahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 47, 69, 418, 689, 690, 713Fairbanks, Richard, 641Fajans, Kazimierz, 123Faraday, Michael, 241Farey, John, Sr., 86, 94Ferguson, Adam, 387Fermat, Pierre de, 35, 55, 69Fermi, Enrico, 281, 329, 341, 348, 721Ferrel, William, 525, 529, 547–548, 549, 575

Firestone, Richard, 93, 95Fischer, Alfred, 106, 140, 146, 160, 286, 319, 323, 624Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis, 196, 200Fleming, James Rodger, 4, 11, 36, 70, 428Flohn, Hermann, 4, 11, 520, 727Flyorov, Georgy, 281Forel, Francois-Alphonse, 25Foscarini, Paolo Antolio, 669Foucault, Bernard Leon, 197, 200, 543, 552Fournier, Jean Batiste Joseph, 428, 440Frakes, Larry, 140–141, 160Francis of Assisi, 1Francis, Jane, 140Frankland, Edward, 110, 130Franklin, Benjamin, 579Fraunhofer, Joseph, 205–206, 213Fresnel, Augustin–Jean, 195, 200Friedman, Tom, 4, 11Fuller, Buckminster, 19, 411, 478, 513Fuqua, Don, 577Fujita, Tetsuya, 27, 35, 572, 574–575Fye, Paul, 419

GGainsborough, Thomas, 434Gaius Octavius, 31Galilei, Galileo, 17, 34–35, 54, 56, 69, 187, 198, 423, 440, 525, 552,

668Ganopolski, Andrey, 659, 662Gard, Gunilla, 683Gardiner, Brian, 453, 457Garfifeld, James A. (President), 631Garrels, Bob, 459, 483Gassendi, Pierre, 176, 181Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 533–535, 552Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 108–109, 129, 251, 377, 387, 391, 418,

423, 440Geer, Rita, 380Geiger, Hans, 122–123, 254, 263, 279, 280, 339, 348Geiss, Johannes, 306, 322, 323Geisser, Thomas, 349Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 686George I (King), 418Gervais, Paul François Louis, 86Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 234Gibbons, Jim, 441, 442, 471Gilbert, Grove Karl, 319Godwin, Harry, 308Godwin, Mary, 365Goebbels, Josef, 174, 181Gold, Thomas, 426, 440Golden, Dan, 648Goodell, Jeff, 743Gorbachev, Mikhail, 685Gore, Albert, 492, 577, 694, 715, 740Goudsmit, Samuel, 273, 284Gould, Glen, 257Gradstein, F., 95, 128, 130, 148Gravesande, Willem, 538, 552Green, Larry, 131, 132Gribbin, J., 387Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 526Guarneri, Bartolomeo Giuseppe, 173, 181Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista, 531–533, 552

Name Index 783

Guilluly, Jim, 92Gutenberg, Beno, 25, 186Gutowsky, Herbert (Herb Gutowsky), 215

HHaagen-Smit, Arie, 437Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 611, 612, 627Hadley, George, 527–530, 552, 562, 575, 599Hagn, Herbert, 163Hahn, Otto, 281Hahn, Richard, xxiiiHalbouty, Michael T., 555Hall, Sir James, 78, 79, 94Halley, Edmund, 527, 552Hammett, Dillard, 553Hanks, Thomas C., 25, 35Hanlon, Roger, 357Hansen, James, 706, 709, 715Hanzlikova, Eva, 202Haq, Bilal, 645Harff, Jan, 637, 646, 715Harland, Walter Brian, 86, 128Harris, James, 46Harrison, John, 56, 69, 503–504, 669, 691, 714Harting, Pieter, 675Hasegawa, Hitoshi, 774Handel, George Frideric, 418Hasegawa, Hitoshi, 774Haussmann, Georges-Eugene, 325, 326Haüy, René Just, 190Havel, Vaclav, 687Hay, C. C., 646Hay, P. B., 472Hayes, Jim, 309, 323Hearty, Paul J., 679Heaviside, Oliver, 211, 337Hedberg, Hollis, 522Heezen, Bruce, 149Heinrich, Hartmut, 662, 670Heirtzler, Jim, 149Heisenberg, Werner, 273, 278–279, 280, 693Helmholtz, Hermann von, 209, 232Hemingway, Ernest, 36Henselt, Adolf von, 201Herm, Dieter, 685Herman, Robert, 121, 130Herschel, Sir Frederick William, 191Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 197Hess, Harry, 148, 149Hess, Victor, 337, 348Hevesy, George, 265Hilgen, Frits, 320, 322–323Hipparchus, 297, 322Hitler, Adolf, 37, 39Hamilton, Gertrude, 628Hoffmann, Paul, 480Hoggan, James, 777Holland, Dick, 459Holmes, Arthur, 90, 127–128, 137, 146, 149, 160, 299, 323, 372Holser, Bill, 458Honecker, Erich, 686Honjo, Susumu, 621Hooke, Robert, 192, 377, 380, 386, 526–527, 552Hörnis, Moritz, 86Hoyle, Fred, 121, 130

Hubble, Edwin, 121, 130Huber, M, 738Hudson, Henry, 745, 777Hughes, Howard, 554, 671Hughes, Malcom, 665, 670Humboldt, Alexander von, 94, 101, 108–109, 139, 146, 183, 227, 391,

418, 716Hume, David, 78, 80, 378, 387Humphreys, Curtis J., 285Humphreys, William Jackson, 284, 436Hutcheson, Francis, 387Hutton, James, 78, 79, 80, 94, 96, 196, 378, 387Huxley, Thomas Henry, 6Huygens, Christiaan, 34, 56, 188–190, 200, 540, 543, 689

IImbrie, John, 309, 323Inchofer, Melchior, 669Inhofe, James, 669

JJack the Ripper, 550Jackson, Michael, 96, 457James VI of Scotland, 377Janssen, Pierre Jules, 208, 213Jaruzelski, Woiciech, 686Jeans, Sir James, 233, 234–235Jefferson, Thomas, 4, 10, 12, 54, 467, 498, 609, 628, 721Jenkyns, John D., 214Jevrejeva, S., 645Joensuu, Oiva, 56Johnson, Lyndon, 131, 164, 324Johnson, Tom, xxiiiJolly, Philipp von, 261Joly, John, 106, 115, 128, 130, 360Jonas, Jiři, 214–216, 671Jones, Philip, 706Jordan, David Starr, 322Joseph, George, 18Joule, James Prescott, 224Joyce, James, 36Just, Heinz, 5, 37

KKamen, Martin, 344, 349Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike, 270–271, 284Kamptner, Erwin, 6Kanamori, Hiroo, 25, 35Kapitsa, Sergei, 672Karman, Theodore von, 252Kassens, Heidi, 654Kasting, Jim, 478, 480, 509, 520Kauffman, Erle, 601Kazan-Komarek, Vladimir, 237Keeling, Charles David, 496, 731Kelvin, Lord. See Lord KelvinKennedy, John F., 324Kennedy, Robert F., 350Kennelly, Arthur Edwin, 211, 214Kennett, Jim, 487, 683Kent, Dennis V., 150Kepler, Johannes, 77, 187, 200, 296, 297, 322Khain, Victor, 140

784 Name Index

Kidder, David, 141, 160, 624King, Martin Luther, 324, 350Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 206–209, 226, 228, 235Kirschvink, Joseph, 87, 160Klein, George de Vries, xxiiiKnauss, John, 523Knoblauch, Hermann, 225Knopf, Adolph, 129Knutti, R., 738–739Koczy, Fritz, 285–286Kohlrausch, Rudolf, 197, 200Köppen, Vladimir, 90, 138, 159, 253–254, 255, 299, 307, 321, 323,

607, 687, 714Koschinsky, Andrea, 396Koshiba, Masatoshi, 336, 349Kothavala, Zavareth, 485Kraus, Eric, 459, 503, 771Krenz, Egon, 686Kriechgauer, Damien, 89Krugman, Paul, 507Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich, 318Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil, 71Kullenberg, Borje, 304Kurlbaum, Ferdinand, 262Kurschner, Wolfram, 485Kvenvolden, Kieth, 448, 513, 515, 520–521

LLalli, Carol M., 627Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 225Lamont, Thomas W., 149Lanfray, Jean, 37Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 230, 235Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de, 177, 181, 225, 533, 549, 552Lapworth, Charles, 86, 95LaRouche, Lyndon, 174Lasaga, Tony, 483Laskar, Jacques, 315, 320, 324l'Avocat, Abbe, 163Lavoisier, Antoine, 51, 219, 234, 378, 387Lawrence, E. N., 331, 349Leclerc, Georges-Louis, Comte de Buffon, 77–78, 94Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 20Lemaitre, Abbe George, 121, 315Lemonick, Michael D., 469L'Enfant, Pierre, 700Lenton, Timothy M., 727, 775, 776Lewis, Gilbert N., 277Libbrecht, Kenneth G., 406Libby, Willard, 281, 344, 349Liddle, Alice, 167Liddle, Henry, 167Lidz, Louis, 308Lightfoot, John, 77, 94Lipetz, Milton, 601Lloyd, Mary Ann, 389Lockyar, Norman, 130, 208, 213Loeblich, Al, 131, 133Lom, Herbert, 516Lord Byron, 365Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), 70, 105, 130Lord Rayleigh, 233–234, 284, 383, 387Lorenz, Edward, 246Lorenz, Giovanni, 162Lorenz, Hendrik, 271, 284

Lorenzi, Marco, 265Lorrain, Claude, 434Louis XVI, 47, 219, 536Lourens, Lucas, 318, 320, 322Loutre, Marie-France, 310, 682Lovelock, James, 451, 453, 606, 627Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 396, 461Ludwig IV of Bavaria, 8Lummer, Otto, 233, 235Luterbacher, Hanspeter, 722Luther, Martin, 161Lyell, Charles, 78, 82–84, 86, 94–95, 105, 128–129, 137, 298, 316,

322, 486Lysenko, Trofim Denisovitch, 214

MMacDonald, Gordon, 298, 324MacDowell, Edward, 575Mackenzie, Alexander, 96Magellan, Ferdinand, 59, 69Mahavira, 377Malfait, Bruce, 419Malthus, Thomas Robert (Reverend), 65Malus, Etienne-Louis, 194, 200Mangel, Marc, 264Mann, Michael E., 665Mansart, Francois, 326Marconi, Guglielmo, 205, 210, 214Marinus of Tyre, 57, 69Marland, Greg, 497Marsden, Ernest, 122Marsigli, Luigi, 751Marszalek, Donald, xxiiiMartini, Hans Joachim, 352Marx, Graucho, 721Matthews, Drummond, 149Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 579Maxwell, Art, 388, 418Maxwell, James Clerk, 196–197, 200, 209, 213, 230, 262May, Robert, 247, 257McBride, Erle, xxiiiMcCain, G., 11McCarthy, D., 574McDuffie, Arthur, 523McIntyre, Stephen, 667, 669McKitrick, Ross, 667, 669McLaren, Digby, 90, 95Meaden, Terence, 28, 35Medici, Ferdinando II de', 47, 713Meitner, Lisa, 281Melville, Thomas, 205, 213, 234Mendel, Gregor, 214Mendeleyev, Dimitri, 111, 130, 283Mercalli, Giuseppe, 25, 35, 161Mercator, Gerardus, 57, 69, 775Mercer, John, 760, 777Mersenne, Marin, 176, 181, 526Muelenkamp, Johan, 319Meyer, Julius Lothar, 111, 130, 270Michelson, Albert Abraham, 198Michurin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 214Middleton, W. E. Knowles, 715Migdisov, Areg, 605Mikhaltsev, Igor, 420, 671Milankovitch, Milutin, 291, 299, 322, 369, 371, 391

Name Index 785

Miller, H. L., 515Millero, Frank, 401, 418Milliken, Robert Andrews, 337Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., 694Modigliani, Amadeo, 37Mohammed, 29, 646Mohler, Hans, 6Molina, Mario J., 453, 457Mollweide, Karl Brandan, 57, 69Monet, Claude, 434, 435Monin, Andrei, 419, 671Monnin, E., 492Monsour, Mohammed, 646Moore, Dennis, 550Moore, Raymond C., 149Morley, Edward, 199, 201Muff, Bill, 441, 442Muir, John, 10Muller, Klaus, 183Muller, Richard, 298, 324Mulliken, Robert, 272, 284Munk, Walter, 372Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 84, 86, 95

NNagaoka, Hantaro, 265Nagy, Imre, 685, 686Nansen, Fritjof, 653Napier, John, 24, 35Napoleon Bonaparte, 194, 527Napoleon III, 325Naumann, Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich, 86Neddermayer, Seth, 340, 349Neumann, Balthasar, 21Newton, Isaac Sir, 20, 32, 35, 51, 109, 127, 168, 177, 181, 190, 191,

192, 198, 200, 213, 234, 278, 296, 298, 335, 526, 527, 530, 538,693

Nier, Alfred, 129Nierenberg, Bill, 388–389, 419, 600Niggli, Paul, 35, 51, 70, 414Noddack, Ida, 281Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 88, 95, 745, 777

OOckham, William of, 8, 10Oeschger, Hans, 658, 670Ogg, J. G., 95, 128, 130, 148Ogg, G., 95, 128Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias, 533Oscar II, 246

PPagani, Mark, 485Palmer, Allison R., 646Palmer, Martin, 486Paracelsus, 161Parker, Eugene, 334, 335, 345Parsons, Timothy R., 627Pascal, Blaise, 440Paschen, Friedrich, 273, 284Patterson, Claire, 281Patterson, Thomas, 35Pauli, Wolfgang, 265, 272–273, 280, 284, 341

Pavlov, Alexander, 509Pearson, Allen, 27, 35Pearson, Paul, 486Peltier, William R. (Dick), 639Perkins, Bob, 70Persson, Anders, 525, 539, 541Peterson, Melvin, 388Peterson, Tom, 706Petit, Alexis-Therese, 228, 235Petit, J. R., 492Petrzhak, Konstantin, 281Pfund, August Herman, 284Phillips, John, 86, 95Phillips, William, 86, 94Picard, Jean, 188, 200Picasso, Pablo, 37, 152Pichel, George, 522Pierrehumbert, Raymond, 378, 387, 440Pimentel, David, 725Pissaro, Camille, 434Planck, Max, 123, 147, 233, 261–262, 274, 278, 283, 284Plato, 361Playfair, John, 78, 79, 94, 95, 105, 129, 387Pliny the Elder, 365Poincaré, Henri, 246, 247, 257, 271, 284Pokorny, Vladimir, 201Polidori, John, 365Pollard, Dave, 487Pomerol, Charles, 327Ponce de Leon, 579Pope Gregory, 32, 33, 34Pope John XXII, 8Pope Julius I, 32Pope Urban VIII, 669Poston, Bill, 502Pouillet, Claude Matthias, 229, 235Powell, Cecil, 340, 341, 349Powell, John Wesley, 553Press, Frank, 521, 522, 523Prevost, Pierre, 220Priestley, Joseph, 220, 234, 378, 387Pringsheim, Ernst, 233, 235Proshutinsky, A, 742Prospero, Joe, 360Prout, William, 110, 122, 125, 129Ptolemy, Claudius, 57, 69Ptolemaeus, Claudius, 185, 200, 297, 322Puccini, Giacomo, 13, 725Pythagoras, 19, 58, 59, 69, 707

RRabi, Isidor Isaac, 340Rahmstorf, Stefan, 349, 659, 660, 777Rainalducci, Pietro, 8Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata, 384, 387Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 363, 371Ramsay, Sir William, 116, 119, 208, 214Ramsey, Scott, 338Rattray, Maurice, 419Rauði, Eirík (Eric the Red), 744, 777Raymo, Maureen, 510, 521Reagan, Ronald, 1, 555, 600, 670–672, 726, 776Reich, Ferdinand, 535, 552Reichel, Manfred, 131Reid, Thomas, 387

786 Name Index

Reines, Frederick, 341, 349Reiss, Zeev, 479Renoir, Auguste, 434Renz, H.H., 162, 163Revelle, Roger, 344, 496, 571, 693, 694, 713–715, 721Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 526Richer, Jean, 188Richter, Charles, 25, 35Riedel, Bill, 388Rimbaud, Arthur, 36Rittenhouse, David, 691, 714Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, 192Ritz, Walter, 209Robertson, Pat, 672, 726, 776Robins, Dick, 441Robinson, Thomas, 35Rochester, George Dixon, 341Rogers, E.E., 751Rogers, Richard, 646Rohling, Eelco, 681Rona, Elizabeth, 308Ronov, Alexander Borisovitch, 481, 605Röntgen, Wilhelm, 113, 130, 198, 284Rooth, Claes, 459Romm, Joe, 777Ropes, Lev, 21, 523, 601Rosenstiel, Blanka, 471Rosenstiel, Lewis, 288, 471, 501Rossi, Bruno, 338, 348Roth, Peter, 351, 352Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 453Rowland, Sherry, 257, 453, 457Royer, Dana, 349, 485Ruben, Sam, 344, 349Rubens, Heinrich, 262Rubens, Peter Paul, 434Ruddiman, Bill, 153, 160, 493, 498, 510, 521, 675, 678, 684Ruddiman, W. F., 160, 670, 684Rumford, Count. See Thompson, BenjaminRumsfeld, Donald, 372Russel, A. S., 123Rutherford, Daniel, 378, 387Rutherford, Ernest, 117, 120, 123, 130, 147, 148, 198, 263, 264, 268,

271, 272, 284Rydberg, Johannes Robert, 208

SSaffir, Herbert, 27Sagan, Carl, 648, 740Saint Augustine. See Augustine of HippoSalaj, Josef, 236Salter, John William, 86, 95Sandberg, Phil, 457Sarnthein, Michael, 320Satie, Erik, 37Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 33Schabowski, Gunter, 686Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley, 39Schaefer, J., 574Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 220, 234, 378, 387Schiff, Gerry, 503, 504Schimper, Wilhelm Philipp, 86, 95Schmidt, Gavin, 508, 518Schmidt, Gerhard C., 115Schneider, Stephen, 331, 332, 349, 350, 723

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 279Schrag, Dan, 314, 324Schrodinger, Erwin, 279, 280, 284, 285Schuster, Franz Arthur, 331Schwabe, Heinrich, 330, 348Schwarzacher, Walter, 319, 323Scott, Harold, 71Sedgewick, Adam, 86, 95Segal, E.M., 11Shackleton, Sir Nicholas, 308, 309, 323Shanklin, Johnathan, 453, 457Sharp, Jim, 553Schaub, Hans, 132, 133, 225Shaviv, Nir, 347, 349Shaw, Anthony, xxiiiShaw, John, 641Shelly, Percy, 365Shinn, Gene, 360Sherwood, Steven, xxiiiShostakovich, Dmitri, 11Seibold, Eugen, 601, 715Sibelius, Jean, 434Sillen, Lars Gunnar, 458Silver Tongue, Ray, 628Simpson, George Clarke, 26Simpson, Robert, 27, 35, 570Sisley, Alfred, 434Slaughter, John, 577Smith, Adam, 78, 80, 94, 378, 387Smith, Ed, 389Smith, F. G. Walton, 470Smith, Phil, 522Smith, William, 84, 86Smuskievicz, Al, xxiiiSnellius, Willebrord, 187, 200Sobel, Dava, 56Soddy, Frederick, 114, 119, 120, 125, 130Söding, Emanuel, 488Solomon, Susan, 453, 454, 457, 601Sommerfeld, Arnold, 272, 278Sorge, Ernst, 414, 418Sorgel, Herman, 641Southam, John, 287, 623Spencer, Percy, 212, 214Spinoza, Baruch, 671Spitalny, Evelyn, 471Spitalny, Phil, 471Stahl, Georg Ernst, 377, 386Stalin, Joseph, 214Stanford, Henry King, 471Stanley, S., 96Stefan, Josef, 229, 230, 235, 257Stenzyl, Henryk, 324Stetson, Harland True, 332Stille, Hans, 92Stommel, Henry, 550, 599Stoney, George Johnston, 117Stott, Lowell, 683Stradivari, Antonio, 173, 181Strassmann, Fritz, 281Strauss, Harald, xxiiiStrauss, Johann II, 371, 501Stravinsky, Igor, 39Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh), 233–235, 261, 284, 383, 387Sturm, Charles-Francois, 178, 179, 181Suess, Eduard, 344, 596, 605

Name Index 787

Suess, Erwin, 514Suess, Hans, 344, 345, 349, 495, 496, 684, 693, 714, 721Summerhayes, Colin, xxiiiSvensmark, Henrik, 346, 347, 349, 361Swallow, John, 590Swenson, George W., 745Syktus, Jozef, 140Szilard, Leo, 281

TTalwani, Manik, 389Tappan, Helen, 131Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Illyich, 740Thalmann, Hans, 5, 71, 73, 102, 131, 257Theodor, Karl, 221Thiede, Jörn, 605, 715, 717Thiedemann, Ralf, 320, 323Thompson, Benjamin, 221, 234, 235, 251, 317, 318, 322Thomson, John Joseph (‘J.J.’), 117Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 70, 106, 130Timmermans, M. -L., 746Todd, Margaret, 119Torricelli, Evangilista, 423, 440Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 36–37Joyce, James, 36Trencher, Ruth, 285Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 434Twain, Mark, 107Tyndall, John, 197, 221, 225–227, 234, 235, 465

UUhlenbeck, George, 273, 284Urey, Harold, 281 , 301–302, 684, 693Ussher, James, 77, 94, 127

VVan Helmont, Jan Baptista, 377, 386van Gogh, Vincent, 37Von Baer, Karl Ernst, 543Von Humboldt: See HumboldtVasari, Giorgio, 503Veizer, Jan, 347, 349Veliky, Al, 471, 472Venerable Bede, 77, 94Verdi, Giuseppe, 174, 181, 777Verhulst, Pierre Francois, 66Verlaine, Paul, 36Verne, Jules, 45, 335, 348Vernetz, Ignace, 86, 94Very, Frank Washington, 241Villard, Paul, 118, 130, 198Vine, Fred, 149Vinnikov, Konstantin, 706Viviani, Vicenzo, 176, 181Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 538von Alberti, Friedrich August, 86, 94von Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst, 86, 95von Bubnoff, Sergei, 146, 152, 160von Humboldt, Alexander (Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander

Freiherr von Humboldt), 86, 108, 109Vonderschmitt, Louis, 131, 132

WWagner, Richard, 14, 38, 457, 685Wahl, Mike, 646Walesa, Lech, 686Waldo, Clarence, 60Walker, James, 434Walker, Johnnie, 96Walker, Sir Gilbert, 567, 575, 595, 599Wallmann, Klaus, 483, 485Wanless, Harold, 139Washington, Warren, 358, 459, 483, 723Washington, George (General and President), 257–258, 536Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander, 427, 440Watt, James, 69, 84, 129, 222, 234, 391, 418, 434Webber, Andrew Lloyd, 211, 212Weber, Wilhelm, 196, 200Webster, Noah, 4Wegener, Alfred, 5, 89–91, 95, 137, 139, 160, 299, 317, 321, 322, 414,

605, 668, 691, 693, 717Wegman, Edward, 669Weizsacker, Carl Friedrich von, 147Wells, H. G., 123, 225Wells, Niel, 599Went, Frits, 360Whewell, William, 83, 95White, George W., 257White, Robert, 523Whitfield, Ed, 668Wick, Gian-Carlo, 147Wien, Wilhelm, 228, 232, 234, 235, 284Wilde, Oscar, 37Wilkinson, Bruce, 152, 160Willett, Hurd C., 693Williams, Charles D. H., 395, 418Williams, John, 214Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 338Wilson, J. Tuzo, 277, 601Wingfield, Clyde, 442, 471Winterer, Jerry, 418Wisby, Warren, 441, 442, 504Wise, Cindy, xxiiiWise, Sherwood (Woody), 683Wold, Chris, 685, 715Wollaston, William Hyde, 205, 206Wood, Robert Muir, 8, 11Wooster, Warren, 288, 441, 501Worsley, Thomas, 160Worzel, Joe, 287, 388, 512, 520Wray, Greg, 14Wulf, Theodor, 337, 348

YYanshin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 11, 201, 481Yeltsin, Boris, 685Young, Thomas, 192–195, 199, 200, 209Yukawa, Hideki, 339, 341, 349Yurganov, Leonid, 756

ZZakevitch, Eloise, 306Zeeman, Pieter, 271, 272, 284Zindani, Sheik Abdul Majeed, 642–644

788 Name Index

Subject Index

Symbolsα-particles (rays), 117, 335, 338, 341β (beta) effect, 547β-particles (rays), 117, 125, 337–341γ ray, 118δ18O, 302, 308, 310, 312, 314, 652, 658–659, 662, 676–680, 684ΣCO2, 617Ω×(Ω×r) (centripetal force), 61–64, 535Ωv (linear momentum), 529–530, 54512C, 50, 51, 110, 122, 151, 344, 345, 384, 495, 684, 69313C, 110, 122, 344, 384, 68414C, 110, 127, 151, 160, 300, 306, 308, 322, 344–346, 384, 415, 495,

496, 587, 589, 641, 658, 661, 6931H:2H, 4163H (tritium), 15118O:16O, 144, 306, 308–310, 312–315, 318–322, 369, 416, 490235U, 128, 271, 28140Ar, 147–14940K, 147–149

AA1 (Scenario), 730A1B (Scenario), 730, 731A1F (Scenario), 730, 731, 733A1T (Scenario), 730, 731A2 (Scenario), 730, 731AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water), 586, 588AAIW (Antarctic Intermediate Water), 586AAPG. See American Association of Petroleum GeologistsAASW (Antarctic Surface Water), 586ab urbe condita, 30, 34Abbott ice Shelf, 762Aborigines, 92, 610Absinthe, 23, 35–37, 70Absolute zero, 52, 106, 225, 355, 380Absorption spectrum, 207, 213, 266, 385, 456Absorptivity, 227Académie des Sciences (Paris), 108, 543Académie française, 115, 228Academy of Sciences (Berlin), 183, 202, 237, 238, 241, 252, 323, 351,

414, 481, 543, 548, 605, 669, 671, 685, 727, 775Accademia Lincei (Rome), 728Acceleration, 48, 49, 52, 61–63, 172, 223, 366, 529, 538–539,

550–552, 575, 638, 645, 646, 728, 749, 755, 767angular acceleration, 52, 529Coriolis acceleration, 550, 599human acceleration of natural process rate, 152–153

particle accelerators, 281, 340, 348Acceleration due to gravity, 531, 552ACD. See Aragonite compensation depthAchilles heel, 446, 516, 571, 743, 756, 777Acidification, 448, 622, 623, 771–773Acre, 54, 504, 610Acropora palmata, 614, 641, 680Actinides, 113Actinium, 117, 123, 277AD, 11, 17, 32, 35, 148, 297, 331, 346, 503, 666, 667, 765Adiabat, 175, 177, 181, 404, 462, 464, 773Advent, 241, 348, 358, 482, 694, 696, 746Aegean Sea, 751Aegina (Greece), 162, 163Aerobic, 517Aerosol, 355, 357, 360, 364, 367, 370, 384, 386, 416, 431–434, 436,

438–440, 453, 456, 695, 709, 714, 721, 722, 724, 727, 732, 737,749

Aerosol Optical Depth, 433Aether (æther), 185, 195, 197–201, 209, 219, 230, 234, 261, 262, 379,

538, 540Afghanistan, 725Africa, 5, 18, 19, 29, 65, 90, 143, 152, 170, 299, 317, 320, 323, 345,

348, 368, 371, 401, 467, 475, 483, 500, 511, 516, 568–570, 592,593, 595, 596, 634, 683, 724, 725, 773, 775, 776

Agriculture, 6, 152, 214, 312, 493, 498, 499, 501, 520, 609, 675, 677,678, 709, 714, 721, 722, 728, 737, 764, 776

Agrigento (Sicily), 162Ahermatypic, 614Air France Flight, 182, 431Air gun, 512Air vital, 378, 387Akhet, 29Alabama, 183, 387, 480, 571Alaska, 154, 171, 293, 311, 364, 407, 414, 453, 515, 581, 642, 749,

750, 754, 777Alaskan Peninsula, 364, 581Albatross Award, 590Alcohol, 23, 37, 47, 69, 96, 207, 285, 394, 605, 689, 713, 714Aleutian Islands, 364Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, 101Alexandria (Egypt), 46, 57, 69, 297Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City), 520Alfred Wegener Institute, 605, 717Alfred-Wegener-Institute (Bremerhaven, Germany), 717Algae, 29, 445, 485, 490, 612–614, 616, 620, 623Algebra, 9, 17, 20, 34, 35, 63, 64, 541Alice, 147, 167, 181, 261, 278, 283, 698, 699

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016W.W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27404-1

789

Alice Springs (Australia), 698, 699Alkali, 208, 270, 378, 387Alkali metals, 208, 270Alkaline, 517, 617, 622, 625, 626Alkaline earths, 115Alkalinity, 24, 617, 622, 626Alkalization, 626Allerød, 652, 656, 663Allhallows Eve, 11Allotrope, 445Alpine, 5, 38, 39, 71, 86, 94, 254, 317, 610, 760Alps, 5, 7, 40, 71, 84, 86, 94, 132, 133, 151, 152, 201, 299, 339, 340,

345, 407, 411, 416, 481, 484, 610, 633, 651, 665, 696Alsace, 70, 161, 501Altamira (Spain), 152, 610Altitude, 251, 252, 314, 334, 335, 337, 339, 342, 348, 360, 362–364,

423–426, 430, 431, 440, 557, 561, 705, 711Altocumulus (culds), 363Altostratus (clouds), 362, 363Aluminum, 113, 275, 478, 479AM radio, 211, 212, 342, 428Amazon River, 663Amazonia, 253, 774, 776Amber, 117America, 4, 11, 17, 39, 41, 51, 54, 57–60, 65, 68, 73, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92,

137, 138, 143, 145, 149, 154–156, 162, 188, 211, 213, 215, 254,255, 347, 358, 365, 435, 528, 536, 628, 665, 725

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 4American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 90, 95, 237, 299, 300,

323, 387, 389American bison, 610American Indian, 610, 627, 628, 629American Life Convention, 163American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), 323American Museum of Natural History, 183American Revolution, 93, 189, 317, 377, 387, 467American system, 17, 22, 45, 48Americium, 277Amersfoort (The Netherlands), 675, 680Amery Ice Shelf, 762Ames Research Center, 513Ammonia, 393, 517–520Ammonium ion, 517Ammonium nitrate, 517, 518, 625Amplifier, 469, 479AMSOC. See American Miscellaneous SocietyAmsterdam (The Netherlands), 2, 176, 351, 644, 689amu. See atomic mass unitAmundsen Sea, 761Anaerobic, 507, 510, 511, 515, 517, 607Anchovy (anchovies), 594Anderson’s University, 298, 301Andes, 69, 145, 311, 340, 365, 369, 407, 416, 567, 633, 659, 663Andrea Doria (Ship), 72, 73Angiosperms, 143Anglo-Saxons, 45Ångström (Angstrom) unit, 22, 208, 213, 284, 379, 383, 436Angular momentum, 51, 264, 277, 341, 348, 529, 530, 545Angular velocity, 52, 60–64, 530, 531, 534, 542–544Anharmonic, 380Anion, 616Anno Domini, 35Anode, 113, 114, 122Anomaly, 9, 68, 313, 656, 664, 678, 701, 705, 706, 708, 733Anorthite, 478Anoxic water, 626, 774

Antarctic Bottom Water, 586–589, 776Antarctic Circle, 30, 294, 295Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 579, 581Antarctic Coastal Current, 581Antarctic Deep Water, 587Antarctic Intermediate Water, 586Antarctic Peninsula, 759, 761Antarctic Polar Front, 580Antarctic Surface Water, 586AntarcticCyclonic Gyre, 579Anthropocene, 153, 159, 676–678, 744Anthropogene, 728Anthropogenic factors, 727Anthropogenic source, 498, 507, 508, 517–519Anti-knock gasoline, 437Antillean subduction zone, 680Antimony, 276Antineutrino, 147, 342Anti-Semitism, 281Antwerp (Belgium), 163Aperitif, 37Aphelion, 296, 297, 743Apple, 278, 526, 527Aquarius (NASA Satellite), 585Aquitanian, 133Arab Oil Embargo, 497, 521Arabian Sea, 511, 569, 570, 586Arabic-Indic, 18Aragonite, 302, 479, 617–623, 641, 771Aragonite Compensation Depth (ACD), 618Aragonite needles, 618–620Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 647Arc, 56, 60, 62–63Arc de Triomphe (Paris), 98, 131, 327Arctic Bottom Water, 586Arctic circle, 30, 293–295, 510, 743, 744, 749, 750Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), 745Arctic Cyclonic Gyre, 580Arctic ice cover, 2, 154, 408, 409, 469, 511, 632, 646, 682, 756, 761,

766, 776Arctic Ocean, 2, 86, 140, 144, 154, 179, 405, 407, 469, 488, 489, 510,

584, 597, 653–656, 682, 683, 744–755, 768, 775, 777, 778Arctic Polar Front, 580Arctic summer sea-ice, 776Argon, 120, 147, 148, 251, 270, 283, 336, 378, 395, 429, 489Arid (climate), 253, 254, 320, 360, 369, 447, 563, 772–774Arithmetic, 17, 18, 20–21, 34Arkhangelsk (Russia), 776Armageddon, 672, 726Arrow worms, 611Arsenic, 275Arthropods, 611Ash, 147, 148, 313, 364–367, 371, 384, 415, 426, 498, 726Assassination, 324, 350Assembly Hall (University of Illinois), 502Astatine, 270, 276Asthenosphere, 634–637Astronomical dating, 151, 322Astronomical unit, 231, 432, 450Aswan Dam, 29Atlantic plate, 680Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation, 776Atlantis, 365, 621Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC), 179–181Atoll, 478, 614Atom - plum pudding model, 123, 124

790 Subject Index

Atom - shell model, 124Atom - solar system model, 124, 147, 263, 271Atomic mass, 49, 109–111, 119, 122, 123, 151, 392Atomic mass unit, 109, 110Atomic number, 109, 110, 123, 274, 276, 277Atomic radius, 274–277Atomic volume, 111, 270, 274Atomic weight, 50, 108–111, 113, 119, 267, 268, 270, 274–277AU. See Astronomical unitAUC (ab urbe condita), 30Auger observatory, 341Augusta Raurica, 161Auld Reekie (Edinburgh), 436Aurora (ship), 2, 265, 333, 335, 382Austin (Texas), 12, 74, 577, 600Austin chalk, 480Australia, 27, 87, 90, 92, 137, 139, 143, 152, 159, 253, 317, 348, 350,

359, 369, 412, 483, 487, 568, 593, 596, 610, 663, 698, 699, 759Australian Bureau of Meteorology, 512Australian Outback, 253, 698Austria, 7, 132, 163, 229, 235, 241, 281, 302, 411, 684–686, 691, 693,

716, 732Automne, 609Autumn, 33, 294, 609Autumnal equinox, 59Avery Island, 412Avogadro's number, 36, 51, 70, 379Axis of rotation, 29, 30, 151, 295–297, 405, 531, 544, 550, 680Ayrshire (Scotland), 96Azerbaijan, 672Azores, 152, 595, 640Azores low, 771Azote, 108, 378, 387Azul Cerro (volcano, Chile), 366

BB1 (Scenario), 730–731B2 (Scenario), 730–731Bab-el-Mendab, 641Babuyan (Babuyan Claro volcano, Luzon, Philippines), 364Babylon/Babylonian, 24, 33, 36, 46, 56, 58–59, 65, 176, 297Backscatter, 244Baffin Bay, 407, 654, 662, 753Baffin Island, 407, 654, 756Bahama Banks, 614, 615, 620, 621Bahamas, 183, 287, 300, 307, 374, 395, 475, 579, 581, 619, 621, 679

−680Bahamian mullet, 619Baitoushan (volcano, China/North Korea), 364Baja California, 372Balloon construction, 500Balloon framing, 500Balmer series, 208, 209, 265–266Bamboo, 447, 466, 662Bangladesh, 638, 767Bar (unit), 54, 404, 489, 638Barbados, 308, 638, 641–642, 679–680Bárðarbunga (volcano, Iceland), 366Barents Ice Sheet, 682Barents Sea, 656Barents Shelf, 642, 653, 654, 683Barium, 110, 276, 281Barometer, 54, 173, 423, 548Barrow Island, 27, 528Basalt, 365, 372, 414, 451, 475–476, 626, 634−636

Basel (Switzerland), 6, 10, 65, 131–132, 160–161, 181, 208, 258, 300,479, 685, 722

Baseline Road, 46Basic metals, 210Basler Fasnacht, 162Baton Rouge (Louisiana), 768Battle of Luncarty, 11Bavaria (Germany), 8, 37, 39, 205, 221, 317, 696, 697Bavarian State Opera, 725Bay of Bengal, 570, 586Bay of Mont Saint Michel, 325Bay of Naples, 361Bayreuth (Germany), 38, 39, 41BC (Before Christ), 32BCE (Before Common Era), 17Beach rock, 621Beaufort Scale Number, 26, 27Beaufort Sea, 515, 749Beaufort Wind Force Scale, 26–27Becquerel rays, 115Beefeaters (Gin), 418Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, 38Beijing (China), 58, 59, 685, 697–698, 741, 778Belemnite, 302, 684Belemnitella Americana, 302Belgium, 121, 163, 310, 315, 320, 327, 715, 768Bellingshausen Sea, 759Ben Gurion Airport (Israel), 350Ben Nevis (Scotland), 338Benguela (Upwelling System), 592–593Benguela Current, 593Benthic foraminifera, 144, 309, 310, 320, 675, 676Benthos, 612Bergbauakademie (Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany),

535Bering Sea, 407Berkelium, 277Bermuda, 679, 680Bermuda grass, 467, 469Bernoullianum, 65, 161Beryllium-10 (10Be), 151–152, 332, 345–346, 348, 386, 661Betelgeuse, 291Bethany College, 547Bezymianny (volcano, Kamchatka, Russia), 364Biarritz (France), 181, 182Bias, 9, 92, 364, 706Bible, 12, 17, 32, 77, 648Biblical flood, 81, 86Bicarbonate ion, 302, 374, 401, 479, 498, 499, 620, 771Big Bang, 121, 130, 215, 315Big Island (Hawaii), 496Bill # 246, 60, 70Billart, 541Bille, 541Billette, 541Billiard ball model, 124, 129, 263, 283Billiards, 540, 541Bimetallic strip, 691, 713, 714Bimini (Bahamas), 183, 287, 301, 319, 611, 619Biology, 5, 37, 70, 78, 264, 351, 441, 457, 509Biomass, 432, 433, 498, 508, 518–520Biomass burning, 432, 433, 498, 508, 518–520Biome, 609Biosphere, 336, 498, 499, 605Birefringence, 189, 190Bismuth, 276

Subject Index 791

Black body (blackbody), 205, 206, 226–235, 243, 245, 261–263, 293,382, 383, 452

Black Forest (Germany), 161Black plague, 68, 69, 219, 726Black Sea, 626, 751–754Blake Outer Ridge, 513Blake Plateau, 373, 512Blaye (France), 646Bleaching, 623Blessing of the Animals, 101Bloom (phytoplankton), 29, 480, 492, 595, 772Blue marble, 564, 575, 606, 762Blue water, 597, 620Blue Whale, 611Board of Longitude, 56, 69Bodø (Norway), 293Bogs, 138, 345, 498, 507, 510, 515, 609, 651, 665, 756Bohr model, 267–271Bohrium, 277Boiling point, 48, 53, 69, 225, 246, 392, 393, 395–398, 479, 689–690,

713, 714Bølling (warm event), 651, 656, 660Bologna (Italy), 210, 301, 530–532, 552Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Project, 651, 656, 660Bordeaux (France), 133, 134, 181, 377, 646Boreal, 609, 652, 749, 756, 757, 764, 776Boreal forest, 609, 749, 756, 764, 776Boron, 275Bosporus, 579, 751–754Boston (Massachusetts), 579Bottom simulating reflector (BSR), 513, 520Boulder (Colorado), 7, 11, 46, 47, 52, 56, 331, 358, 370, 459, 462, 464,

482, 600, 601, 609, 628, 629, 646, 685, 695, 696, 697, 706, 707,716, 723, 726

Boulderado Hotel, 672Boulevard de l’Opera (Paris), 327Boulevard Haussmann (Paris), 325Boulevard Montmartre (Paris), 325, 326Boulevard Poissonniére (Paris), 325Bourbon, 160Bourse (Paris Stock Exchange), 326, 327Bowling Green State University, 259Boyle's law, 177, 377, 423BP Deepwater Horizon (Ship), 575Brackish (water), 403Brandenburg Concertos, 36Brandy, 324, 381, 777Bratislava (Slovakia), 236Breadfruit, 88, 137Bremen (Germany), 533, 741Bremerhaven (Germany), 605, 717Brightening, 438, 439Brine, 350, 402, 410, 654, 682, 690Bristol Channel, 211, 329, 340, 349Britain, 4, 11, 22, 28, 32, 35, 45, 47, 48, 69, 70, 84, 90, 119, 121, 125,

128, 201, 213, 221, 225, 233, 234, 261, 264, 316, 331, 338, 377,389, 419, 434, 467, 487, 570, 575, 590, 651, 690, 691, 694, 695,705, 707, 713, 716, 721, 741

British Geological Survey, 83British National Oceanography Centre, 681British Petroleum (BP), 576British Post Office, 210Brno (Moravia), 214, 215Brocken specter, 338Bromine, 270, 275, 449, 453, 454, 456Brook Trout, 438

Brown and Root, 372Brown water, 597Brunswick (Germany), 533Brussels (Belgium), 327BSN. See Beaufort Scale NumberBSR. See Bottom simulating reflectorBubnoff (unit), 106, 146, 151–153, 160, 716Bubonic plague, 68, 499Buckyballs, 411Buffer, 622Buffering, 622Bulb thermometer, 691Bunsen burner, 207, 213Burdigalian, 133Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of

Weights and Measures), 707Burgundy (France), 501Buys-Ballot’s Law, 548Byrd Core, 656

CC (Celsius), 47, 48, 53, 70, 106, 225, 391, 464, 690C. See CalorieC3 plants, 446, 447, 466–469, 486, 607, 675, 684, 722, 737, 774C4 plants, 446, 447, 466–469, 483, 486, 607, 608, 675, 684, 727, 737,

764, 776C6H12O6, 445Cabernet Sauvignon, 740CaCO3, 189, 302, 393, 401, 475, 476, 479, 480, 497, 498, 614,

616–623, 771Cadmium, 276Calcareous nannoplankton, 6, 287, 475, 488, 599, 612, 683, 745Calcareous ooze, 475, 476, 484, 620Calcite, 189, 200, 213, 302, 401, 479, 481, 612, 617–623, 771Calcite compensation depth (CCD), 619Calcium, 110, 127, 147, 275, 309, 401, 478–480, 484, 497, 616, 621Calcium bicarbonate, 478, 480Calcium carbonate, 6, 70, 73, 82, 145, 302, 305, 374, 458, 475, 480,

499, 611, 613, 619, 623, 645Calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCCD), 458, 475Calculus, 17, 20, 21, 35, 63, 551, 708CALDRILL, 373Calendar, 29–35, 67, 77, 108, 128, 148, 300, 345, 472, 708Calgary (Alberta), 602California Institute of Technology, 337, 359, 437Californium, 277Callendar Effect, 498, 694, 714, 721Caloric, 187, 220_224, 234, 297, 318, 743Caloric summer, 187, 299, 743Caloric winter, 187, 743Calorie (calorie), 53, 230, 446CAM photosynthesis, 446CAM. See Climate anomaly methodCambrian, 84, 86, 93, 94, 98, 128, 142, 484Cambridge University, 86, 95, 117, 130, 280, 349Cameroon, 401, 500Camp Century, 490, 658Campanile (Pisa), 530Campeche Bay, 572Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy), 500Campi Flegrei (Rome, Italy), 500Canada, 93, 112, 117, 152, 154–156, 258, 265, 295, 306, 312, 365,

407, 410, 438, 453, 581, 610, 641, 655, 737, 740, 745, 753, 756,764

Canadian Arctic, 144

792 Subject Index

Canadian Shield, 156, 634Canary Current, 654Canyon Diablo meteorite, 281Cap carbonate, 480Cape Cod (Massachusetts), 211Cape Grim (Tasmania), 511, 512, 518–520Capillary wave, 168, 169CARBOCEAN Project, 589Carbon, 1, 6, 49, 50, 93, 108–110, 122, 140, 151, 153, 224, 272, 273,

275, 343–346, 384, 392, 429, 430, 445–448, 451, 455, 475–481,483–485, 489, 490, 495, 507–510, 515, 554, 587, 597, 607, 610,612, 614, 617, 621, 627, 730 See also 12C; 13C; 14C

atomic structure, 49, 107–108, 269Carbon-14, 339–341in cosmic ray interactions, 348dating, 320, 322dead carbon, 345, 348, 495major reservoirs of, 498

Carbon cycle, 6, 345, 476, 477, 496, 501, 610, 614, 617, 621, 627Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 497Carbon monoxide, 519Carbon tetrachloride, 74, 336, 520Carbon-14, 65, 151, 300, 321, 322, 332, 343, 344, 342, 344, 346, 348,

386Carbonaceous chondrite, 477Carbonate, 1, 301, 302, 305, 309, 312, 319, 359, 374, 398, 470, 471,

474–477, 478, 483, 493, 611–614, 622, 623, 680, 684, 768, 771,772

Carbonate ion, 498, 499, 617–619, 622Carbonate rock, 1, 313, 476, 484, 768Carbonation reaction, 478–480Carbonic acid, 113, 241, 257, 478–481, 614, 714, 721Carboniferous, 84, 94, 128, 142, 143, 316, 319, 452, 483, 484, 486Carcassonne (France), 134Cariaco Trench, 625Caribbean, 26, 28, 302, 304, 308, 365, 366, 368, 373, 374, 467, 476,

499, 570, 642, 680, 771Caribbean Basin, 374Caribbean plate, 680Carnivore, 610Carnot engine, 222Carpathian Mountains, 236Carrington flare, 335, 347Cartesian coordinates, 54, 55Caspian Sea, 372Cassis (France), 600Castell San Angelo (Rome), 13Catalina Conference, 577Catalina Island (California), 576Catalytic converter, 437Catastrophic sea-level rise event (CRE), 641, 681Catastrophism, 82, 83, 90, 95, 102Cathode ray, 113, 114, 117, 130, 198, 271, 284, 340Cathode ray tube, 113, 114, 340Catholic Church, 526, 669Cation, 616Cattle, 253, 496, 507, 510, 511, 520, 607, 735Cattolica-Eraclea (Sicily), 162, 163Caucasus, 300, 672Cavalleria Rusticana, 13Cave(s), 41, 152, 312, 313, 414, 415, 418, 480, 610, 617, 618, 679, 680Cavendish Laboratory, 117, 122, 124, 125Cayenne, 188, 200CCCD. See Calcium carbonate compensation depthCCD. See Calcite compensation depthCCl4, 336, 520

Community Climate Model I (CCMI), 723Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), 431, 433CDIAC. See Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCommon Era (CE), 17, 32, 35, 45, 57, 77, 160, 185, 200, 219, 234,

322, 346, 370, 519, 670Ceará (Brazil), 698Ceiiinosssttuv, 386Celsius (temperature scale), 47, 48, 53, 70, 106, 225, 391, 463, 464,

690, 714Cement, 497, 507, 514, 520, 576, 775Cenozoic climatic deterioration, 144, 145Center for Population Studies, 496Centigrade, 47, 48, 53, 225, 690Central England Temperature Record, 691, 692Central Water, 587Centrifugal force, 61, 62, 64, 70, 364, 525, 539, 541–545, 548, 635,

639Centripetal force, 61–64, 529, 535, 542, 545CERES (NASA’s Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System), 357,

358, 371, 560, 575Cerium, 276Cerro Azul (volcano, Chile), 366Cesium, 208, 270, 276CFC-11, 12, 13, 520Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 453, 454, 457, 519CH2O, 445, 447, 448, 465, 479, 498, 510, 621Chacaltaya (glacier, Bolivia), 340Chain reaction, 281, 301, 642Chain(s), 45, 98, 120, 148, 151, 292, 326, 509, 594, 611, 628, 686Chalk, 6, 82, 84, 88, 94, 95, 133, 137, 162, 183, 201, 203, 480, 486,

521, 596Chalk’s airline, 183Challenger Expedition, 616Champagne, 371, 489, 501, 502Champs Elysees (Paris), 327Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin (War Song of the Army of the

Rhine), 70Chaos, 37, 101, 162, 247, 248, 257, 609, 724, 766Charles' law, 251, 376, 423, 440Charles University (Prague), 183Charlottenburg (Berlin, Germany), 123, 228, 232, 233, 235Chauvet, 152Checkpoint Charlie, 183Chemical Rays, 192, 198, 200Chemosynthesis, 509Chemosynthetic, 480, 510Chicago (Illinois), 8, 83, 139, 140, 159, 236, 237, 281, 286, 301, 327,

334, 340, 344, 351, 378, 387, 401, 437, 440, 458, 489, 495, 499,572, 684, 693, 722

Chicago construction, 499Chicago great fire, 499Chicken, 68Chikyu (Ship), 488, 717Chile, 25, 26, 36, 348, 365, 366, 586, 593China, 25, 65, 93, 143, 153, 176, 200, 313, 369, 438, 442, 480, 590,

610, 698, 716, 721, 724, 741, 745, 764, 771, 774, 778Chinese Opera, 14

Chinook, 411Chip log, 46Chlorine, 51, 270, 275, 336, 401, 449, 453, 454, 456, 476Chlorofluorocarbons, 257, 453, 454, 457, 519, 520, 727, 762, 769Chondrite, 477Chongquing (China), 778Chopin Foundation of the United States, 471Christ Child, 594Christian Fundamentalists, 648

Subject Index 793

Christmas, 41, 183, 237, 287, 300, 594, 601, 611, 696Christmas Fair, 696Chromium, 275Church of England, 115, 648CIA, 286, 327, 353, 554, 671, 672Cichlids, 516Čierná nad Tisou (Czechoslovakia), 37, 100, 201, 214, 215, 237, 238,

286, 351, 671–673, 686, 687CIMAS. See Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric ScienceCircum-Antarctic Seaway, 455Circumference, 46, 47, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 69, 188, 199, 525CIRES. See Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental

ScienceCirrocumulus (clouds), 362, 363Cirrus (clouds), 362, 363, 371Cities, 4, 39, 80, 96, 101, 202, 357, 365, 375, 404, 437, 449, 520, 675,

686, 692, 701, 706, 717, 757, 772, 774, 778Citizens United, 741Ciudad del Carmen (Mexico), 576Ciudad Universitaria (Mexico City), 74Ciudad Victoria (Mexico), 97Civilization, 4, 7, 65, 69, 143, 153, 157–159, 210, 316, 365, 442, 453,

493, 608, 625, 643, 658, 670, 671, 675, 677, 743Clathrate, 406, 508, 512–516, 684, 756, 774, 775Clathrate Ridge, 514Clean Air Act, 437Clean coal, 777Cleavage, 618, 621CLIMAP, 308Climate (defined), 1, 4, 17, 89, 143, 144, 146, 153, 157, 159, 160, 219,

246, 250, 253, 254, 257, 298, 336, 364, 367, 406, 416, 495, 521,608, 610, 624, 651, 663, 675, 727, 730, 735, 743

Climate anomaly, 706, 708Climate Anomaly Method (CAM), 708Climate classification, 90, 254, 256, 607Climatic optimum, 145, 160, 663, 677, 683Cliques, 162Clock, 19, 34, 56, 176, 188, 246, 296, 351, 542, 660, 669, 691, 714Cloud condensation nuclei, 431Clouds, 241, 242, 244–246, 261, 312, 338, 346, 347, 355–363, 368,

370, 379, 382–384, 397, 404, 433, 459, 461, 483, 559, 564Club of Rome, 728, 729, 737, 740CME. See Coronal mass ejection eventCMIP3, 737CMIP5, 737CO2, 1, 4, 139, 140, 143, 145, 153, 229, 241, 251, 283, 288, 304, 313,

315, 344–346, 361, 366, 370, 378, 381, 383–386, 395, 400, 401,406, 429, 432, 438, 445, 458, 465, 476–487, 489–501, 507–513,518–520, 600, 607, 608, 610, 614, 617–627, 658, 675, 678, 679,684, 692–695, 704, 709, 711, 714, 721, 726, 727, 730, 733, 743,754, 764, 771, 772, 774, 775, 779

Coal, 4, 65, 82, 84, 94, 123, 137, 138, 143, 153, 222, 316, 317, 433,435, 436, 438, 448, 452, 476, 478, 483, 486, 501, 515, 520, 534,668, 734, 749, 777

Coal measures, 94Cobalt, 127, 275Coccolith ooze, 481, 620Coccolithophores, 484, 597, 616, 620–622, 683, 745Coccoliths, 6, 82, 132, 202, 238, 304, 351, 475, 476, 481, 489, 611,

612, 614, 620, 621, 623, 683, 772Coccosphere, 6, 612Cogito ergo sum, 54Cognac (drink), 521Cognac (France), 521Collapse, 26, 66, 286, 291, 453, 652, 672, 673, 681, 682, 760, 761, 765College Station, Texas, 12

Collegio Romano, 669Colloque sur l’Éocène (1968), 324Colonists, 4, 12, 317, 610, 744, 777Colorado, 7, 13, 46, 47, 56, 65, 72, 73, 328, 341, 424, 453, 462,

466–468, 472, 509, 545, 601, 609–611, 628, 646, 662, 670, 671,686, 695, 696, 704, 706, 707, 716, 717, 723, 747

Colorado Springs (Colorado), 628, 741Columbia Glacier (Canada), 642Columbia University, 149, 304Committee on Education, 60Committee on Temperance, 60Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO), 512Communist Party, 215, 236–238, 672Conch, 302Concrete, 17, 100, 105, 153, 159, 183, 300, 497, 498, 502, 503, 522,

684Conductivity, 106, 269, 395, 398, 401Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling, 600Congo, 500Constantinople, 751Continental (climate), 697Continental Congress, 47, 69Continental drift, 90, 91, 139, 148, 149, 254, 299, 300, 317, 345, 668Continental shelf, 149, 414, 613, 638, 682, 767Continental slope, 625, 655Contrails, 245, 361, 370, 438–440, 709Convent of Minerva, 669Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS),

503, 504, 601Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES),

453, 503, 601Copenhagen (Denmark), 123, 164, 189, 201, 258, 264, 278, 302, 312,

436, 652Copenhagen interpretation, 279, 280Copepods, 611, 621, 771Copper, 232, 275Coral, 138, 183, 201, 614, 623, 641, 679, 680, 771Coral Gables (Florida), 470, 503Coral terrace, 307, 308, 322, 679, 680Cordillera, 145, 311, 567, 633, 660, 661Cordilleran Ice Sheet, 633Core, 106, 144, 149, 287, 292, 304, 307–310, 319–324, 331, 345, 346,

364–374, 387, 411, 414–418, 437, 475, 487, 488–495, 510, 511,515, 651, 656–666, 676, 765

Coriolis acceleration, 550, 575, 599Coriolis Effect, 525, 541, 542, 552, 553, 561, 563, 570, 593, 595, 639,

753, 758, 771Coriolis Force, 525, 530, 541, 542, 544, 545–553, 570, 575, 595, 639,

655Coriolis Term, 535, 551Corn, 156, 215, 445, 447, 466–469, 486, 607, 608, 734Cornwall (England), 211Corona, 213, 292, 333–335, 342, 347, 426Coronal mass ejection event, 335Coronation Mass (Mozart), 173Corps de l’École, 537Corpuscles, 117–119, 130, 190, 261Correlation (geology), 138, 146, 320, 330, 346, 347, 366, 374, 416,

511, 571, 645, 652, 656, 659Cosine (cos), 59–61, 195, 531, 544, 548, 707Cosmic rays, 148, 151, 167, 281, 332, 335, 337–350, 361, 379, 385,

386, 416, 468, 657Cosmos Club, 553Costa Rica, 584, 607Council of Basel, 161

794 Subject Index

Council of Nicaea, 32Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), 737Crassostrea virginica, 325CRE1, 642CRE2, 642CRE3, 682CRE. See Catastrophic sea-level rise eventCreation, 77, 80, 127, 133Creationism, 286Creationist School, 648, 740Crémant (sparkling wine), 501Cretaceous, 7, 73, 82, 83, 88, 94, 102, 133, 137–140, 142–144, 150,

160, 162, 201, 236–238, 300, 302, 318, 358, 374, 457–459, 467,482–484, 596–601, 723, 765

Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, 6, 73, 84, 102, 129, 163, 201, 300Crete, 365Crimea, 672Crisis of Confidence, 521Critical point, 394Cro-Magnon, 152Cromwell Countercurrent, 579Cropland, 357, 735Croquet, 541Crust, 79, 82, 89, 147, 149, 152, 205, 319, 365, 372, 373, 445, 478,

634–636, 637, 672Cryogenian, 359CSIRO. See Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

OrganisationCue stick, 540Cuiaba (Brazil), 697, 698Cumulonimbus (clouds), 362, 363Cumulus (clouds), 368, 564Cuneiform tablet, 19Curium, 277Cyclone, 26, 27, 61, 367, 528, 566, 570–573, 575, 768Cyrene (Libya), 46Czech National Museum, 202Czechoslovakia, 37, 100, 201, 214, 215, 236–238, 286, 351, 671–673,

686, 687

DD Layer, 428D.V. Submarex (Ship), 373Da. See DaltonDade County Commissioners, 504Daging (China), 778Dali (China), 669, 778Dallas (Texas), 4, 12–13, 38, 70, 73, 96, 99, 101, 182, 183, 324, 340,

351, 389, 553Dallas Hall, 12Dalton, 51, 107–110, 116, 119, 225, 263, 377, 418Danian Stage, 201Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 657, 658, 659, 662, 678Danube River, 371, 751Danzig, 689Dardanelles, 747Dark Ages, 19, 219, 607, 668Das Rheingold, 38Dauphiné (France), 526Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), 637DDR. See German Democratic RepublicDead Sea, 350, 634Dead Sea Rift Valley, 350Death Valley, 313Decay constant, 66

Decibar, 404Deciduous forest, 609Decimal, 18, 21–24, 47, 48, 64–65, 121, 617Deep Ocean Conveyor, 588Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 6, 287, 300, 317, 319, 371, 373,

374, 387, 388, 418, 475, 482, 512Deep water, 2, 139, 144, 169, 170, 178, 201, 252, 253, 308, 314, 317,

400–401, 403, 458, 476, 489, 500, 581, 586–594, 598–599, 606,614, 652–653, 661–663, 752, 769

Deep water formation, 151, 588–590, 654–655, 660–663Deep water wave, 170, 190Deforestation, 498, 499, 519, 706, 774Deglaciation, 93, 129, 143, 153–154, 156, 307, 312, 345, 366, 486,

492–494, 570, 608–610, 612, 623, 627, 635, 637, 641–643,651–652, 657, 663, 670, 680–682, 743–744, 772, 775

Dendroctonus ponderosae, 696Denmark Strait, 586, 654, 656Denmark Strait Overflow Water, 586Dense forests, 357Density, 48, 250, 251, 292, 397–404, 423–424, 427, 428, 581–584Dephlogisticated air, 378, 387Der Prozess (“The Trial”), 39Desert, 29, 134, 138, 253, 320, 368, 370, 445, 447, 461, 484, 559, 563,

593, 647, 697, 764, 774Deuterium, 49, 122, 313–314, 345, 658, 678Deuterium/Hydrogen (DH) ratio, 314, 657, 678Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 685Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft, 716Devil's Hole (Nevada), 313Devon, 84, 93Devonian, 84, 90, 92, 127, 265, 451, 483DH. See Deuterium/HydrogenDial thermometer, 691Diameter, 22, 56, 60, 178, 188, 264, 270, 304, 319, 360, 431, 531, 532,

536, 544, 545, 590Diamictites, 138Diatom, 270, 280, 378, 379−381, 384, 430, 445, 448, 449, 612, 745Die Götterdämmerung, 38Die Walkürie, 38Dieback, 756, 774Differential calculus, 21, 63Diffraction, 185, 193–195, 199, 213, 647Diffuse reflection, 185, 186Dilation (time), 271Dimming, 361, 436, 438–440, 692, 694, 709, 714, 721Dinoflagellates, 623Dipolar molecule, 360Dipolarity, 381Dipoles, 196Direct Radiative Forcing, 433Discoasters, 132Dispersion (of light), 190Displacement rule, 123, 126Distilleries, 96, 391, 521District of Columbia, 700Division for Climate Change Research, State Hydrological Institute,

Leningrad, 1Division of Biology and Living Resources (RSMAS), 441Division of Marine Geology and Geophysics (RSMAS), 7, 288DNA, 279, 351, 450, 456Dnieper River, 751Doherty Marine Science Center (RSMAS), 442Dollar, 47, 105, 114, 441, 576, 740Domains (magnetic), 196Dome C, 490, 492–493, 518, 519, 663Dome on the Cathedral in Florence, Italy, 503

Subject Index 795

Don Giovanni, 39Don River, 751Don the Beachcomber’s (Chicago), 351Doomsday, 36, 65, 484Doppler Effect, 175, 176, 384, 386Doppler Radar, 573Dorothy H and Lewis S Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric

Sciences, 471DOSECC (Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth’s

Continental Crust), 601Double refraction, 189–191Dove-Hadley theory, 530Dover (England), 82, 84, 480, 486Drake Passage, 761Drayton (Shropshire, England), 224Drei-Brüder-Schacht (mine, Germany), 535Dresden (Germany), 202, 686DRF (Direct Radiative Forcing), 433Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth’s Continental Crust

(DOSECC), 601Dropstone, 138, 359Dry Valley (Antarctica), 409, 682Dryas, 155, 651–652, 655–657, 659, 660, 663–664, 677, 768Dryas octopetalia, 155DSDP. See Deep Sea Drilling ProjectDSOW (Denmark Strait Overflow Water), 586Dublin (Ireland), 106Dubnium, 277Dulong-Petit law, 229Dumont d'Urville (Antarctic station), 568Dundee (Scotland), 11Dunes, 138Dupont Circle (Washington, D.C.), 553Durham (England), 127, 146, 258, 299Dust, 245, 246, 251, 298, 320, 329, 346, 355, 360, 367–370, 384, 416,

432, 433, 475, 490–491, 625–626, 721Dust Devil, 545DV Caldrill (Ship), 373DV Submarex (Ship), 373Dysprosium, 276

EE Layer, 422EAIS. See East Antarctic Ice SheetEarly Eocene Climatic Optimum, 143Earthquake, 24–26, 97, 98, 150, 159, 168–169, 296, 506, 774

1906 earthquake, 296, 301earthquake scale, 24–26, 63

Earthshine, 351East African Rift Valley, 630East Antarctic Ice Sheet, 753, 755, 758East Antarctica, 392, 407–408, 485–488, 753, 755, 758, 759East Berlin, 144, 181, 682East Germanym, 7, 38, 144, 681, 682, 712East Greenland Current, 652, 748, 754East Texas oilfields, 12Easter, 32Easterly (wind), 554, 560, 563, 575, 577, 591, 594, 595, 746, 767Eaux-vives, 515Ecclesiastical Calendar, 32Ecclesiastical Full Moon, 32Ecclesiastical Month, 32Ecclesiastical New Moon, 32Echinoderms, 617Eclipse, 119, 157, 206, 288, 329, 333

Ecliptic, 292, 293, 627ECOD. See European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean

DrillingÉcole des Mines (Paris), 193École des Ponts et Chaussees (Paris), 530École Polytechnique (Paris), 106, 226, 529, 530, 546–547EDGAR, 512Ediacaran, 355Edinburgh (Scotland), 11, 75–77, 125, 294, 295, 304, 373–374, 430Eem River, 671Eemian, 487, 654–655, 671–679, 744, 753, 755, 763Egypt, 12, 18, 29, 33, 57, 130, 192, 292, 347, 673Egyptian, 18, 19, 29, 46, 341Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 259Eifel, 475Eiffel Tower (Paris), 333Eilat (Israel), 347, 473Einsteinium, 273Eirík Rauði, 740. See also Eric the RedEismitte (Greenland), 88, 409EJ. See ExajoulesEkman transport, 575, 589El Abra limestone (Mexico), 73El Mulato (Mexico), 95El Niño, 564, 589–592, 595, 636, 662, 767, 768El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 658, 767Electrical charge discrepancy, 612Electrode, 206–208, 258, 278Electromagnetic wave, 52, 194–196, 203, 206–209, 211, 228, 231, 258,

359Electron, 49, 50, 107, 115, 145–146, 259–273, 336Electron volt, 50, 222, 339Electronic transitions, 262, 265, 278–279, 379, 380Elkhorn coral, 610, 676Ellipticity, 149, 243, 291, 294, 317, 318, 621Embassy Row (Washington, D.C.), 548Emiliania huxleyi, 6, 130, 607, 616, 619, 679, 768Emission spectrum, 205, 207, 211, 261–263Emissivity, 225Emperor Seamount Train, 470En gréve, 323Energy, 50–54

chemical, 51electric, 51kinetic, 50latent, 51magnetic, 51mechanical, 51potential, 50

Energy balance, 135, 217, 219, 229, 242, 571England, 45, 49, 72, 80, 82, 94, 105, 109, 113, 118, 120, 125, 136, 144,

165, 206, 208, 209, 223, 254, 282, 304, 314, 318, 327, 361, 366,373, 428, 529, 605, 644, 682, 685, 687, 688, 703, 709, 741

English Pub, 283English system, 17, 46ENSO: EL Niño/Southern Oscillation, 589, 658Entropy, 173, 221–223, 230, 232, 333, 375Environmental Protection Agency, 234Eocene Climatic Optimum, 143European Consortium for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), 406, 486,

659, 660EPICA Dome core, 406EPICA. See European Consortium for Ice Coring in AntarcticaEpidemic, 361, 606, 680, 722, 731, 772Epitaxial growth, 616Equation of State, 397, 398

796 Subject Index

Equator, 29, 46–49, 54, 56, 58–61, 87, 137, 142, 196, 238, 288–291,355, 359, 360, 411, 456, 505, 521–525, 538–542, 553–554,565–566, 571, 575, 580, 582, 587, 589, 591, 592–595, 621, 630,635, 664, 694, 703–704, 719, 767, 769, 771

Equatorial Countercurrent, 576Equatorial Current, 576, 580, 583Equidistant cylindrical projection, 56Equilibrium vegetation ecology model (EVE), 461Equinoctial year, 29Equinox, 29, 32, 59, 288, 290, 292, 293, 353, 400, 412Equipotential surface, 631Equirectangular projection, 57Era, 17, 90, 99, 129, 283, 294, 348, 355, 431, 480, 489, 493, 705, 744Era of smog, 705Erbium, 272Eric the Red (Eirík Rauði), 740Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 712Error, 1, 2, 9, 18, 32, 46, 146, 198, 220, 342, 366, 495, 528, 545, 548,

605, 669, 706, 733, 745, 755Escape velocity, 334, 335, 423Escapement, 34, 176, 543Eskimos, 744Estes Park (Colorado), 73, 628–629, 686Estonia, 686Estuarine circulation, 584Estuary, 325ETH. See Eidgenossische Technische HochschuleEuler number, 65, 66Eulerstrasse (Basel, Switzerland), 65, 161Euphrates River, 18Eureka, 63, 64, 151, 195–198Europa (moon of Jupiter), 246, 396Europe, 5, 6, 18, 19, 32, 34, 38, 40, 42, 45, 56, 71, 72, 82, 84, 87, 88,

92, 101, 130–134, 137–139, 143, 145, 152, 157, 160–162, 164,174, 176, 181, 202, 203, 211, 219, 221, 234, 238, 258, 265, 285,293, 299, 300, 311, 316, 317, 337, 345, 351, 358, 365, 366, 369,382, 414, 434, 435, 449, 463, 467, 472, 475, 483, 486, 488, 499,502, 525, 527, 533, 539, 566, 575, 595, 596, 601, 609, 637, 639,640, 651, 652, 656, 659, 663, 665, 670, 677, 678, 680, 683, 685,686, 689, 692, 696, 706, 714–717, 722, 724, 726, 740, 741, 749,753, 768, 769, 778

European Consortium for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), 411, 492,663, 664

European Consortium for Ocean Drilling (ECOD), 488, 600, 717European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), 717European Economic Union (1958), 715European Science Foundation, 600European Space Agency, 349, 518European Union, 715–717, 737, 740Europium, 276Euxinic, 626eV. See Electron voltEvaporation, 29, 122, 128, 137, 144, 254, 312, 320, 363, 377, 391, 397,

401, 416, 447, 455, 463, 469, 584, 599, 626, 640–641, 645, 665,661, 727, 751, 764, 765

Evaporation-precipitation balance, 459, 640–641, 645Evaporite, 138, 401, 458EVE. See Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology ModelEvelyn and Her Magic Violin, 471Exajoules (EJ), 734Excitation, 114, 282, 283, 384, 386, 432, 440Excited (state), 113, 114, 123, 265, 266, 272, 282–283, 292, 365, 374,

379, 386, 442, 512, 601, 605Exclusion principle, 273, 274, 284, 285Executive Committee (JOIDES), 387, 389, 419–420, 488, 501, 522,

554, 671, 717

Exobase, 426Exosphere, 426, 427, 440Exponent, 21, 23, 34, 64, 274Exponential decay, 66, 93, 118–119Exponential growth, 64–66, 433, 453, 726, 776Extinction, 6, 66, 83, 90, 92–94, 102, 152, 153, 201, 247, 300, 336,

401, 433, 484, 486, 610, 626, 684, 726Exxon Production Research Corporation, 577Eyjafjallajökull (Ice Sheet, Iceland), 366, 367

FFaculae, 329, 347Fahrenheit (temperature scale), 48, 53, 689Faint Young Sun Paradox, 291Falcon, 11Falcon Stone, 11Fall (season), 4, 7, 13, 19, 32, 45, 71, 133, 144, 147, 158, 293–295,

298, 400, 404, 507Falmouth (Massachusetts), 579Famine, 65, 568, 692, 724, 726, 776, 778Fantasia, 8, 160, 627Faeroe Islands, 653, 654Farthing, 46Fasching, 41, 472Fasnacht, 161, 162Fathom, 45, 47, 178, 682Faxe (Denmark), 201FBI, 215, 238, 352Fecal pellets, 621, 622, 771, 772Feedback, 9, 144, 153, 158, 159, 170, 250, 251, 300, 306, 316, 346,

358, 364, 369, 371, 417, 448, 451, 463, 465, 468, 479, 483, 487,491, 492, 515, 558, 610, 622, 623, 625, 626, 642, 663, 681, 682,749

Feldspar, 147, 475, 478, 479Felix’s Oyster Bar, 480Fens, 651Fermium, 277Ferns, 82, 84, 143Ferrel cell, 561, 575Film music, 14, 201Fimbul Ice Shelf, 762Finland, 2, 88, 600, 644, 665, 680, 682Fir (tree), 609Fire air, 378Firn, 411, 415, 519Firth of Tay, 11Fiskeler, 201Fission, 279Fission track dating, 151, 281Fixed air, 378, 387Flared gas, 497Flinders Mountains, 359Flint, 533Florence (Italy), 140, 210, 234, 503, 530, 669Florida Keys, 307, 679, 699Florida reef tract, 614Florida Strait, 581Floyd (Hurricane), 571, 573Fluoresce, 113Fluorescence, 113–115Fluorine, 270, 271, 275Fluorocarbons, 453, 454, 519, 762Flux rate, 448FM radio, 211, 212Foam, 27, 501

Subject Index 797

Föhn, 411Foot, 33, 45, 46, 47, 174, 175, 199, 287, 302, 371, 419, 690, 707Foraminifera (Foram), 70, 71, 73, 74, 82, 83, 95, 96, 102, 131, 132,

144, 145, 161–163, 201, 287, 300, 302, 304, 308–310, 313, 314,320, 322, 350, 351, 374, 387, 416, 475, 476, 479, 481, 484, 485,597, 612, 614, 620–622, 652, 675, 676, 679, 683, 722, 740, 745

Foraminiferal ooze, 620Force, 13, 26, 48, 50, 52, 61–63Forces vives (kinetic energy), 538, 539Forests, 4, 84, 93, 156, 219, 245, 253, 299, 312, 357, 370, 433, 466,

498, 499, 501, 607, 609–611, 627, 675, 683, 695, 721, 722, 727,730, 734, 756, 757, 764

Foucault pendulum, 543Founding of Rome, 30Fracture zone, 152, 153Fram (Ship), 653Fram Strait, 653, 654, 683, 749, 752, 758France, 33, 36, 40, 46–49, 54, 57, 73, 84, 112, 131, 132–134, 152, 160,

161, 164, 181, 182, 187, 190, 195, 201, 208, 213, 222, 237, 310,315, 320, 323–327, 351, 377, 389, 411, 419, 431, 432, 434, 501,521, 526, 536–540, 590, 600, 651, 682, 707, 715, 716, 718

Francium, 208, 270, 277Frankfurt/Main (Germany), 400Franz Josef Land, 407Franziskaner Weissbier, 214Fraunhofer lines, 206Freemasons, 689Freezing point, 48, 53, 159, 225, 245, 253, 361, 362, 392, 393,

396–398, 409, 468, 470, 513, 514, 581, 582, 653, 654, 663, 689,690, 759

Freiberg (Saxony, Germany), 535French Quarter (New Orleans), 480French Revolution, 33, 48, 70, 79, 108, 220, 692, 707Fresh Snow, 245, 411Freshwater balance, 584, 586Fresnel lens, 195Fresnel zones, 195Friedrich Wilhelm University, 227Friedrichstrasse (Berlin, Germany), 183Frigoric, 220Front, 23, 38, 39, 61, 64, 100, 118, 122, 126, 132, 168, 172, 173, 189,

202, 318, 359, 411, 428, 437, 462, 488, 502, 504, 532, 577, 580,582, 586, 597, 609, 610, 622, 625, 636, 642, 660, 694, 726, 745

Front Range, 411, 462Frost, 254, 406, 764Fructose, 445, 446Fugere, 61Fujita scale, 572Fujita-Pearson scale, 27Fungi, 452, 457, 484Fusion, 52, 53, 121, 127, 230, 291, 292, 336, 349, 392, 393, 408

GGadolinium, 276Gaia (hypothesis), 451, 453, 606, 627, 629Gallium, 147, 275Gamma ray, 118, 130, 198, 339, 342Ganges Delta, 638Gas hydrate, 520, 521, 659, 774Gas sylvestre, 377, 386Gaststätte Fraunhofer (Munich, Germany), 214Gateshead (England), 127Gaul, 45Gaussian distribution, 228Geissler tube, 208

GENESIS (Computer program), 723GEOCARB III, 485Geocentrism, 525Geocorona, 426Geoid, 635−637, 640Geological Society (London), 82, 84, 92, 94, 127, 521Geological Society of America, 92, 149, 643, 646Geological Survey of Canada, 258Geological time scale, 129GEOMAR, 7, 11, 139, 483, 488, 489, 514, 654, 715, 716, 717, 745,

768George V Ice Shelf, 762Georgia (Asia), 12, 172, 512, 672, 760Georgia (US), 571GEOSECS (Geochemical Sections), 590, 591Geothermal gradient, 514Geothermal heat flux, 54, 412, 662Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi, 611GERM, 140German Democratic Republic (DDR), 146, 685German Hydrographic Office, 662Germanium, 275Germany, 5, 7, 10, 11, 21, 37, 38, 40, 41, 90, 94, 108, 111−113, 122,

123, 125, 146, 149, 160, 161, 163, 192, 196, 198, 199, 209, 225,237, 257, 281, 299, 331, 338, 352, 389, 400, 411, 419, 453, 467,481, 487, 488, 533−535, 601, 637, 671, 680, 685, 686, 696,697, 715−717, 768

Gerolstein, 481Gestapo Headquarters, 39Getz Ice Shelf, 762Giant sloth, 610GIN Sea (Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea), 586, 588, 590, 592, 607,

653−656, 658−563, 666, 667, 677, 683, 751, 753, 754Gironde Estuary, 133, 646GISP 2, 364, 415, 418, 657, 658, 662GISS. See Goddard Institute for Space ScienceGiza (Egypt), 677, 678Gjøa (Ship), 745, 777Glace Bay, 211Glacial, 87, 90, 92, 94, 95, 129, 137–140, 145, 153–159, 180, 258, 259,

298–300, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 314–317, 320–322, 366,368–371, 386, 412, 414, 417, 458, 480, 483, 484, 491, 492, 493,494, 495, 510, 515, 518–520, 559, 570, 584, 608, 609, 615, 624,625, 632–634, 636−638, 640, 642, 743, 753, 759, 764, 765,767, 768

Glacier, 86, 87, 92, 94, 95, 152–154, 160, 226, 250, 300, 311, 359, 366,368, 369, 370, 374, 406–409, 411, 412, 487, 625, 633, 642, 646,652, 656, 665, 751, 756, 758, 759, 761−764, 767, 777

Glasgow (Scotland), 87, 105, 119, 121, 123, 205, 213, 222, 298, 301,377, 378, 387, 391, 418, 616

Glasgow University, 222, 418Glasnost, 685Gleissberg cycle, 332Glenkinchie (Distillery, Scotland), 96Global dimming, 361, 371, 436, 438–439, 692, 694, 695, 709, 714,

721, 777Global Marine Corporation, 373Global Marine Development, Inc., 554Global Positioning System, 56Global warming, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 69, 92, 138, 145, 215, 241, 251, 252,

278, 304, 332, 333, 346, 347, 361, 371, 404, 410, 423, 436, 449,480, 492, 498, 499, 512, 515, 516, 608, 669, 670, 692, 698, 700,701, 709, 721, 727, 731, 744, 754, 756, 763, 768, 769, 776, 777

Global warming denier, 69Global warming skeptic, 69Global weirding, 3, 4, 11, 713

798 Subject Index

Globigerina, 481, 612, 620Globigerina ooze, 481Globigerinoides sacculifer, 306Globorotalia aequa, 722GLOMAR Challenger (Ship), 317, 323, 374, 388, 475, 487, 521, 600GLOMAR Explorer (Ship), 554, 671Glühwein, 696Gnomon, 33Gobi Desert, 253, 697Goddard Institute for Space Science (GISS), 706Gold, 23, 122, 123, 263, 276, 284, 426, 440Gold foil experiment, 122, 263, 284Goldberg Variations, 257Golden Gate Bridge, 372Golden Rule, 225Golf, 525, 541, 552Gondwana, 90, 317, 483Good Bye Lenin, 687Gordon’s Gin, 715GPS See Global Positioning SystemGräfelfing (Germany), 37Grain, 23, 45, 46, 138, 151, 168, 172, 236, 253, 281, 285, 291, 346,

360, 367, 405, 467, 470, 479, 514, 609, 621, 625, 734, 764Grand Canyon, 553Grand Pile (France), 651Grandes Boulevards (Paris, France), 325Granite, 2, 156, 634, 636, 672Graph, 67, 69, 145, 232, 436Grassland, 156, 159, 357, 370, 433, 466, 499, 735, 756, 776Gravitational constant, 527Gravity wave, 168Great Barrier Reef, 614Great Conveyor, 584, 586, 588, 598, 599, 652, 655, 656, 659, 660, 776

Great Depression, 13, 331, 348Great Dying, 92Great Failed Experiment, 199Great Famine (China), 692, 724Great Famine of Ireland, 692Great Lakes, 156, 286, 299, 312, 400, 401, 409, 634Great Ocean Conveyor, 587Great October Socialist Revolution, 32Great Oxygenation Event, 451Great Pyramids of Giza, 677Great Recession (2008-2009), 731Great Salinity Anomaly, 656Great Wild Goose Chase, 745Grebenka River, 467Greece, 32, 93, 163, 364, 370, 715Greek, 17–19, 34, 46, 48, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68, 77, 79, 107, 117, 125, 162,

163, 168, 172, 173, 185, 208, 219, 222, 292, 296, 365, 378, 419,426, 486, 513, 539, 596, 647

Green crops, 357Greenhouse, 1, 4, 11, 92, 105, 123, 140–145, 147, 157–160, 167, 197,

200, 213, 221, 225, 227, 229, 230, 231, 233–235, 241, 242, 245,246, 250–252, 266, 277, 278, 282, 283, 291–293, 313, 321, 329,347, 355, 358, 359, 361, 363, 370, 371, 378, 381, 383, 386, 397,406, 416, 417, 425, 428, 429, 430–432, 436, 438–440, 445, 449,454–456, 459, 461–466, 468–470, 476–481, 483, 486, 495, 496,501, 507, 509, 510, 512, 515–517, 519, 520, 570, 624–626, 659,684, 692–695, 698, 704, 721–724, 730, 731, 735, 737, 743, 744,749, 754, 767, 774, 775

Greenhouse gas, 1, 105, 123, 141, 145, 147, 157, 158, 200, 213, 225,227, 229–231, 233, 234, 235, 241, 242, 245, 246, 250, 282,291–293, 313, 321, 329, 358, 370, 371, 378, 397, 416, 417, 425,429–432, 436, 438, 439, 449, 454, 455, 470, 476, 507

Greenland Ice project. See GRIP

Greenland Ice Sheet, 407, 409, 414, 633, 646, 658, 680, 750, 758–760,776

Greenland-Scotland Ridge, 586, 590, 592, 653, 658, 660, 661Greenwich (England), 33, 691Gregorian Calendar, 29, 32, 35Greifswald (Germany), 7, 11, 146, 716Grímsvötn (volcano, Iceland), 366GRIP (Greenland Ice Core Project), 415, 676, 677GRIP Summit, 652, 658, 659, 664GRIP2, 415Grizabella, 212Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 735Gross World Product (GWP), 731, 735, 736Ground state, 265, 266, 272, 274Ground water, 250, 397, 467Gubbio (Itlay), 163Guilin (China), 480, 778Guinea, 4, 46, 47, 358, 680Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 553Gulf Coast (US), 183, 238, 300, 312, 387, 404, 412, 545, 636, 772Gulf Coastal Plain, 300Gulf of Aqaba (or Gulf of Eilat), 351, 479Gulf of Finland, 644Gulf of Mexico, 97, 156, 172, 373, 374, 387, 412, 475, 570, 571, 575,

595, 609, 638, 771, 772Gulf Stream, 287, 304, 579, 580, 597, 611, 691, 702Gulf Universities Research Consortium (GURC), 553Güstrow (Germany), 715Guyot, 148GWP. See Gross World ProductGyre, 27, 558, 559, 570, 579–584, 592, 598Gyre water, 583

HH2S, 400, 401, 515, 626Haber-Bosch process, 520Hadean, 84, 95, 452Hadley cell, 561, 562, 564–566, 575, 584, 598, 662, 773Hadley Centre, 692, 715Hafnium, 276Haiti, 25, 26, 36Hale cycle, 332Half-life, 66, 119, 120, 128, 147, 311, 313, 314, 344–346, 348, 386,

590, 657Halle an der Saale (DDR), 685Halliburton, 372Hallstadt cycle, 332Halogens, 270, 454Hamburg (Germany), 38, 202, 273, 532, 533, 535, 552, 662Hannover (Germany), 237, 286, 352Haq curves, 645Harbin (China), 610, 778Harmonic oscillator, 232, 262, 380Harrison, Abramovitz and Kingsland, 503, 504Harvard University, 87, 120, 314, 496Hassium, 277Haus der (deutschen) Kunst, 39Hawaii, 179, 365, 372, 419, 441, 476, 496, 554, 628, 680, 699, 700Hawk Stone, 11Heat of Fusion, 52, 53, 392, 408, 468Heat of Sublimation, 53, 393Heat of Vaporization, 53, 392, 393, 417, 463, 464HEATT (acronym for Haline, Euxinic, Acidic, Thermal,

Transgression), 626Heaviside Layer, 211, 212, 214

Subject Index 799

Heavy water, 122, 693Hebrew calendar, 29, 30Hebrew University, 7, 10, 347, 350Hectare, 54, 610, 735Hectopascals, 22, 54, 229, 252, 425, 463, 640Heidelberg (Germany), 207, 213, 226, 235, 299Heinrich events, 657, 662, 682Heliocentrism, 525, 526, 668, 669Helium, 49, 112, 116, 119–121, 126, 130, 151, 208, 213, 214, 230,

270, 274, 275, 281, 284, 291, 292, 313, 335, 336, 338, 341, 347,379, 411, 425, 426, 440

Hendrix Gin, 23Herculaneum (Italy), 365Hermatypic corals, 614, 620Hertz, 168, 197, 198, 209, 210, 212, 213, 262, 263, 266, 282Hertzian wave, 210, 214Hesperium, 281Highland Park Methodist Church, 12Himalaya, 145, 152, 370, 407, 463, 464, 483, 511, 570, 596, 633, 638Hindcast, 315, 316Hindu calendar, 30Hiroshima (Japan), 610HMS Challenger (Ship), 374Hoarfrost, 406Hockey stick, 665–670HOH, 391, 392, 394–397, 405, 406, 409, 411, 417, 431Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), 696, 697Hollywood, 73, 437Holmium, 276Holocene, 142, 155–157, 159, 344, 366, 370, 415, 494, 559, 566, 639,

643, 651, 652, 655, 656, 658, 660, 663, 667, 676–678, 681, 744,765

Holocene Climatic Optimum, 663Holomictic, 400Homestake Mine, 336Horsepower, 48Hotel de la Cité (Carcasonne, France), 134Hotel Splendid (Bordeaux, France), 134Hotel Taninul (Mexico), 97Hothouse, 141, 142, 160, 624, 626, 627House Committee on Science and Technology, 577Huascarán (Peru), 663, 664Huaynaputina (volcano, Peru), 364Hudson Bay, 155, 312, 407, 453, 609, 637, 639, 662, 753, 777Hudson Strait, 662, 663, 682Human population, 24, 65–68, 93, 215, 429, 433, 499, 607, 643, 675,

722–726, 728, 730, 735, 768, 773Humanism, 161Humboldt Current, 593Humboldt University, 146, 183Humidity, 4, 174–176, 178, 179, 180, 213, 360, 461, 552, 698, 721,

765Hungary, 281, 686, 716Huon Peninsula, 680Hurricane, 27, 35, 164, 172, 252, 363, 368, 371, 520, 528, 570–576,

640, 699, 750, 768, 777Hurricane Floyd, 571, 573Hurricane Irene, 571, 573Hurricane Katrina, 172, 699, 768Hurricane Sandy, 575, 750, 777Hyde Park (London, UK), 365Hydraulic piston corer, 319, 323Hydrogen, 49, 53, 108–110, 121–125, 129, 130, 151, 160, 207–209,

213, 220, 226, 230, 264–275, 278, 283, 284, 285, 291, 292, 313,314, 334–336, 341, 345, 379, 391, 392, 400, 409, 416, 418, 426,

431, 440, 445, 449, 468, 479, 431, 509, 513, 515, 519, 622, 625,626, 658, 678

Hydrogen ion, 24, 241, 334, 617, 621, 622Hydrologic cycle, 396, 465, 467, 584Hydrosphere, 137, 252, 605Hypoxic water, 625, 772, 774Hypsithermal, 307

II. See InertiaIberian margin, 655Ic, 396, 405Ice, 1–4, 7, 11, 29, 52, 53, 69, 83, 84, 86–88, 90, 93–96, 106, 107, 115,

122, 137–140, 142–145, 152, 153–160, 225, 241, 243, 246, 250,251, 253, 264, 292, 295, 298–300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308–316,319–324, 329–331, 335, 345–347, 356–359, 362–364, 366,368–370, 374, 386, 391–397, 399, 400, 402, 405–418, 431, 437,438, 455, 459, 463, 465, 468–470, 475, 477, 480–482, 487–495,499, 501, 510–516, 518, 519, 521, 557, 559, 561, 566, 570, 571,575, 582–584, 597, 599, 601, 605, 606, 608–610, 623–625,631–634, 636–639, 641–646, 651–663, 666, 670, 675–684, 690,692, 694, 709, 713, 721, 744–754, 756–769, 771, 775–778

Ice age, 69, 86, 95, 107, 145, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 241, 298, 300,309, 314, 321–323, 329–331, 346, 347, 438, 493, 499, 644, 662,663, 666, 667, 670, 677, 692, 694, 709, 713, 721, 744, 764

Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery, 324Ice cap, 87, 90, 299, 311, 312, 663, 675, 756Ice factory (Lena River shelf), 410, 654Ice IcIce Ih, 405, 406, 411Ice rings, 399, 400Ice sheet, 87, 93, 95, 143, 144, 154, 155, 253, 311–313, 366, 396,

407–409, 411, 412, 414, 501, 609, 610, 632, 633, 636–638, 642,644, 646, 651, 652, 655, 656, 658, 662, 663, 670, 677, 678, 681,682, 745, 750, 753, 756–763, 767, 776, 777

Ice shelf, 414, 756, 761, 762Icebergs, 86, 138, 331, 359, 642, 656, 657, 662, 663, 665, 682Icehouse, 140–144, 157–160, 406, 624–627, 743Iceland, 149, 154, 189, 190, 194, 195, 200, 213, 293, 311, 312, 364,

366, 373, 407, 475, 476, 586, 588, 595, 600, 607, 618, 652–656,660, 744, 745, 752, 765, 768, 771

Iceland high, 771Iceland spar, 189, 190, 194, 195, 200, 213, 618Iceland-Faeroes Channel, 654Iceland-Scotland Ridge, 654, 655, 656, 660, 768Ides, 31, 35Ides of March, 31IGCP, 778Ih, 396, 405–407, 411Il Trovatore, 13ILLIAC, 722, 723, 740Illinoisan (glaciation), 299Illumination, 134, 207, 213, 282, 382, 466IMO. See International Meteorological OrganizationImperial College (London), 127, 148Imperial system, 17Inch, 6, 45, 98, 152, 531Incident ray, 186, 195India, 18, 19, 60, 87, 89, 90, 137, 139, 143, 145, 159, 160, 200, 317,

483, 567, 569, 596, 625, 638, 721Indian Ocean, 171, 181, 309, 313, 510, 570, 575, 579, 580, 591, 599,

634, 635, 640, 641Indian Summer Monsoon, 569, 570, 776Indiana, 60, 70, 299, 609, 636, 703

800 Subject Index

Indirect radiative forcing (IRF), 433Indium, 276Indonesia, 73, 162, 364, 365, 371, 511, 635, 638, 667, 692, 726Industrial Revolution, 65, 67, 69, 84, 107, 117, 129, 153, 157, 160,

222, 234, 345, 349, 361, 363, 391, 418, 430, 433, 434, 493–495,497, 498, 501, 507, 516, 519, 537, 607, 622, 623, 675, 679, 724,743

Inertia, 52, 528, 529, 539, 545, 763Inertial circle, 545Infrared, 92, 158, 167, 192, 193, 198, 200, 209, 212, 227, 233, 241,

243, 245, 246, 266, 268, 282, 283, 347, 355, 363, 380–384, 386,428, 431, 432, 436, 455, 456, 461, 462, 476, 495, 496, 507, 516,709

Inland, 153, 171, 360, 642, 680, 681, 682, 704, 761Inquisition, 526, 668, 669Insolation, 137, 167, 231, 242, 247, 250, 291, 292–300, 302, 306–311,

314–316, 320–323, 329, 347, 348, 355, 358, 361, 363–365,369–371, 395, 398, 416, 432, 439, 440, 487, 489, 491–494, 501,510, 511, 521, 557, 559, 562, 625, 666, 667, 675, 679, 682, 694,695, 721, 723, 724, 732, 734, 743, 744, 748–750, 756, 758, 759

Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides (Paris),315

Institut für Ostseeforschung (Institute for Baltic Sea Research), 716Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, 760Institute for Baltic Sea Research (see Institut für Ostseeforschung), 7,

637Institute for Nuclear Studies, 281, 344Institute of Marine Sciences (University of Miami), 10, 285, 287, 388Integral calculus, 20, 21Integrated ocean drilling program (IODP), 717Interglacial, 138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 153, 154, 156–160, 180, 298,

306–316, 321–323, 329, 369, 415, 484, 490–493, 510, 518, 519,559, 624, 625, 658, 659, 660, 675–684, 709, 716, 726, 727, 743,748, 753, 757, 764, 767

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 521, 646, 728,730, 740

Intermediate water, 581, 586Internal waves, 647International Chopin Competition (Warsaw), 471International Date Line, 59International Geological Congress 1960 - Copenhagen, 164, 201, 258International Geological Congress 1968 - Prague, 351International Geological Congress 1984 - Moscow, 670, 671International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Austria), 732International Meteorological Organization (WMO, IMO), 160, 254,

714International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), 322, 324International Oceanographic Foundation (IOF), 442International System of Units, 51Internet, 140, 170, 174, 186, 265, 418, 428, 464, 496, 525, 648Interstadial, 651, 652, 660, 675Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 516, 564, 565, 584Inuits, 744Inundated area, 770Inversion (temperature), 314, 424, 425, 433, 440, 449Iodine, 270, 276IODP (International Ocean Drilling Program), 322, 324, 717IOF (International Oceanographic Foundation), 442, 470Ion, 24, 126, 264, 302, 337, 383, 401, 479, 498, 517, 616–618, 619,

620, 621, 622, 626Ionization, 266, 275–277, 282, 337, 348, 361, 383, 427Ionization energy, 275, 276Ionosphere, 212, 383, 426–428, 440Iowa, 609IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPOD (International Phase of Ocean Drilling of the Deep Sea DrillingProgram), 419

Ireland, 77, 225, 338, 377, 600, 656, 665, 692, 715Irene (Hurricane), 571, 573IRF (Indirect radiative forcing), 433Iridium, 276, 535Iron, 78, 121, 127, 180, 196, 201, 202, 221, 237, 275, 391, 455, 458,

478, 625, 626, 628Iroquois Confederacy, 628Irrational number, 24, 60IS92a, 731Islamabad (Pakistan), 647Islamic calendar, 29, 30Isopycnal, 402, 583, 584, 586Isotope, 50, 66, 109, 119, 122, 126–130, 139, 147, 148, 151, 160, 271,

281, 301, 305, 307, 312, 313, 318–320, 322, 323, 344–346, 363,386, 482, 485, 486, 490, 492, 496, 519, 652, 656, 657, 659, 661,662, 675–681, 684, 693

Isotope Stage, 307, 675–680Israel, 285, 350, 351, 479Italia (Ship), 131Italian Riviera, 365Italy, 25, 40, 47, 58, 86, 111, 132, 140, 162, 173, 181, 210, 219, 234,

320, 323, 336, 338, 387, 470, 484, 487, 500, 525, 530, 600, 691,715, 716, 768

ITCZ. See Intertropical Convergence ZoneIxtoc I, 576

JJakobshavn Isbrae, 754, 755, 773James Strait, 749Japan, 25, 26, 36, 65, 160, 168, 169, 332, 713, 728Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), 642, 643Jellyfish, 607Jerico (West Bank), 70, 346Jerusalem, 7, 10, 281, 346, 347, 473Jet aircraft, 357, 366, 425, 432, 462, 705Jimmy Carter Dip, 515, 549Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov, Czech Republic), 112, 113JOI, Inc. (Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated), 385, 517JOIDES, 319, 370, 383–385, 413–415, 481, 482, 516, 549, 573, 596,

666Joint Oceanographic Institution for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES),

319, 369JOIDES Advisory Panel on Sediment and Ocean History, 597, 713JOIDES Executive Committee, 385, 414, 495, 667JOIDES Journal, 414, 415JOIDES Panel on Sedimentary Geochemistry and Physical Processes,

713JOIDES Planning Committee, 384, 481, 506, 667JOIDES Resolution (Ship), 482, 509, 679Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (see

JOIDES)Joule, 50, 53, 221, 222, 232, 233, 258, 335, 463, 531Journeymen scientists, 260Julian Calendar, 32–35, 75Julian Period, 33, 35, 75Julius Cesar, 39, 125Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), 336Junior Year in Munich (JYM), 10, 37Jupiter, 56, 69, 79, 93, 186, 187, 198, 229, 242, 520, 545, 664, 665,

687Jura (island, Scotland), 199Jura (mountains), 82–85, 92

Subject Index 801

Jurassic, 82, 92, 126, 140, 296, 477, 593Jurassic Park, 296, 452

KK. See Kelvin temperature scaleK-129 (Submarine), 549Kaliningrad (Russia), 205, 224Kalman smoothing, 642Kamchatka (Russia), 168, 360Kansan (glaciation), 295Kansas, 215, 605, 711Kaolinite, 472Kaon, 337, 338, 344, 345Kara shelf, 678Karlsruhe Congress of Chemists, 128Karlštejn (Czechoslovakia), 233Kármán line, 248, 252, 417Katmai (Alaska), 360Katrina (Hurricane), 170, 567, 695, 764Kazan Cathedral, 741Kazan-Komarek affair, 214, 215Kelp, 439, 609Kelvin temperature scale, 52Kelvin waves, 591Kentucky, 474, 571, 664Kentucky bourbon, 158Kepler's laws, 185, 186Key Biscayne (Florida), 283, 436, 496, 548Key West (Florida), 289, 640, 695, 696Kiel (Germany), 7, 11, 137, 257, 316, 342, 447, 477, 508, 601, 679,

711, 741, 764, 774Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), 411Kilmarnock (Scotland), 94Kilometer, 46, 47, 105, 167–169, 176, 187, 200, 209, 308, 311, 368,

540, 678, 703Kinetic energy, 50, 51, 169, 248, 278, 279, 338, 339, 375, 420, 434,

530–532, 562King James Version of the Bible, 644Kirchhoff's law, 224Klein Basel (Switzerland), 159Kola Superdeep Borehole, 668Kolumbu (volcano, Santorini, Greece), 360Koran, 642–644Kosher salt, 346, 473Krafla (volcano, Iceland), 360Krakatau (volcano, Indonesia), 360, 362Krannert Center for the Performing Arts (University of Illinois), 496Kranz Anatomy, 440Kremlin, 12Krill, 607Kronstadt (Russia), 640Krypton, 266, 271, 375Kuwae-Vanuatu, 360Kyoto treaty, 665, 666

LL’Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland), 741l’Espionage (Restaurant), 597La Forza del Destino, 13La Jolla (California), 282, 300, 319, 359, 368, 383, 384, 414, 490, 596La Mer, 179, 596La Niña, 589–591, 596, 636, 662, 767La Spezia (Italy), 40, 361Labe (Elbe) River, 200

Laboratory of tree-ring research, 341Labrador, 209, 699Labrador current, 699Labrador Sea, 584, 648, 650–652, 655, 656, 658, 678Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.), 548Lagoonal circulation, 580, 637Lake Agassiz, 651Lake Baikal, 630Lake Kivu, 396Lake Ladoga, 2Lake Malawi, 630Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela), 368Lake Michigan, 282, 480Lake Monoun, 396, 494Lake Nyos, 396, 492, 494, 495Lake of Geneva, 176, 177, 179, 361Lake Tanganyika, 630Lake Victoria, 29, 327, 344Lake Vida, 678Lake Vostok, 309, 310, 390, 392Lambert Glacier, 758Lamont Geological Observatory, 147, 300, 303, 319, 481Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 661Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 495, 506Land of the Middle, 58Landfill, 494, 514Landsat, 772Langley (unit), 228, 229Lanthanides, 274Lanthanum, 272Lapse rate, 175, 358, 456, 458, 459, 461Laptev Sea, 483, 580, 649, 650, 745Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), 622Larsen Ice Shelf, 757, 758Lascaux (France), 150, 606Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 152–154, 157, 296, 310, 311, 318, 354,

362, 487, 555, 604, 611Latent energy, 51, 222Latent heat, 51, 241, 359, 392, 393, 404, 413, 459, 553, 554, 561, 563,

571Latent heat of fusion (or freezing), 52, 53, 388, 389, 404Latent heat of vaporization (or condensation), 53, 388, 389, 412, 456,

458Laterna Magica (Prague, Czechoslovakia), 201Latin Quarter (Paris, France), 529Latitude, 29, 46, 54, 56, 57, 59–61, 79, 88, 135, 139, 155, 175, 197,

289, 290, 307, 355, 409, 482, 538, 703Latrun (West Bank), 346Latvia, 682Laughing gas, 510Laurentide Ice Sheet, 308, 606, 629, 630, 632, 633, 635, 651, 678Law Dome, 487, 489, 494, 505Law of Combining Volumes of Gases, 106, 127Law of Constant Composition of Seawater, 612Law of Large Numbers, 704Law of Octaves, 109, 128Law of Parsimony, 10Law of Succinctness, 8Law of Thermal Radiation, 224Lawrencium, 273Laws of Motion (Newton), 520, 571, 595Laws of Planetary Motion (Kepler), 185, 198, 318Laws of Thermodynamics, 221, 222, 232, 233, 257Le Coquillat (France), 131Lead, 7, 9, 19, 118, 122, 125–127, 272, 277Leaning Tower of Pisa, 547

802 Subject Index

Leg 4 (DSDP), 283, 370, 371, 452, 469, 470Leibnitz Prize, 711Leighlinbridge (County Carlow, Ireland), 223Lena River, 405, 483, 745Lenbach Platz (Munich, Germany), 41Leningrad (USSR, Russia), 1–3, 11, 32, 354, 452, 463, 469, 476, 667,

690, 692Léognan (France), 131Leonardo da Vinci (Ship), 171, 215, 217, 232, 387, 553Leopoldina, 681Lerner Laboratory (Lerner Marine Laboratory), 296Lerner Marine Laboratory, 181, 296Leuga gallica, 45Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean), 582Levantine Basin Intermediate Water, 582Level-of-no-motion, 749Lex parsimoniae, 8LGM. See Last Glacial MaximumLIA. See Little Ice AgeLibation, 11, 36, 70, 94, 158, 179, 199, 212, 233, 253, 281, 320, 346,

367, 383, 413, 434, 451, 464, 495, 515, 547, 596, 642, 666, 680,711, 773

Liberia, 45Liberté (Ship), 129Liberty City, 548Libra, 45, 46Lichens, 752Lichtquanta. See Light quantaLiechtenstein, 129, 130Light quanta, 270, 280, 336Limestone, 1, 6, 73, 80, 135, 160, 280, 312, 319, 389, 473–475, 617Limited Test Ban Treaty, 586Linear momentum (Ωv), 523, 524, 540Linear regression, 691LIP(S). See Large Igneous Province(s)Lithium, 108, 206, 266, 271Lithosphere, 246, 442, 630–633Lithuania, 682Little Ice Age (LIA), 158, 326, 327, 342, 343, 494, 640, 662, 666, 688LIW (Levantine Basin Intermediate Water), 582Lizard Peninsula, 209LOCO (LongCores, Project), 315, 319, 369Loess Plateau, 151, 365Logarithm, 23, 24, 64, 613Logarithmic base, 26Logistic equation, 66, 243, 718Loire (River), 538Loire Valley (France), 54, 131Lomonosov Ridge, 482, 483, 678, 741London (England, UK), 8, 32, 47, 59, 72, 76, 80, 82, 84, 92, 108, 109,

113, 114–117, 125, 127, 146, 206, 209, 210, 212, 219, 253, 284,323, 331, 346, 361, 367, 378, 402, 413, 414, 428–431, 480, 515,521, 558, 575, 681

London Gin, 281London Walk, 545Long Island, 632Longitude, 34, 46, 54–56, 59, 60, 69, 186, 369, 384, 402, 403, 559,

665, 687, 689, 702–704, 710Longitude Act, 687, 710Longshore drift, 170Longwave radiation, 426, 555, 556Lord Mayor’s Day, 412, 413Lord Mayor’s Show, 413Lorenz transformations, 267Lost maples, 154Louisiana, 407, 621, 634, 699, 764

LSW (Labrador Sea Water), 584, 648, 650–652, 655–658, 678, 699Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), 40Ludwig-Maximillian's University (Munich, Germany), 681Ludwigstrasse, 39Ludwigstrasse (Munich, Germany), 39Luminiferous æther, 195–197, 228, 258Luminosity, 287, 325–328, 330, 342, 345, 478, 495Luna I, 330Lutetium, 272Luxembourg, 192, 193, 711Luxembourg Palace, 192, 193Luzon (Philippines), 360Ly. See Langley

MMá Vlast, 202ma. See Atomic massMaar, 481Mackenzie River, 410Magnesium, 275, 484, 616, 620Magnetic field reversals, 126, 148, 149Magnetic stripes, 373, 374Magnetosphere, 426, 440Main River (Germany), 39Maine (US), 571Maize, 447, 466, 469, 607Malus' law, 195Mammoth, 92, 610Manchester (England, UK), 107, 116, 117, 123, 224, 264, 331, 537Manchester Academy, 107, 108, 129Manchester University, 115, 122, 148, 341Manganese, 275, 554Mangroves, 613Manipulation, 5, 9, 34Marburg (Germany), 90, 207, 225, 299Maria Laach (Germany), 481Marie Byrd Land, 656Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Massachusetts), 357Marine Isotope Stage (MIS), 307, 675, 676, 678, 680Marion Dufresne (Ship), 319Mars, 4, 143, 188, 231, 293, 355, 431, 451, 526, 557, 606Marseillaise, 70Martini, 186, 224, 225, 285, 352, 360, 418, 469, 470Martinique, 365Mass, 48–51, 62Mass spectrometer, 122, 147, 264, 301, 308, 319Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.), 553Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 246, 728Mato Grosso (Brazil), 697, 698Matrix mechanics, 280Matterhorn (Switzerland), 40Maud Rise, 683Mauna Loa (Hawaii), 365, 496, 610, 732Maunder sunspot minimum, 331, 349Mauretania (Ship), 72McGill University, 117McMurdo Sound, 410, 682MCO. See Medieval Climate OptimumMean, 29Measures, 45, 47Mecca (Saudi Arabia), 30, 647Mechanical energy, 52Mechanics Institute, 116, 129Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany), 637Medieval climate optimum, 157, 219, 234, 663, 666, 744

Subject Index 803

Medieval Warm Period, 346, 677Medina (Saudi Arabia), 30, 647Mediterranean, 144, 163, 318, 319, 641, 751Mediterranean inflow water (MiW), 586Mediterranean outflow water, 586, 655Mediterranean Sea Water, 586Meitnerium, 277Melt anomaly, 656Meltback, 470, 570, 575, 721, 746, 747, 754, 777Melting point, 253, 392, 408, 411, 469, 759Meltwater pulse, 641, 681, 682Meltwater pulse 1A, 641, 682Meltwater pulse 1B, 641Memories (song), 14, 212Memphis, Tennessee, 324Mendelevium, 277Meningitis, 12Mente et Malleo, 371Mercator projection, 57, 775Mercedes-Benz, 723Mercury (element), 54, 69, 208, 228, 229, 276, 282, 377, 423, 440,

532, 689, 691, 714Mercury (planet), 199, 231, 355, 526, 557Meridian, 46, 47, 55, 56, 58, 200, 406, 707Merlot, 130Meromictic, 400, 401Meson, 339, 340, 349Mesopause, 252, 425, 426, 428, 440Mesopotamia, 18, 34Mesoscale eddies, 545, 581, 598, 639, 723Mesosphere, 364, 425–427, 440, 448, 476Messel, 400Metals, 46, 65, 208, 227, 269, 270, 391, 416, 554, 722, 728, 737Meteor Crater (Arizona), 281Meteors, 425, 426Methane, 50, 158, 251, 272, 273, 283, 363, 381, 392–395, 400, 415,

416, 429–431, 448, 498, 507, 508–515, 656, 659, 684, 732, 733,749, 754–756, 774–777

Methane clathrate, 498, 507–512, 684, 756, 774, 775Methanogens, 509Metric system, 17, 23, 26, 35, 45, 47, 48, 54, 69, 70, 174, 181, 189,

200, 219, 251, 690Metrication, 47Mexican Texas, 12Mexico, 4, 6, 12, 72, 73, 82, 93–100, 127, 156, 172, 201, 300, 323,

373, 374, 384, 387, 412, 458, 528, 566, 570, 575, 576, 579, 595,609, 628, 638, 699, 704, 771, 772

Mexico City, 73, 98–100, 576Miami (Florida), 7, 10, 172Miami Riot of 1980, 523Michelson-Morley Experiment, 209, 261, 283Micropaleontological Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 202Micropaleontologists, 129, 215, 350, 723Micropaleontology, 7, 115, 131, 145, 162, 202, 212, 288, 319, 472, 722Microwave radiation, 214Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 149, 366, 374, 396, 475, 476Middle ages, 71, 145, 187, 190, 324, 499Mid-latitude westerlies (winds), 528, 587Mid-ocean ridge, 25, 90, 106, 149, 152, 373, 396, 451, 476, 478, 483,

509, 619, 640, 680Midwest (US), 156, 300, 312, 467, 609, 634, 703Mie scattering, 384Milankovitch parameters, 157, 316Mile, 11, 13, 25, 26, 29, 45, 47, 95, 96, 132, 139, 159, 161–163, 170,

171, 172, 176, 180, 188–190, 198–200, 210, 211, 231, 292, 293,

327, 334, 337–341, 360–363, 372, 378, 383, 411, 417, 423, 425,428, 488, 501, 502, 528, 531, 544, 546, 554, 563, 576, 582, 610,611, 628, 636, 638, 654, 682, 686, 707, 708, 715, 754, 756, 759,761, 762, 775

Millarium, 45Mille passum, 45Millibar, 22, 54, 252, 425, 463, 550, 640Minoan, 365MIS 1, 675, 676MIS 2, 675, 676MIS 5a, 676MIS 5b, 675MIS 5c, 676MIS 5d, 676MIS 5e, 676–679MIS 6, 676MIS5e (Eemian), 571, 675Mississippi (River), 638, 772, 767Missouri Botanical Garden, 360Missouri River, 299MIT (M.I.T). See Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMitla (Mexico), 99Mixed layer, 178, 180, 252, 253, 398, 404Mixtec I, 576ML, 25, 26, 35, 180MMS. See Moment Magnitude ScaleMOHO. See Mohorovičić DiscontinuityMohorovičić Discontinuity (MOHO), 323, 372Mohorovičić, Andrija, 372Mol (Abbreviation for Mole), 52, 54, 251, 379, 429, 489Moldau (River), 202Mole, 51, 54, 111, 223, 379, 384, 429, 448, 480, 616Molecule, 52, 105, 109, 220, 226, 250, 266, 270–273, 276, 279,

342–344, 346, 348, 360, 378–380, 382–384, 392, 395, 397, 398,400, 406, 426, 427, 445, 448, 453, 456, 461, 480, 489, 507–510,526, 616, 617, 693

Mollweide projection, 57Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 686Molybdenum, 275Moment Magnitude Scale, 25, 35Moment of inertia (I), 52, 529Moment of momentum, 529Momentum, 48, 49, 51, 52, 264, 277, 278, 301, 341, 348, 381,

528–530, 538, 545, 599Monaco, 132Monção, 569Mongolia, 774Monsoon, 254, 313, 416, 510, 511, 569Mont Blanc, 40Monte Alban (Mexico), 101Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), 71Monterey (Mexico), 74, 96Montmartre (Paris, France), 196, 200, 325Montpelier (France), 182Montreal Protocol, 257, 453, 457, 519, 520Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 257,

453Mont-Valérien (near Paris, France), 196, 200Moon, 231

Earth-Moon system, 264, 355Ecclesiastical Full Moon, 32Ecclesiastical New Moon, 32lunar year, 29moons of Jupiter, 526, 669, 691New Moon, 32

804 Subject Index

Pascal New Moon, 32sea level and, 641

Moosehorn coral, 614Morozovella aequa, 722Moscow (Russia), 58, 139, 281, 605, 670–672Mosses, 756Mother Nature, 93, 225, 379, 384, 447, 629, 726, 754, 761, 776, 778Mother-of-pearl, 302Motive work, 539Mount Everest, 252, 425Mount Pelée, 365, 366Mount Pinatubo, 364, 511Mount Rainier, 434Mount Saint Helens, 481Mount Washington, 528Mount Whitney, 230Mountain Pine Bark Beetle, 610MoW (Mediterranean outflow water), 586MSW (Mediterranean Sea Water), 586Mullet, 619Munich (Germany), 5, 7, 8, 11, 37–41, 174, 301, 317–318, 685–686,

696Muon, 336, 340, 342, 346, 348, 349, 378, 386Murmansk (Russia), 776Muséum (National) d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 113Music, 36, 38, 39, 41, 173–176Mustin (Germany), 715Molecular weight (MW), 427, 445Myanmar, 45

NN2, 186, 209, 251, 270, 378–381, 383, 384, 386, 395, 423, 430, 431,

445, 448, 500, 517, 625N2O, 370, 378, 381, 386, 429–432, 452, 453, 457, 516–520, 732NaCl, 51, 205, 360, 393, 401, 412, 689Namibia, 592Nanjng (China), 778Nannofossils, 132, 133, 162, 201, 214, 288, 374, 387, 457, 476, 488,

683, 745Nannoplankton, 6, 287, 374, 475, 488, 599, 611, 612, 683, 745Nanometer (nm), 22, 208, 266, 268, 447Nantucket (Massachusetts), 579Naples (Italy), 162, 365, 366, 500, 638NASA, 33, 70, 249, 357, 367, 371, 424, 431, 441, 448, 455, 513, 560,

562, 564, 566, 606, 613, 615, 706, 708, 709, 752, 755, 758, 761,763

NASA/GISS68, 508, 518, 692, 707–713NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio, 562, 761National Bureau of Standards, 690National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 358, 370, 371,

459, 467, 483, 563, 600, 601, 685, 695, 723National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 693, 701, 705, 706, 713, 714National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan), 732National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 690National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 286, 300,

362, 425, 435, 497, 517, 548, 559, 598, 689, 691, 702National Research Council - Committee on Continental Scientific

Drilling, 336, 553, 717National Science Foundation (NSF), 257, 264, 286, 319, 372, 373, 387,

389, 419, 523, 600, 645, 716National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), 747, 760Nationaltheater (Munich, Germany), 725Native American, 93, 628NATO, 686

Natrona, 401Natural gas, 65, 73, 153, 426, 448, 497, 498, 512, 515, 520, 734, 754,

767Natural logarithm, 64–66Natural variability, radiative forcing and climate response in the recent

hiatus reconciled, 738, 739Naturhistorisches Musem (Basel, Switzerland), 161Nautical mile (NM), 46, 56, 60, 707Nautilus (Submarine), 745, 777Navy Pier (Chicago, Illinois), 286, 401Nazis, 279NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheric ResearchNCDC, See US National Climatic Data CenterNeanderthal, 92Nebraska, 609, 704Nebraskan (glaciation), 299Nebulae, 121, 205, 265, 379Negative feedback, 158, 159, 479, 622, 749Nekton, 611Neodymium, 276Neogene, 84, 86, 94, 142, 484, 486, 487, 684Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 683Neon, 122, 125, 208, 270, 282, 379Neptune, 231Neptunium, 277Netherlands Environmental Research Agency (PBL), 732Netherlands (The), 7, 163, 271, 319, 485, 486, 511, 600, 608, 637, 644,

651, 675, 680, 689, 690, 715, 716, 732, 764, 768Netherlands School of Sedimentary Geology (NSG), 716Neuburg an der Donau (Germany), 38Neutrino, 147, 336, 340, 348Neutron, 49, 109, 127, 147, 148, 151, 268, 269, 313, 341–343, 348,

385, 386Neva River, 1, 2Nevsky Prospect (Leningrad, USSR-Russia), 745New Hampshire, 258, 528New Orleans (Louisiana), 480, 509, 571, 638New Zealand, 123, 152, 348, 487Newfoundland, 745Newton (unit), 223Newton's rings, 193, 200Nicaragua Rise, 319, 323Nice (France), 717Nickel, 127, 275Nile River, 29, 34, 46, 331, 773Nimbus (clouds), 362Nîmes (France), 182Niobium, 275NIST. See National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNitrate, 378, 416, 433, 517, 518, 625, 626, 724Nitric oxide, 283, 517Nitrite, 517Nitrogen, 108, 124, 148, 151, 226, 251, 266, 268, 270, 283, 343, 344,

348, 378, 386, 395, 429, 430, 437, 445, 453, 489, 516–518, 625,626, 657, 734

Nitrous oxide, 381, 429–432, 452, 516, 517, 732NOAA/NESDIS/MODC Ocean Climate Laboratory, 771Nobel Peace Prize, 740Nobel Prize, 112–115, 147, 263, 271, 336–338, 341, 453Nobelium, 277Noble gases, 270, 379NOCS/Euro-Argo, 755Noctilucent (clouds), 363Nonconformist, 116, 129North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), 586, 589, 653–655, 769

Subject Index 805

Noosphere, 605Normal sample, 110Norman Conquest, 609Normandy, 11, 325Norse Greenland colony, 745North Atlantic Drift, 654, 655, 660, 663, 691North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 640, 644, 771North Korea, 382North Lawrence, Ohio, 257North Woods, 312, 609Northeast passage, 745, 747, 748, 777Northern hemisphere, 27, 32, 56, 57, 61, 87, 93, 94, 142, 144, 146, 154,

293–296, 300, 310, 311, 315, 316, 341, 347, 355, 358, 365, 366,407, 408, 438, 439, 476, 482, 485, 496, 507, 510, 515, 516, 530,545, 547, 548, 550, 557, 562, 563, 565, 575, 579, 583, 584, 586,599, 636, 639, 656, 657, 662, 668, 680, 691, 693, 694, 705, 706,711, 721, 743, 744, 749, 753, 756, 764, 768, 771

Northwest passage, 88, 410, 584, 745Northwest Territories, 293Northwestern University, 654, 665Norway, 127, 155, 164, 201, 293, 453, 515, 581, 600, 607, 653–656,

682, 693, 715, 753Norway current, 607, 654, 656, 753, 754Norwegian fjords, 614Novaya Zemlya, 653Nuclide, 127Numerals, 17, 19, 20, 396, 492Nummulite(s), 134Nürnberg (Germany), 39Nutrient(s), 589, 593–595, 608, 624–626Nuussuaq (Nûgssuaq, Noursoak) Peninsula, 88, 95

OOahu, 680Oak of Erroll, 11Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 497Oaxaca (Mexico), 101Ob River, 410Oblate spheroid, 55, 544Obliquity, 296, 297, 306, 309, 316, 319Observational science, 9Occam's razor, 8, 10Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 199Ocean circulation, 319, 458, 459, 488, 510, 545, 587, 589, 596–599,

626, 658, 771, 773Ocean Drilling Program, 6, 144, 319, 320, 322, 488, 600, 601, 672, 717Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMD), 554, 555, 576, 600, 671Ocean trench, 635Oceanus, 596Octaves, 111, 174, 193October Revolution, 12, 610ODP. See Ocean Drilling ProgramOestara, 32Office of Naval Research, 441Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 521–523, 577Ohio River, 299, 609Ohio University, 624Ohio Valley, 299, 703Ohm, 395Oh-my-god particle, 342Old Deuteronomy, 212Old snow, 357, 514Older Dryas, 651, 652, 663Oldest Dryas, 651Olivia (tropical cyclone), 27, 528

On-the-rocks, 224Ooze, 82, 475, 476, 481, 489, 620Open University, 181, 599

Opera, 13, 14, 38–41, 99, 203, 327, 419, 470, 502, 725Optimal, 145, 247, 609, 665, 708, 726Optimum, 145, 502, 663, 666, 670, 677, 683, 725, 744, 775Orbit, 29, 33, 64, 69, 106, 151, 157, 187, 197–199, 246, 264–266, 271,

293–295, 297, 298, 299, 309, 310, 315, 321, 335, 347, 383, 423,426, 492, 525, 527, 533, 549, 625, 631

Orbital magnetic quantum number, 272Orbital plane, 294Orbital quantum number, 272Orbitals, 271–273, 282, 283Orca Basin, 625Orders of magnitude, 21, 23, 24, 64, 153, 366, 395, 409, 450, 481, 509Ordovices, 93Ordovician, 84, 86, 92, 142, 451, 484Oregon, 419, 458, 514, 554, 705, 715Organic carbon, 140, 153, 448, 452, 475–477, 483, 484, 554, 597, 694Orion nebula, 379Orthorhombic, 617, 618Osmium, 276OSTP. See Office of Science and Technology PolicyOstracods, 71, 73, 201Otterbein College, 257, 259Oude Gracht (Utrecht, The Netherlands), 319Ounce, 47Outback (Australia), 253, 698Outgas, 477–479, 481, 618, 748Owens College, 116, 117, 122Oxford (England), 167Oxford University, 28, 201, 235, 285Oxic, 625Oxidation, 205, 363, 431, 445, 517Oxygen, 49, 108, 109, 122, 137–140, 143, 148, 151, 169, 219, 220,

224, 226, 251, 266, 268–270, 274, 275, 283, 301, 302, 307, 308,313, 314, 318, 319, 322, 337, 344, 345, 363, 374, 378, 379, 391,392, 400, 418, 426, 428, 429, 430, 445–452, 455, 465, 466, 468,479, 480, 482, 487–489, 492, 493, 507–510, 516, 517, 597, 606,621, 625, 626, 652, 657, 659, 662–664, 675–679, 681, 683, 684,693, 772

Oxygen minimum, 621Oysters, 324, 325, 480Ozone, 226, 245, 251, 252, 257, 283, 336, 381, 383, 425, 429–432,

440, 445, 448–457, 461, 468, 519, 657, 722, 727, 737, 762, 763Ozone Layer, 448–450, 453, 455, 520

PPacific Warm Pool, 639, 771Palace of Westminster (London, UK), 435Palazzo Farnese (Rome, Italy), 41Paleocene, 84, 86, 95, 143, 144, 320, 486, 488, 683, 684, 722, 772, 775Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 683, 684, 772, 775Paleoclimate, 7, 137, 138, 299, 304, 312, 313, 322, 370, 324, 358, 669Paleogene, 84, 94, 142, 484, 486Palermo (Sicily, Italy), 162Palisades (New York), 487, 502, 665Palladium, 276Palmer Peninsula, 311Palo Alto (California), 23, 131, 513Panama Canal, 373, 388Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS),

748Pan-European Picnic, 686Pangaea, 90, 143, 480, 484

806 Subject Index

Panhandle (Texas), 461Panthalassa, 90Panthéon (Paris, France), 503, 537, 544, 553Papua New Guinea, 680Parabola, 527Parabolic path, 527Parallax, 188Paris (France), 41, 47, 56, 70, 79–81, 84, 108, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118,

131, 133, 163, 176, 181, 188, 193, 194, 196, 197, 200, 201, 221,228, 247, 315, 324, 337, 348, 378, 382, 428, 429, 486, 526, 533,543, 552, 632, 645, 707, 722

Paris Basin, 81, 133, 163, 181, 324, 486Parzifal, 39Pascal (unit), 32, 54, 423, 440Passus, 45Pastis de Marseille, 70Pastoral Symphony, 387Pastureland, 498, 607, 722, 727, 774PDI. See Power Dissipation IndexPea-soup fog, 436Peat, 138, 498, 651, 756Pechora River, 410Pee Dee Formation, 684Pence, 46, 212, 214Penguin, 70, 306, 387Penicillus, 620Pennsylvania, 258, 316, 317, 371, 487, 509, 563, 665Pennsylvania State University, 371, 487, 509, 563, 665Pennsylvanian, 316, 317Pennyweight, 46PEP Carboxylase, 446Per mille, 23, 684Perestroika, 685Peret, 29, 41Perigee, 296Perihelion, 296, 297Period, 61, 64Periodic table, 110–113, 123, 130, 147, 208, 213, 267–269, 283, 429Perkins Trading Post, 627, 628Perm, 87, 89, 94, 95Permafrost, 414, 515, 516, 521, 656, 749, 751, 754–756, 774, 776Permian, 84, 92, 95, 128, 142, 319, 484, 626Perpetual Ocean (NASA animation), 582Perpignan (France), 182Persian Gulf, 771Peru, 364, 365, 663Peru-Chile Trench, 365Peruvian Andes, 663, 664Peruvian-Chilean upwelling system, 593Pes, 45Petawatt, 22, 557, 591Petere, 61Petermann Glacier (Greenland), 758, 759PETM. See Paleocene-Eocene Thermal MaximumPetrograd (Russia), 2, 32Petroleos Mexicanos, 73, 74, 96–98Petrolero (cocktail), 96Petroleum Exploration Schools, 522Petropavlovski Fortress, 3pH, 24, 126, 517, 617, 620, 622Phase, 53, 111, 143, 159, 189, 224, 246, 253, 257, 277, 313, 347, 352,

389, 391–395, 397, 405, 417–420, 461, 464, 512, 514, 515, 522,554, 667, 669, 749, 754

Philippines, 364, 365Phlogisticated air, 378, 387Phlogiston, 219, 220, 234, 377, 378, 386, 387

Phosphate, 440, 518, 625Phosphors, 206, 282Phosphorus, 275, 378Photic zone, 619, 621Photochemical smog, 437Photoelectric effect, 261–263, 266, 274, 279, 284, 382, 387Photoionization, 266Photon, 124, 265, 277, 282, 283, 340, 382, 383, 384, 386, 448, 449Photosphere, 292, 335, 432Photosynthesis, 143, 151, 185, 356, 384, 386, 431, 445–447, 448, 451,

455–457, 465, 466, 476, 479–485, 509, 605, 607, 608, 617, 619,620, 682, 683, 741

Phylloxera, 684Physikalisch-technische Reichsanstalt, 228, 232–235Pic du Midi, 340Pieds, 176, 189Pinatubo, 364, 511Pine Bark Beetle, 610, 756, 764Pine forest, 609, 696Pinkerton’s (Detective Agency), 12Pinot Grigio, 387Pion, 340Pisa (Italy), 19, 176, 530, 552Piston core(r), 304, 319, 323Place des Pyramides (Paris, France), 325Plague, 35, 66, 68, 69, 219, 234, 438, 499, 670, 726Planetary wave, 567Plankton, 83, 102, 152, 178, 203, 287, 488, 489, 492, 597, 611, 620,

623, 771, 772Planktonic foraminifera (‘forams’), 82, 83, 95, 102, 131, 132, 161–163,

287, 302, 304, 308, 309, 320, 324, 374, 387, 475, 476, 481, 484,485, 597, 614, 620, 622, 722, 740, 745

Planning Committee (JOIDES), 387, 388, 418, 419, 487, 512, 671Planning Group on Antarctic Ocean Drilling, 717Plantation of Ulster, 377Planten un Blomen (Hamburg, Germany), 38Plasma, 334, 432, 452Plate tectonics, 90, 95, 106, 129, 139, 152, 258, 323, 336, 345, 365,

373, 457, 475, 476, 480, 482, 521, 631, 634, 635, 668Platinum, 232, 276, 707Pleistocene, 93, 95, 258, 304, 323, 610, 627Pleistogene, 84Plow, 68, 151, 498Plum pudding model, 123, 124, 130Plumb line, 205, 526, 532–535, 638Plumbium, 532Plutonium, 23, 277PNAS. See Proceedings of the (US) National Academy of SciencesPoker Club, 378Poland, 115, 226, 637, 680, 686, 712, 768Polar cell, 559, 561, 575, 599Polar easterly winds, 581Polar front, 488, 580, 597Polar orthographic projection, 57Polar Regions, 7, 82, 84, 86, 139, 141–144, 159, 242, 253, 294, 297,

308, 314, 317–320, 322, 347, 398, 406, 407, 409, 411, 414, 416,424, 458, 459, 461, 463, 467, 482, 483, 489, 557, 579, 591,597–599, 621, 625, 626, 642, 657, 744, 749, 775, 776

Polaris, 33, 56, 691Polarization (of light), 194, 195, 200Poldhu (Lizard Peninsula, England), 211Pollen, 155, 367, 384, 432, 607, 651, 663, 665, 678, 744Pollution Prevention and Safety Panel (JOIDES), 522Polonium, 115, 130, 261, 276, 284Polymath, 46, 380, 526, 527, 725Polynomial curve, 696

Subject Index 807

Polynomial fit, 698, 705–709Pompeii (Italy), 146, 361Pont du Gard (France), 180Pontecchio (Italy), 208Pontus euxinis, 626Population, 24, 37, 65–68, 99, 102, 152, 219, 234, 241, 247, 264, 384,

402, 429, 433, 436, 496, 498, 499, 519, 607, 623, 638, 643, 675,706, 722–726, 728, 768, 773, 776, 778

Porcelain , 316, 479Positive feedback, 142, 158, 159, 170, 346, 369, 448, 463, 465, 468,

491, 492, 558, 610, 623, 626, 642, 681, 682, 749, 750, 753, 772Positron, 280, 290, 338, 340, 348Potassium, 106, 110, 114, 120, 130, 147, 148, 208, 270, 275, 478, 517,

518, 616Potassium-argon dating, 147, 148Potatoes, 470Potemkin village, 716Potential energy, 52, 172, 224, 539, 557, 558, 565, 566, 575, 600Potential temperature, 404, 586Potomac (River), 212Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 659Potsdamer Platz (Berlin, Germany), 182Pound, 23, 45–47, 123, 133, 517, 746Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire, 537Power, 11, 21, 23, 24, 48, 222, 231, 335, 337, 526Power Dissipation Index, 5713/2 Power Law, 35Pozzuoli (Italy), 638Prague Spring, 351Praseodymium, 276Preboreal, 652Precambrian, 87, 95, 121, 137, 140, 142, 480, 501, 509, 624, 627, 741Precession of the equinoxes, 297, 298, 322Precession of the orbit, 296Precision, 9, 47, 59, 159, 199, 345, 347, 531, 689, 691Pressure, 27, 50, 108, 148, 169, 174, 177, 178, 180, 213, 222, 229, 230,

251, 270, 314, 366, 374, 377, 379, 381, 385, 392, 395, 397, 398,402, 404, 411, 415, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431, 440, 458, 459,475, 489, 510, 511, 513, 559, 561, 578, 586, 592, 589, 597, 625

Pressure gradient, 395, 530, 548, 550, 570Preston Hollow (Dallas, Texas), 13

PRI (Partida Institutional Revolucionaria), 97Princeton University, 106, 146, 148, 286, 684Principle quantum number, 272Prism, 190, 192, 200, 207, 208Proceedings of the (US) National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 775Project LOCO, 323, 373Project Mohole, 319, 323, 372, 373, 601Prokupac, 324Promethium, 276Protactinium, 277, 308Proterozoic, 95, 140, 142, 359Protestant Reformation, 526Proton, 24, 49, 66, 109, 125, 147, 224, 268, 266, 270, 284, 292, 314,

340, 342, 657Pteropod, 481, 620, 623Pteropod ooze, 481Puebla (Mexico), 99Puerto Rica, 620Punta di Maiata (Sicily, Italy), 318Purdue University, 60PW. See PetawattPyroclastic flow, 365, 366Pythagoras theorem, 19, 58, 59

QQE (Energy output from the Earth), 292Qin Shi Huangdi (China), 778QS (Energy input from the Sun), 242, 292Quanta, 263, 267, 272, 274, 277, 279, 283, 284, 340, 382Quantum mechanics, 147, 261, 277–280, 283, 284, 693Quantum physics, 123, 207, 257, 263, 273, 277, 278, 281, 283Quantum revolution, 277Quaternary, 84, 94, 128, 138, 139, 142–144, 154, 156, 160, 300,

308–310, 317, 319, 371, 373, 584, 668, 670, 727, 743Quaternary glacial maximum, 156Quebec City (Canada), 365Queen Conch, 302Queen Mary (Ship), 301Queen Maud Land, 683Queretaro (Mexico), 101Quixeramobim (Brazil), 698, 699

RRabbit hole, 147, 167, 261Radar, 212, 214, 342, 368, 372, 373, 427, 571, 573Radian, 60, 63, 531Radiance, 229, 234, 329, 331Radiant energy, 52, 226, 234, 357, 382, 387, 575Radiation, 52, 115, 117–119, 130, 137, 147, 167, 180, 197, 205, 208,

210, 221, 226–228, 232, 241, 242, 245, 250, 257, 261, 269, 334,336, 337, 339, 345, 355, 370, 380, 426, 429, 430, 448–450, 559,692, 754

Radiative forcing, 433, 519, 731–734, 738Radioactivity, 66, 115, 116, 119–121, 130, 147, 208, 261, 284, 337,

342, 348Radiolaria, 612, 745Radiolarian ooze, 475, 481, 614, 620, 662Radium, 115, 117–119, 122–124, 130, 147, 261, 277, 284Radius, 60–62, 197, 274–277, 292, 378, 426, 531, 544, 545, 547Radon, 119, 270, 277Rain, 1, 4, 11, 53, 97, 106, 138, 253, 313, 348, 360, 362, 364, 370, 397,

431, 436, 438, 461, 465, 466, 468, 476, 558, 573, 584, 595, 607,621, 663, 689, 696, 764

Raindrops, 168, 212, 312, 401, 463, 480Raman Scattering Effect, 384Raman spectroscopy, 384Rare Earths, 274Raton Basin (New Mexico), 102Ratzeburg (Germany), 715Rayleigh scattering, 383, 384Raytheon Corporation, 212RCP trajectories, 733, 734RCP. See Representative Concentration PathwayRCP2.6 (IMAGE), 733–736, 764RCP4.5 (GCAM), 733–736RCP6 (AIM), 733–736RCP8.5 (MESSAGE), 733–736Recent (geology), 87–89, 451Red herring, 51, 465, 481Red House (Rote Haus, Munich, Germany), 40Red October, 671Red Sea, 351, 412, 579, 586, 596, 640, 641, 681, 753Red Sea outflow (water), 586Reef(s), 138, 183, 201, 357, 478, 484, 614, 620, 623, 641, 679–681,

771, 773Reefs at Risk Revisited Project, 773Reflected ray, 185

808 Subject Index

Reflection, 21, 46, 105, 144, 172, 185, 186, 194, 200, 203, 211, 222,244, 245, 310, 322, 337, 355, 357, 431, 433, 439, 512, 666, 749,750

Reflectivity, 6, 241, 244, 291, 293, 300, 355, 359, 370, 405, 666, 750Reforestation, 499Reforma Hilton (Mexico City), 99Reformation, 93, 526, 669Refraction, 172, 185–187, 189, 195, 199, 200, 213, 428Refractive index, 186Refugia, 609, 614Regina (Hotel, Paris, France), 41, 325Regina Hotel (Munich, Germany), 41, 325, 327Reims (France), 501Relative atomic mass, 109–111, 122, 123, 125Remote sensing, 171, 205, 639, 776Renault, 131, 181Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 537Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 730, 732, 733, 735,

767Republic of Texas, 12Reradiation, 242, 245, 246, 256Residence time, 397, 448, 461, 498Resistance to work, 539Resonator, 262Restaurant Chartier (Paris, France), 325, 326Resurrection of Christ, 32, 35Return circulation, 522, 717Reunification Day, 715Reykjanes Ridge, 149Rheingau (Germany), 257Rhenium, 276Rhiem Airport (Munich), 182Rhine River, 38, 70, 160, 644Rhodium, 276Rhomb, 189, 190, 618, 621Rhomboidal(ly), 189, 190, 617, 618Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RUBISCO), 446Rice paddies, 508Richter Scale, 26Riesling, 257Right Bank (Paris, France), 325Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, 762Ring Road (Iceland), 311Rinnen, 637Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 476Rioni River, 751Ripples, 27, 172Riser, 99, 522, 553, 554, 576, 717Roaring Forties, 528, 568Rochambeau Corps, 536Rockies, 7, 13, 407, 411, 468, 570, 696Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado), 226Rodinia, 480Rods, 45, 100, 192, 209, 503Roman, 19, 30, 32, 34, 45, 77, 84, 161, 394, 437, 461, 498, 500, 647Roman Inquisition, 526, 668, 669Roman Period, 677Romanche Trench, 588Romania, 350Rome (Italy), 715Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf, 414, 762Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS), 7,

10, 358, 371, 401Ross Ice Shelf, 414, 762Ross Sea, 487, 759Rossby Waves, 563, 575, 750, 753

Rossie Priory, 11Rossi-Forel scale, 25Rostock (Germany), 637, 716Royal Astronomical Observatory (Greenwich), 691Royal Institution (London), 226Royal Society, 78, 94, 186, 191–193, 197, 221, 223, 227, 380, 527, 552RSMAS. See Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesRSoW Red Sea Outflow Water, 586Rubidium, 148, 208, 270, 275RUBISCO activase, 446Rue d’enfer (Paris, France), 194Rue de 4 Septembre (Paris, France), 326Rue de Pyramides (Paris, France), 327Rue de Rivoli (Paris, France), 325Ruminant(s), 507, 510Russia, 12, 32, 87, 111, 146, 164, 207, 226, 286, 396, 438, 487–489,

605, 637, 644, 672, 682, 696, 697, 706, 708, 713, 716, 724Russian Federation, 685Russian invasion (Czechoslovakia), 286Russian Standard - Pyccкий Cтaндapт (Vodka), 11Russian State Hydrographic Institute, 708Russian State Hydrological Institute, 707Ruthenium, 276Rutherfordium, 277Rydberg constant, 209rω2 (centripetal force), 535

SSabbatical, 7, 10, 11, 39, 286, 351, 602, 629, 685Saber-toothed tiger, 92, 610Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale, 575Sagitta, 611Sahara, 29, 157, 159, 160, 243, 253, 360, 670, 772Sahel, 772, 773, 776Salamas (Iran), 364Salford (England, UK), 224Salinity, 23, 29, 178–180, 213, 253, 312, 320, 395, 401–404, 409, 458,

489, 582, 584, 607, 614, 616, 633, 634, 653–656, 660, 663Salinity oscillator, 662Salisbury Plain (England, UK), 211Salt, 23, 92, 106, 115, 128, 138, 168, 207, 241, 312, 350, 360,

393–395, 396, 401, 404, 405, 410, 412, 479, 514, 582, 616, 631,634, 654, 750

Salt dome, 374, 412Salt Lake City (Utah), 601Salzburg Festival, 39Salzkammergut (Austria), 39Samarium, 148, 276San Francisco (California), 25San Gimignano (Italy), 530San Juan (Puerto Rico), 620San Pellegrino (Italy), 481Sand, 78, 86, 138, 172, 316, 357, 475, 613Sandy (Hurricane), 570, 575, 750Sangamonian Interglacial, 675Santa Fe International, 554, 575, 576Santa Maria (volcano, Guatemala), 366Santa Monica (California), 244Santorini, 365SAT. See Surface air temperatureSaturated, 360, 362, 395, 397, 404, 489, 618Saturn, 188, 231, 265, 526Saturnalia, 32Saudi Arabia, 646, 647Saudi Royal Family, 646

Subject Index 809

Savanna, 466Savannah River Research Center, 341Scalenohedral, 618Scandinavian Ice Sheet, 87, 295, 637, 754Scandium, 274, 275Scanning Electron Microscope, 457Scarpia, 13, 41Scattering (of light), 185, 226, 383, 387, 436Scenario, 486, 623, 626, 642, 728, 730, 731, 723, 730, 734Scheme, 9, 253, 254, 467, 590, 602, 691Schlebusch (Westphalia, Germany), 534, 535Schlierenflysch (Switzerland), 132Schrodinger equation, 279Schrodinger's cat, 279Schweppes Tonic Water, 715Schwerin (Germany), 637Science, 4, 5, 7–9, 17, 48, 50, 68, 107, 110, 113, 115, 117, 123, 220,

233, 246, 257, 496, 521, 526, 668, 692, 777Science fiction, 4, 10, 123, 124, 335Scientific notation, 21, 22Scotch whiskey, 96, 671Scotland, 11, 79, 87, 95, 96, 137, 205, 222, 338, 391, 616, 653, 775Scottish Coast (Antarctica), 78Scottish Enlightenment, 78, 196, 222, 387, 670Scottish Geological Survey, 298Science Education through Earth Observation for High Schools

(SEOS), 755Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 286, 304, 363, 372, 496, 693SCUBA, 158, 181, 251, 304, 401, 405Sea fans, 621Sea floor spreading, 95, 139, 149, 153, 258, 286, 323, 373, 457, 475,

476, 483, 492, 625, 626Sea ice, 1–3, 154, 250, 322, 357, 402, 407–410, 417, 462, 468, 488,

557, 568, 582–584, 606, 632Sea Interludes, 470Sea level, 2, 47, 53, 155, 176, 311, 482, 492, 531, 596, 631, 766Sea of Marmora, 751, 752, 754Sea of Okhotsk, 586Sea salt, 360, 367, 432, 607Sea urchin, 182Seaborgium, 277Sea-floor spreading, 95, 139, 149, 153, 258, 286, 323, 457, 476, 483,

492, 625, 626Seafood, 324, 614Seaway, 482Second, 19, 63, 92, 143, 171, 392Second Quantum Revolution, 277SEDCO (South East Drilling Company), 553, 555, 600Sedges, 466, 756Seesaw effect, 656Seine (River), 84, 543Seismic activity, 512Seismic profile, 512, 513, 515, 520Seismic waves, 205Selenium, 110, 275Selma chalk, 480Sensible heat, 251, 424, 462, 464, 557, 567Serendipity, 4, 8, 37, 38, 70, 181, 207, 488, 512, 745, 779Serpentine Lake (Hyde Park, London, UK), 365SETI Institute, 212, 214Settlers, 4, 12, 45, 610Severnaya Dvina River, 410Sèvres (France), 707Seward Peninsula, 293Sexagesimal, 19, 176Shackleton Ice Shelf, 762

Shakespeare’s First Folio, 648Shallow water wave, 170, 171Shanghai (China), 741Shark, 611, 620Shelf, 410, 775Shelf Break, 414Shelf Break Front, 597Shell (electron), 148, 269Shemu, 29Shetland Islands, 653Shi Lin (China), 778Shilling, 46Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 419, 671Shishi-odoshi, 662Shoemaker-Levy comet, 91, 92, 95Shortwave radiation, 560Shortwave radio, 212Shrubland, 736SI. See Système international d'unitésSiberia, 111, 243, 311, 407, 410, 483, 512, 515, 543, 610, 626, 627,

634, 751, 754, 756, 764Siberian traps, 626Siccar Point, 78–79, 94–96, 105, 129, 319Sicily, 162, 163, 318, 320Siegfried, 38Siemens, 395Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), 74, 97Sign, 9, 64, 261, 690Signal Hill (Labrador, Canada), 211Sigsbee Knoll, 374, 387, 522Sigsbee scarp, 412Silica, 445Silica tetrahedra, 445, 446, 478Siliceous ooze, 611Silicon, 275, 445, 478, 479Silurian, 84, 95, 128, 466, 483Silures, 84Silver, 46, 114, 276, 628Sine (sin), 59Single malt, 96SIPRE. See Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research EstablishmentSlavery, 12, 116Slivovitz, 236, 351Slovak Academy of Sciences, 236Smallpox, 69, 93, 499, 726, 776Smithsonian Institution, 722Smog, 360, 433, 437, 449Smoke, 28, 90, 318, 326, 367, 384, 432, 433, 437, 523, 709Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), 302SMU. See Southern Methodist UniversitySnellius’ Law, 186Snell's law, 186, 200Snifter, 381, 521Snow, 7, 137, 140, 154, 158, 159, 241, 245, 250, 253, 295, 298, 299,

304, 311–314, 321, 345, 356–358, 361, 371, 397, 406, 408–411,414–417, 461, 463, 464, 468, 490, 494, 514, 515, 519, 582, 609,610, 652, 659, 662, 676–678, 689, 747, 750, 753, 754, 756, 760,764

Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, 414Snowball Earth, 87, 140–142, 160, 292, 329, 359, 371, 480, 509, 624Snowflakes, 313, 406, 411, 415, 654, 696SO2, 364, 366, 384, 388, 432, 433, 438, 734Sodium, 51, 110, 208, 270–272, 275, 360, 401, 402, 478, 616SOFAR, 178, 179, 338Soft Corals, 621SOHO, 335, 349

810 Subject Index

Soil, 29, 86, 107, 138, 152, 156, 181, 226, 250, 253, 299, 316, 345,360, 393, 452, 465, 466, 485, 496, 498, 516–518, 675, 679, 680,764, 774

Solar constant, 53, 54, 229–231, 291, 292, 293, 298, 355, 359, 484Solar flare, 293, 333, 335, 337, 348Solar panel, 292, 555, 779Solar wind, 333˗335, 338, 342, 348, 349, 426, 440, 734, 735Solar year, 29, 31, 33Solfatara (volcano, near Naples, Italy), 500Solidarity, 686Solstice, 29˗33, 35, 46, 59, 293˗297, 347, 405, 584, 743, 749Solstitium, 32Solubility, 479, 489, 618, 621SONAR, 148, 205, 286, 401, 746Sorbonne (Paris, France), 78, 324, 325, 645Soufrière (volcano, St. Vincent), 366Sound waves, 173, 174, 176, 180, 185, 205, 213, 372, 512, 515Sound, speed of, 176˗178, 402, 513, 745, 746South Africa, 90, 348, 483, 592South Atlantic, 300, 373, 374, 453, 475, 568, 584, 586, 593, 596, 619,

621, 655South Carolina, 341South China Sea, 313South East Drilling Company (SEDCO), 553, 555, 576, 600South Florida, 613, 614, 768South Korea, 382South Pacific, 364, 568, 586, 594, 599, 666˗668, 771South Sudan, 737, 740Southampton (England, UK), 72, 681Southern Alps, 84, 481, 484Southern Hemisphere, 27, 56, 90, 293, 297, 311, 317, 341, 347˗349,

363, 407, 410, 416, 439, 476, 501, 510, 512, 516, 520, 528, 545,557˗559, 563, 567, 570, 575, 579, 583, 584, 593, 595, 599, 652,656, 666, 667˗668, 691, 698, 706, 711, 713, 756, 759, 771, 776

Southern Methodist University (SMU), 5, 10, 12, 13, 37, 42, 70, 451Southern Ocean, 409, 410, 414, 417, 568, 581, 586, 620, 621, 623Southern Oscillation, 593, 662, 771, 776Southwest Asian Monsoon, 510, 521Southwest passage, 745Soviet Republic of Moldavia, 350Soviet Union, 1, 2, 215, 286, 336, 351, 352, 590, 605, 671, 672, 685,

686, 764, 776Spaghetti diagrams, 545, 590Spain, 18, 59, 92, 101, 133, 152, 182, 319, 528, 600, 715, 718Spálená (street, Prague, Czechoslovakia), 202, 214Spear, 93, 181, 182, 610Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), 730, 731, 735, 740Specific gravity, 250, 403, 547Specific heat, 53, 78, 250, 251, 253, 391, 393, 395, 398, 418, 469, 557Specific volume, 48, 108, 398, 403SPECMAP Stack, 310, 675, 676, 679Spectroscope, 205, 206, 208, 213Spectroscopy, 122, 205, 207, 208, 213, 235, 273, 283, 384Spectrum, 34, 185, 190, 191–194, 198, 205–216, 221, 227, 233, 243,

261, 262, 265, 262, 266, 270, 282, 284, 347, 383, 430, 445, 450,452, 455, 456

Specular reflection, 185Sphere, 46, 55, 56, 230, 263, 292, 304, 544, 545, 547, 635, 707Spheroid, 544Spicules, 621Spin, 265, 273, 274, 340, 639Spin magnetic quantum number, 274Spitsbergen, 406, 653, 745Sporer sunspot minimum, 349Spray, 27, 128, 168, 251, 401, 453, 456, 631, 764Spreading center, 153

Spring (season), 7, 32, 35, 71, 72, 97, 101, 160, 162, 176, 182, 202,203, 232, 287, 288, 293˗294, 313, 324, 351, 355, 357, 380, 389,400, 408, 417, 496, 502, 507, 538, 584, 610, 627, 628, 685, 694,716, 764

Spruce, 143, 312, 607, 609Spumellaria, 612Sputnik, 131, 372SRES. See Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, 215, 730, 733, 735,

737˗739St Thomas' Hospital (London, UK), 435St. Augustine grass, 467, 469St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 33St. John’s (Labrador, Canada), 211St. Lawrence River, 655St. Madoes (Scotland, UK), 11St. Mark’s School of Texas, 37St. Michael (Church, Hamburg, Germany), 533, 552St. Petersburg (Russia), 2, 32, 111, 146, 318, 644, 696, 697, 706, 708St.-Pierre (Martinique), 365Stable coast, 643Stade, 46Stadia, 46, 188Stadial, 651, 652, 660, 675Stagg Field (Chicago, Illinois), 281Stalactites, 312, 313, 617Stalagmites, 312, 313, 617Standard atomic weight, 109, 110Standing wave, 265, 272, 287Stanford (California), 300Stanford University, 10, 71, 305Stanley Steamer, 222Star Wars, 214Starfish, 621State Hydrological Institute, Leningrad, 1Statistics, 68, 126, 264, 331, 533, 573, 708, 724Statute mile, 46, 56, 707Steady-state, 157, 242Steam engine, 69, 84, 107, 129, 160, 222, 223, 234, 391, 418, 434, 436,

495, 693, 721Steamship, 222, 745, 777Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 230, 292Stefan's Fourth Power Law, 229, 231, 235, 243, 257Stephen J. Hay School, 553Steppe, 254, 259, 736, 772Stick map, 170Stockholm (Ship), 54, 73, 87, 453, 637, 645, 683, 745Stomata, 446, 447, 465, 466, 485, 486Storegga slide(s), 515Strait of Gibraltar, 641, 655, 753Strait of Messina, 162, 163, 579Statocumulus (clouds), 362Stratopause, 252, 425, 428, 432, 507Stratosphere, 245, 252, 253, 336, 355, 361, 364–366, 370, 371, 381,

384, 387, 423, 425˗431, 436, 438, 440, 448, 449, 453, 454, 456,468, 470, 476, 507, 519, 666, 709, 763

Stratus (clouds), 362, 363Strombus gigas, 302Strontium, 110, 111, 275Studentenheim am Biederstein (Munich, Germany), 40Subatlantic, 652Subatomic particles, 147, 340, 348, 385Subboreal, 652Subduction zone, 153, 365, 476, 481, 484, 635, 641, 680Submarex (Ship), 319, 323, 373Subshell, 271˗274, 283Subtropical front, 580, 582, 586, 622

Subject Index 811

Sucrose, 445, 446Sudetenland, 37Suess effect, 345, 349, 495, 693Sulfur, 110, 275, 364˗371, 432, 435, 438, 520, 626, 666, 734Sumerians, 18, 34Summer, 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 33, 41, 46, 54, 59, 71, 74, 78, 96˗99, 101, 131,

154, 163, 167, 181˗183, 187, 202, 214, 219, 236, 254, 285,293˗298, 311, 321, 324, 325, 347, 350, 351, 357, 358, 365, 371,405, 407˗411, 415, 416, 424, 425, 453, 457, 459, 465, 466–468,476, 479, 584, 595, 597, 609, 610, 628, 629, 637, 654, 668, 683,685, 692, 694, 695, 715, 716, 721, 722, 726, 743–746, 745, 749,750, 753, 756, 759, 760, 762, 772, 774, 776

Summit ice core, 511, 659Sun, 1, 4, 29, 30, 32˗35, 46, 53–56, 59, 61, 64, 69, 78, 106, 115, 121,

130, 137, 151, 157˗159, 167, 170, 185, 187–192, 198, 199,205–208, 212–215, 221, 229–235, 242–246, 252, 264, 270, 283,285, 311, 320˗324, 329, 330, 332–338, 342, 347, 349, 357–359,363, 368, 382, 383, 395, 405, 416, 417, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430,431, 440, 449, 450, 452, 484, 507–514, 525, 526, 527˗529, 533,549, 552, 597, 595, 605, 629, 631, 642, 647, 648, 668, 669, 691,750, 756

Sunda shelf, 638Sunshade, 370Sunspot, 137, 212, 242, 293, 330–332, 335–337, 342, 345 –349, 365,

368, 666, 691Superman, 185Supernova, 121, 127, 130, 265, 291, 336Sûreté, 327, 516Surface air temperature (SAT), 692Surface temperature, 231Surface tension, 393Svalbard, 407Švejk, 202, 215Sverdrup (unit), 580, 587, 641Swallow float, 590Swenet (now Aswan, Egypt), 46Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 5, 10, 71, 414Swiss Friends of the USA, 5, 10, 71Switzerland, 2, 6, 10, 25, 37, 40, 65, 71, 86, 130–133, 146, 149, 160,

162, 181, 208, 225, 257, 258, 254, 299, 340, 365, 411, 414, 479,600, 658, 685, 714, 715, 718, 722, 741

Sword of Damocles, 779Sydmonton Festival, 212Syene (Egypt), 46Symbiotic algae, 614, 620, 623Système international d'unités, 51

TTabasco sauce, 412Taiga, 253, 609Taiwan, 152Tambora (volcano, Indonesia), 391, 365, 371, 692, 726Tampico (Mexico), 96, 97, 98Tangent (tan), 59, 61, 529Tangential velocity, 61, 63, 545Tanqueray (Gin), 285, 418Tantalum, 276Taormina (Sicily), 163Tasmania, 511, 512, 518, 519, 520Taxco (Mexico), 101Taylor Dome, 493, 494, 495Technetium, 276Technical University Berlin, 182Technical University (Munich), 725Telegraph, 82, 210, 211, 333, 335, 347, 475

Television, 13, 113, 114, 128, 211, 212, 214, 567, 726, 777Tellurium, 110, 276Temperate (climate), 253, 608Temperature, 47–48, 52, 220, 223–233, 297, 382, 759–764

‘absolute’ temperature scale, 105Celsius temperature scale, 10620th century pattern of temperature change, 694change with altitude, 360of the Earth, 230global temperature, 89, 143, 153, 310Holocene temperature, 665instrumental temperature record, 689, 690, 744Kelvin temperature scale, 52paleotemperature, 308, 311, 318potential temperature, 404pressure-temperature relationship, 251records, 691–692surface temperature, 245temperature-salinity-density-pressure relationship, 402

Temperature gradient, 144, 584, 625, 692, 762Temple of Serapis, 638Tennessee, 312, 324, 480, 547Tephra, 365Terbium, 276Terminal moraine, 299, 636Termination I, 492, 493, 559, 678, 681Termination II, 493, 677, 678, 680Termination III, 492Termination IV, 493, 678Termination(s), 308, 316, 322, 492–494, 676Termites, 507, 510Terra fluida, 377, 386Terra lapidea, 377, 386Terra pinguis, 219, 234, 377, 386Tethys, 482, 483, 596, 597, 626Tetraethyl lead, 437Texaco, 13Texas, 4, 12, 13, 99, 149, 156, 183, 300, 388, 412, 418, 461, 480, 492,

577, 600, 638, 704, 740Texas A & M University, 419, 495, 555, 600Texas Declaration of Independence, 12Texas War of Independence, 12Thailand, 774Thaler, 114Thallium, 276Thames (River), 417, 418, 435The Max Factor, 503The Netherlands, 7, 11, 163, 270, 319, 485, 486, 511, 608, 637, 644,

651, 675, 680, 689, 768The Pennsylvania State University, 371, 487, 509, 665The Rationalizer, 648The Ring, 38Theater am Gärtnerplatz (Munich, Germany), 41Theory, 7, 78, 152Theory of Relativity, 130, 261, 263, 284, 379, 693Thera (island), 365Thermal conductivity, 106, 393, 395, 398Thermal expansion, 404, 646, 731, 767Thermal neutron, 343, 344, 385, 386Thermocline, 178, 253, 581, 593, 599Thermocline water, 583Thermodynamics, 222, 223, 224, 230, 690Thermometer, 69, 138, 191, 221, 225, 228, 391, 404, 423, 440, 462,

689, 690Thermopause, 426, 440Thermoscope, 440, 714

812 Subject Index

Thermosphere, 426, 440, 476Thermostat, 143, 291, 363, 370, 464, 478, 479, 691Thomas Jefferson’s Rotunda (University f Virginia), 12Thomasanerkiche (Leipzig, Germany), 685Thorium, 106, 115, 118, 128, 129, 146, 307, 313, 641Three Gorges (China), 778Three-body problem, 246Thulium, 276Tibetan Plateau, 143, 253, 369, 510, 567, 575, 596, 633Tigris River, 18Tilt, 29, 293, 295, 296, 321, 405, 531, 533, 631Tin, 276Tipping point, 3, 726, 746-748, 775Titan, 396Titanium, 147, 275Toise, 189Tomato, 278Ton, 46, 47, 287, 500TOPEX-Poseidon (NASA satellites), 640Tornado, 28, 61, 559Tornado and Storm Research Organization, 28, 63, 570Toronto (Canada), 495, 601Torpille, 182Torr, 229Torre Asinelli, 530, 534Torre Garisenda, 531TORRO. See Tornado and Storm Research OrganizationTosca, 13, 41Totentanz (Basel, Switzerland), 161Toxic fog, 371Trade Winds, 527, 528, 530, 538, 548, 552, 558, 561, 562, 593, 595Trans-Antarctic Mountains, 412Transatlantic agricultural revolution, 68Transatlantic telegraph cable, 82, 213Transform fault, 25, 152Transition metals, 113Translational motion, 282, 283Transmittance, 385, 462, 477, 508, 517Transocean (amalgam of Global Marine, SEDCO, and Santa Fe

International), 576Travail, 538, 539Travail moteur, 539Travail resistant, 539Treaty of Rome (1957), 715Treaty of Westphalia, 669Tree-line, 609Trench, 163, 365, 476, 625, 631Trendline, 695, 696Triads, 110, 129Triassic, 72, 84, 92, 93, 142, 484Tridacna, 620Triple point, 394, 396, 417, 690Tristan und Isolde, 38Tritium, 50, 151, 160, 314, 590, 657Trojan War, 93, 429Tromsø (Norway), 293Tropic of Cancer, 30, 46, 293–295, 439, 710Tropic of Capricorn, 30, 293 –295, 439, 710Tropical (climate), 314Tropical Easterlies (winds), 587Tropical rainforest, 254, 467Tropical year, 29Tropical-subtropical anticyclonic gyre, 580Tropopause, 252, 424, 440, 453, 732, 762

Troposphere, 252, 336, 360–364, 367, 381, 425, 427, 430, 431, 440,449, 453, 456, 461, 462, 464, 465, 476, 507, 516, 520, 563, 564,584, 709, 743, 763

Troy, 46, 537Troy weight, 46Trubi, 162Trucco, 541Trustee, 12, 37, 442, 471Tsunami, 25, 26, 36, 169–172, 181, 365, 501, 515, 775Tuna, 611Tundra, 155, 253, 312, 516, 609, 610, 651, 652, 749, 756, 764, 776Tungsten, 243, 276Tunguska event, 610, 627Turnover, 400, 614Turntable, 539, 542, 543Tuzex, 203Two slit experiment, 193, 200Two-way flow, 752Two-way travel time, 513Typhoon, 27, 528, 570, 768Typhoon Dolphin, 570

UU Tomáše (Prague, Czechoslovakia), 203U.S. Army Signal Service, 548U.S. Atomic Energy Agency, 124U.S. climate regions, 566, 701–705U.S. Historical Climate Network (USHCN), 701U.S. National Climate Data Center (NCDC), 701, 713U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), 319, 372, 645U.S. National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 27U.S. standard atmosphere, 252, 257U.S. statute miles, 46, 707U.S. Weather Bureau, 548UHF, 212Ultraviolet radiation, 208, 252, 282, 336, 355, 363, 383, 417, 427, 431,

440, 445, 446, 448–453, 456, 520in ionosphere, 427, 428oxygen-ozone-ultraviolet connection, 449oxygen-ozone-ultraviolet conundrum, 451in stratosphere, 425ultraviolet catastrophe, 233, 235

UN2015, 725Uncertainty, 7, 10, 146, 359, 395, 499, 721Uncertainty principle, 278, 284, 693Uncia, 45Undersaturated, 374, 490, 618, 622UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 755Unexcited state, 282Unified atomic mass units (u), 109, 110Uniformitarianism, 83, 92, 95, 129United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 737, 739United States

air pollution regulation, 437instrumental temperature record in, 689land temperature calculations, 707meteorological observations, 705metric system in, 47

United States (Ship), 164Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 98Université catholique de Louvain, 682Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 113University College (London), 86, 115, 116, 117, 129, 208, 214, 288,

685

Subject Index 813

University of Adelaide, 140University of Alberta, 641University of Arizona, 345, 665University of Basel, 6, 131, 161, 300, 722University of Berlin, 86, 232University of Bern, 658University of Breslau, 226University of Bristol, 340University of California at Berkeley, 147, 496University of Chicago, 8, 139, 140, 281, 301, 334, 345, 378, 436, 458,

495, 572, 693University of Colorado (at Boulder), 7, 11, 723University of Colorado Museum, 472, 646, 670University of Durham, 146University of East Anglia, 705, 706University of Essex at Colchester, 434University of Geosciences (Beijing, China), 778University of Glasgow, 105, 205, 222, 377University of Göttingen, 209, 279University of Graz, 691University of Greifswald, 7, 11, 146University of Hamburg, 273University of Hawaii, 419University of Heidelberg, 207, 235University of Illinois in Urbana, 6, 149University of Illinois Library, 258University of Jena, 192University of Kansas, 715University of Karlsruhe, 262University of Königsberg, 207University of Leiden, 270, 271University of Manchester, 122, 148University of Marburg, 90, 225, 299University of Massachusetts, 487, 665University of Miami, 183, 301, 358, 371, 470, 471, 501University of Michigan, 152University of Michigan - Great Lakes Research Institute, 286University of Minnesota, 129, 146, 148University of Munich, 38, 40, 261, 278, 685University of New Hampshire, 258University of Oregon, 715University of Padua, 338University of Rhode Island, 523University of Stockholm, 453, 645, 745University of Texas, 70, 74, 97, 418University of Tokyo, 370, 774University of Utrecht, 11, 319–322, 485, 486, 675University of Vienna, 229University of Virginia, 493University of Washington, 388, 748University of Würzburg, 113, 299University of Zürich, 5, 10, 71, 299Updraft, 362, 363Upper Midwest (US), 703Uppsala University, 241Upwelling, 587, 592–595, 598, 625, 626, 666, 771Uranium, 23, 66, 106, 113–130, 146, 147, 151, 250, 269, 271, 274,

277, 281, 307, 313Uranus, 231, 232Urban sprawl, 357, 370, 722, 728, 776, 778Urea, 517US Geological Survey, 92US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Joint Global Change

Research Institute, 732

USHCN. See U.S. Historical Climate NetworkUSSR, 139, 140, 600, 670–673, 694, 709USSR Academy of Sciences, 481Ut tensio, sic vis, 380, 386UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, 450, 452Uzbekistan, 672

VVáclavské náměsti (Wenceslas Square, Prague, Czechoslovakia), 202,

687Vaduz (Liechtenstein), 132Valence, 110, 111, 130Valency, 110Value, 9, 53Vanadium, 275Vapor, 52, 226, 360–364, 391–398, 459, 461Vapor pressure, 395Vaporization, 392. See also Latent heat of vaporizationVariability, 157, 158

environmental variability, 726, 727solar variability, 329–333of temperature, 694

Varve, 95, 130, 651Vatican, 330, 526Vatnajökull Glacier (Iceland), 366, 756Vector, 63, 538, 550Veen, 651Vega (Ship), 745, 777Vela supernova remnant, 265Velasco formation (Mexico), 73, 201Vema (Ship), 149, 304, 323Venetian Republic, 751Venice (Italy), 643–644Venice of the North, 2, 644Venus, 231–232, 293, 379, 526, 549, 668Vermouth, 23, 225, 418, 470Vernadsky Institute, 1, 481, 605Vernal equinox, 32, 35, 59, 297, 357Vesuvius, 365–366, 500, 638VHF, 212, 428Vibration frequency, 282Victoria (Lake), 331, 348Victoria University College, 123Vienna, 6–7, 41, 132, 202, 228–232, 235Vierzehnheiligen (Church, Germany), 21Vietnam War, 324, 350Vikings, 647, 716, 744Vinland Sagas, 745Virginia, 4, 10Virginia Key (Florida), 504Vltava (Moldau) River, 202Vodka, 2, 11, 399, 470Volcanism, 140, 364, 366, 483Volcano, 98, 148

carbon cycle and, 476Eifel volcanoes, 481‘intraplate volcanoes’, 476volcanic ash and climate change, 364–365

Vostok (ice core), 313, 322–324, 369–371, 411, 490–493, 511,657–658, 678

Vostok (station), 313Vulture Capitalism, 740

814 Subject Index

WWagner festival, 38WAIS. See West Antarctic Ice SheetWales, 84, 87Walker circulation, 567, 592–593Wall Street Journal, 670War of 1812, 47Warm Earth, 7, 92, 458, 596–599, 716–717, 723, 765Warnemünde (Germany), 7, 637, 716–717Washington, D.C., 4, 7, 22, 177, 388, 700Washington University, 307, 337Washington-on-the Brazos (Texas), 11Water, 246, 377, 391–396

hydrologic cycle, 396ice forms from, 409–410ice, 405–406mass, in ocean, 631natural water, 401pure water, 395speed of sound in, 176surface tension, 404–405upwelling, from ocean’s interior to surface, 592–593volume, in ocean, 631–632

Water of life, 521Water vapor, 251, 395, 429–430, 461–465Water waves, 167–170Watergate, 523Waterloo (Belgium), 690Waterwheel, 539–540, 552Watt, 48, 53Wave group, 168, 170Wave mechanics, 280Wave-cut terraces, 680Wavelets, 27Waves, 167–183

electromagnetic waves, 195–197Kelvin waves, 595, 771Rossby waves, 563sound waves, 173–177water waves, 167–170

Wayne State University, 5, 10, 37Weather, 246, 335–336Weddell Sea, 407, 414, 586–587, 599, 656, 683, 759, 761Weichselian, 651–652, 659, 676Weights, 45–46Weimar Republic, 39Weisswurst, 41Wellfleet (Massachusetts), 211Wesleyan University, 485West African Monsoon, 776West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 767, 776West Antarctica, 412–414, 642, 757–759, 767West Berlin, 183West German Geological Survey (Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung),

237West Germany, 686, 715West Greenland Current, 755, 758West Ice Shelf, 762West Virginia, 548, 703West Wind Drift, 579, 587Westerly winds, 528, 533, 567, 579, 581, 592, 595, 750, 768, 771Western boundary current, 593Western Pacific warm pool, 594, 639Westminster Abbey (London, UK), 78, 95Wet-bulb temperature, 765–766Wetlands, 507

Whiskey, 96White Cliffs (Dover, England, UK), 82White House, 521, 600White nights, 3White Sea, 680Whitings, 619–620Wien's Displacement Law, 232Wien's Distribution Law, 233, 261Wikipedia, 500Wilkes Land, 762Wilkins Ice Shelf, 761Will o' the wisp, 400Windemere, 651Winter, 30, 32–33Winter Palace, 2Wireless telegraph, 210, 214Wireline coring, 374Wisconsinan (glaciation), 299Wivenhoe Park (Essex, England, UK), 434WMO. See World Meteorological OrganizationWOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment), 589Wolf sunspot minimum, 349Wood gas, 377, 386Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer, 25Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 286Work, 48, 50–53World Bank, 638, 767–768World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 137, 691World Trade Center, 530World War I, 93, 114, 146, 453, 518World War II, 1, 37, 93, 146, 178, 212, 281, 304, 344, 401, 433, 453,

475, 495, 691, 709, 714, 746, 759, 775World Weather Records (WWR), 713–714Wormwood, 23, 37Worst case (scenario), 501WSJ. See Wall Street JournalWWR. See World Weather Records

XXenon, 270, 276, 379Xian (China), 778X-ray, 113–114

YYale University, 19Yangtze River (China), 778Yard, 178, 707YBC 7289, 19Year, 10–11, 29–35Year without a summer, 365, 371, 692Yellow River, 153Yemen, 648Ynch, 45Young sea ice effect, 750–751, 753Younger Dryas, 155, 159, 510, 652, 655–664, 677, 768Ytterbium, 276Yttrium, 274, 275Yucatan, 104, 152, 486, 614

ZZea mays, 607Zeeman effect, 271, 284Zermatt (Switzerland), 40

Subject Index 815

Zeroth law, 225Zinc, 275, 533Zinc sulfide (ZnS), 123Zinfandel, 684

Zirconium, 275Zoo (Berlin, Germany), 182Zur alten Rosskunst (mine, Germany), 534, 535, 552Zürich (Switzerland), 5, 10, 37, 49, 71–72, 263, 299, 317, 411, 414

816 Subject Index

Index of Works Mentioned

0–92001 - A Space Odyssey, 285, 3712010 - The Year We Make Contact, 243

AAccount of Further Discoveries in Air, An, 378Age of the Earth, an Introduction to Geological Ideas, The, 127Age of the Earth, The, 127–129Al Kitab Fi Hisab Al Jabr Wa Al Muqabala, 20, 35Alice in wonderland, 167, 181, 283Aliens from inner space, 357Almagest, 297, 322Almagestum Novum, 526American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 548Angels and Demons, 338Animals without backbones, 301Annals of the World, 77Art Forms of Nature, 611Art of the Cocktail, The, 470Atlas of Planktonic Foraminifera, 722Atlas of the Arctic Ocean (Aлac Oкeaнoв: Ceвepни Лeдoвити Oкeaн),

745Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction, The, 599Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 257, 575Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, 492Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth, An, 526, 552Avogadro’s number: a royal confusion, 36, 51, 70

BBabylonian Mathematics, 19, 36Bakerian Lecture: On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases

and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation,Absorption, and Conduction, The, 227

Biological Oceanography: An Introduction, 2nd Edition, 627Biosphere (биocфepa), The, 627Biosphere: Complete Annotated Edition (1998), The, 627Blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of

massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate, A, 684Boring World of Niels Bohr (The Simpsons), The, 285

CCanon of insolation and the ice-age problem, 323Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the

question of an increase in atmospheric CO2 during the pastdecades, 721

Catching the light -: the entwined history of light and mind, 201Cats, 212Causes of climate change over the past 1,000 years, 364, 433Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate, 349Charterhouse of Parma, The, 162Chemical evolution of the atmosphere in the Phanerozoic, 10Chilling Stars: a new Theory of Climate Change, The, 347, 349Circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea, The, 754Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the

Vostok ice core, Antarctica, 492Climate and time, in their geological relations, 298, 322Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, 744Climate Change; Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global

Warming?, 3, 10, 11Climate cover up, 777Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic, 160Climate over the past two millennia, 665CO2 as the primary driver of Phanerozoic climate, 349Coevolution of climate and life, 331, 349, 723Comparison of Ancient Climates with the Ancient Latitudes deduced

from Rock Magnetic Measurements, 148, 160Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing - The

Science of Transposition and Cancelation, The, 20Concise Geologic Time Scale, The, 95, 130Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor, 372Cosmic rays and particle physics, 349Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide and climate, 349Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton, The, 338Crest of the Peacock, The, 36Cynic’s Word Book, The, 10

DDana's System of Mineralogy, 89Dark Side of the Earth, The, 11Day after Tomorrow, The, 656De revolutionibur orbium coelestium, 322, 525der schönen blauen Donau, An, 371Deterministic nonperiodic flow, 246Detrital sediment fluxes from continents to oceans, 145Devil’s Dictionary, The, 10Die Kimate der geologischen Vorzeit, 323Die Natur der chemischen Elemente als Funktion ihrer Atomgewichte,

283Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa Raison et chercher la

Vérité dans les Sciences, 187Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe, 82

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016W.W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27404-1

817

Discourse on the method of using Reason and searching for Truth inthe Sciences, 187

Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, 533Divine Comedy, The, 219, 234Du calcul de l'effet des machines, ou Considérations sur l'emploi des

moteurs et sur leur évaluation: pour servir d'introduction àl'étude spéciale des machines, 538

Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, A, 197, 201

EEarth System History, 96Earth's Climate: Past and Future, 160Effect of solar radiation variation on the climate of the earth, The, 371Essay on the principle of population, 65, 69Essay on the Winds and Currents of the Ocean, An, 547, 553Étude sur les glaciers, 87, 95Experiments on the law of fall, on the resistance of the air, and on the

rotation of the Earth, 532–534Frankenstein, 365, 726From Earth to the Moon, 348Fundamentals of Geology, 146, 160

GGame of Science, The, 11Global Carbon Cycle, The, 501Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, The, 11Good bye Lenin, 687Good Soldier Švejk, The, 202, 215, 237Great Ice Age, The, 303Grundprobleme der Geologie, 106, 160

HHarmonie Universelle, 181Historical Perspectives on Climate Change, 11, 36, 70History of Earth's Atmosphere, 482History of Ocean Basins, 372History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology, A, 715Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, The, 24

II am Furious (Yellow) (The Simpsons), 264Ice Ages, The, 306, 321, 322Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, 94inconvenient truth, An, 665, 764Influence of Great Epochs of Limestone Formation upon the

Constitution of the Atmosphere, The, 284Influence of the Earth’s Rotation Upon the Motion of Bodies Near Its

Surface, The, 548International one-atmosphere equation of state for sea water, 418Introduction to the Coriolis Force, An, 550

JJournal de physique, de chimie et d’histoire naturelle, 108

KKanon der Erdebestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das

Eiszeitenproblem, 323kinetic model for the composition of seawater, A, 458Kunstformen der Natur, 611, 627

LLa Bohême, 725L'apprenti sorcier, 521Last Man, The, 726Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: The Snowball Earth,

371Le Monde ou Traité de la Lumière, 187, 200Le Sacre du Printemps, 160Limits to Growth - The 30-Year Update, 728, 729Limits to Growth, The, 728, 737Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, 503Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest

scientific problem of his time, 70

MMa vlast, 202Malt Whiskey Companion, 96Manual of Geology, 89Mathematical Theory of the Effects of the Game of Billiards, 539Mécanique Céleste, 315, 533, 549Memoire: Sur le principe des forces vives dans le movement relatifs des

machines, 539, 552Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses, The, 8, 10, 11Micrographia, 380, 386Mirifici logarithmorum canonis description, 35Motion of the Solar System in Space, 198

NName of the Rose, The, 8, 219, 235Natural resources and an optimum human population, 725New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A, 130New geomagnetic polarity timescale for the late Cretaceous and

Cenozoic, A, 150New System of Chemical Philosophy, A, 129, 418Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and

Light, 261Note on the relation between the intensity and direction of the wind and

concurrent spread of barometry, 548Note sur le rapport de l'intensité et de la direction du vent avec les

écarts simultanés du barometer, 548

OOcean Circulation, 2nd Edition, 599Old possum's book of practical cats, 212On calculating the effects of machines, or Considerations on the use of

motors and their evaluation to serve as an introduction to thespecial study of machines, 538

On Physical Lines of Force, 196, 200On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of

the Ground, 257, 714On the influence of uniform electrical oscillations on a neighboring

electrical circuit, 210On the Nature of Things, 461On the Photochemistry of ozone in the Stratosphere and Troposphere

and Pollution of the Stratosphere by high flying aircraft, 453On the Smallness of Sinking Regions in the Ocean, 583On the structure of atoms, 265

Opera Once Over Lightly, 13Opticks, 190, 200Opus novum Emendatione Temporum, 33Origin of Species, The, 95, 648, 740

818 Index of Works Mentioned

PPaleoclimatology, Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, 668Persistence of Memory, The, 669Peter Grimes, 470Philosophæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 527Physical Geography of the Sea, 529, 547Physics of Climate, 257, 371, 440, 575Physics of the Air, 436Pink Panther Strikes Again, The, 516Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and

Environment, 36Pleistocene Geology, 258Pleistocene temperatures, 304, 323, 627Polar ice and climate, 323Postglacial coastal evolution: Ice-ocean-solid Earth interactions in a

period of rapid climate change, 643, 646Primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate, A, 521Principia Mathematica, 177, 181, 380, 527, 552Principia philosophiæ, 529Principles of Geology, 82, 83, 94, 299Principles of Physical Geology, 127, 149, 323Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 280

QQuantisierung als Eigenwertproblem, 279Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem, 279

RRadio-Activity, 114Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, 222, 235Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, 235Reflexions sur le Phlogistique, 220Remarques generales sur les températures du globe terrestre et des

espaces planétaires, 221, 235, 428, 440Report of the Director of the (British) Meteorological Office upon an

Inquiry into the Relations between the Estimates of Wind ForceAccording to Admiral Beaufort’s Scale and the VelocitiesRecorded by Anemometers Belonging to the Office, 26

Rite of Spring, The, 160, 627Rocks and Mineral Deposits, 51, 70

SScience et Methode, 247Science of Boiling an Egg, The, 418Science: A History, 387Scientific Companion: Exploring the Physical World with Facts,

Figures, The, 36, 288Sea Frontiers, 470Sea Level Change, 496Simple Mathematical Models with very Complicated Dynamics, 257Simpsons: I am Furious (Yellow), The, 264Simpsons: The Boring World of Niels Bohr, The, 264, 285Sorcerer’s Apprentice, The, 521Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), 730, 731, 740SRES: See Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, 730, 731, 740Sur la Combustion en General, 387

Sur les Equations du Mouvement Relatif des Systemes de Corps, 552,575, 599

Surface History of the Earth, The, 128Swell and sea in the emerging Arctic Ocean, 751Symphonie sur un chant montagnard français, 684Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, 36Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, 36

TTackling unintelligent design, 741Tale of Two Cities, A, 692Temperature of Pacific bottom waters and polar superficial waters

during the Tertiary, 323Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox, The, 264Théorie mathématique des Effets du Jeu de Billiard, 539, 552Theory of the Earth, 78, 94, 196Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced

from observations of the 1987 El Niño, 371Third Report on Meteorology, 547Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes

across Termination III, 492Tornado trends over the past 30 years, 574Towards the Edge of the Universe, 349Traite de la Lumiere, 187, 200Treatise on Navigation, A, 46treatment of complex ions in seawater, A, 264

UÜber den Bau der Atome, 265, 284Über die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung auf

eine benachbarte Strombahn, 210

VVariation in Cosmic Ray Flux and Global Cloud Coverage, 346Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of, 309, 323Vesuche über des Gesetz des Falls, über den Widerstand der Luftund

über die Umdrehung der Erde, 532, 533, 534Victory at Sea, 646View of the Sea—A Discussion between a Chief Engineer and an

Oceanographer about the Machinery of Ocean Circulation, A,600

WWall Map of Climate regions following W Köppens classification, 254Wandkarte der Klimagebiete der Erde nach W. Köppens Klassifikation,

254War of the Worlds, The, 123Waves, Tides, and Shallow Water Processes, 181Wealth of Nations, 78, 94What is Life?, 279Where Discovery Sparks Imagination: A Pictorial History of Radio and

Electricity, 214World or Treatise on Light, The, 187World Set Free, The, 123

Index of Works Mentioned 819