Name_______________________________________________________________DNAstructureandreplication

1. DNA,andinsomecasesRNA,istheprimarysourceofheritableinformation.GeneticinformationisstoredinandpassedtosubsequentgenerationsthroughDNAmoleculesand,insomecases,RNAmolecules.

A. IdentifythebuildingblocksofDNAandlabelthepartsinthediagram

B. IdentifythenumberofDNAstrandsfoundinaDNAmoleculeandExplaintheorientationoftheDNAstrands

C. IdentifyandlabelthefollowingpartsinaDNAmolecule:nitrogenousbases,hydrogenbonds,sugarphosphate,nucleotide

D. ExplaintheimportanceofthehydrogenbondsintheDNAmolecule

E. Explainwhatismeantbythe5’and3’endsofthenucleotide

F. Identifyandlabelthe5’and3’endsinthefollowingDNAmolecule

G. Explaintheimportanceofthe5’and3’endinaDNAmolecule

2. DNA,andsometimesRNA,exhibitsspecificnucleotidebasepairingthatisconservedthroughevolutionA. DESCRIBEapurineandIDENTIFYthepurinesinDNA

B. DESCRIBEapyrimidineandIDENTIFYthepyrimidinesinDNA/RNA

C. LabelthepurinesandpyrimidinesinthefollowingDNAmolecule

D. IdentifythebasepairingruleANDEXPLAINthebasepairingrule

E. PREDICTthepercentageofAiftheDNAhas30%CANDJUSTIFY3. ProkaryoticandEukaryotescontainchromosomes

A. Identifythenumberofchromosomes(assingleormultiple)thatexistinprokaryotesandeukaryotesandDescribetheirshape(circularorlinear)

B. IDENTIFYthecomponentsofaeukaryotechromosomeandDESCRIBEthearrangementofthecomponentsinthechromosome

C. DESCRIBEheterochromatinandeuchromatinandEXPLAINtheimportanceofeachtypeoffoldingD. Labeltheheterochromatinandeuchromatinregionsinthefollowingdiagram

4. DNAreplicationensurescontinuityofhereditaryinformationA. IdentifythephaseinwhichDNAreplicationtakesplaceandEXPLAINtheimportanceofDNA

replication

B. IdentifythedirectionDNApolymerasereadsthetemplatestrandANDEXPLAINwhythetemplatestrandisreadinthatdirection

C. IdentifythedirectioninwhichDNAissynthesized

D. Drawinwhattheleadingstrandandlaggingstrandwouldlooklikeastheyarebeingmade

E. IdentifyandLabelwhichtemplatestrand

wouldformthecontinuousleadingstrandandwhichstrandwouldbethediscontinuouslaggingstrand

F. Explainwhytheleadingstrandisreferredtoasthecontinuousstrand

G. ExplainwhythelaggingstrandisreferredtoasthediscontinuousstrandH. Describewhatareplicationbubbleisandlabelthereplicationbubblesinthediagrambelow

I. Foreachofthecirclesbelow,DETERMINEiftheendis5”or3’andlabeltheminthediagram.

(eachcircleneedstobelabeledaseither3’or5’)

J. IdentifyandlabeltheleadingandlaggingstandsintheDNAreplicationdiagramabove

K. EXPLAINwhyanewlysynthesizedDNAstrandismadefrombothcontinuousanddiscontinuousDNAsynthesis

5. Describethemechanismsbywhichgeneticinformationiscopiedfortransmissionbetweengenerations.

A. Identifyandlabelthefollowingstructuresinthediagrambelow:topoisomerase,singlestrandedbindingproteins,DNApolymerase(bothofthem),okazakifragments,DNAligase,helicase,3’,5’,continuousstrand,discontinuousstrand,primase

B. ExplainthepurposeforeachoftheenzymesinvolvedinDNAreplication• helicase

• topoisomerase

• Primase

• DNApolymerase

• Ligase

C. DescribetheprocessofDNAreplication

D. Explainwhatismeantbythephrase“DNAreplicationisasemiconservativeprocess”

E. PredictwhatwouldhappenifaLigaseinhibitorwaspresentANDJUSTIFYyourprediction

F. PredictwhatwouldhappenifatopoisomeraseinhibitorwaspresentANDJUSTIFYyourprediction

Name______________________________________________________Unit6TranscriptionandTranslation1. ThesequenceoftheRNAbases,togetherwiththestructureoftheRNAmolecule,determinesRNAfunctionA. DescribetheoverallstructureofRNA

B. DescribethedifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA

C. ExplaintheroleforeachofthefollowingtypesofRNA

• mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

2. GeneticinformationflowsfromasequenceofnucleotidesinDNAtoasequenceofbasesinanmRNAmoleculetoasequenceofaminoacidsinaprotein.A. Explainwhatismeantbythephrase“CentralDogma”

B. Describehowthephenotypeofanorganismisdeterminedbyitsgenotype.

C. IdentifythelocationwheretranscriptiontakesplaceandIdentifywhatisproducedasaresultofTranscription

D. IdentifytheenzymeusedintranscriptionandEXPLAINitsroleintranscription

E. Describetheprocessoftranscription

F. IdentifythedirectioninwhichRNApolymerasesynthesizesmRNAmoleculesandEXPLAINwhytheRNApolymerasemustsynthesizemRNAinthisdirection

G. DrawacirclearoundthenoncodingstrandandEXPLAINwhyitisthenoncodingstrand

H. DrawacirclearoundthecodingstrandandEXPLAINwhyitisthecodingstrand

I. ExplainhowtheselectionofwhichDNAstrandwillserveasthetemplate

J. IdentifythemRNAstrandthatwouldbeproducedfromthefollowingDNAstrandATACCGTGACTA

3. IneukaryoticcellsthemRNAtranscriptundergoesaseriesofenzyme-regulatedmodifications

A. IdentifythelocationwhereRNAprocessingoccurs

B. Describewhatoccurstothepre-mRNAtoprocessitintoamaturemRNA

C. ExplaintheimportanceforRNAprocessing

D. EXPLAINhowthesameprem-RNAstrandcanresultindifferentmaturemRNAstrands

4. Translationinvolvesenergyandmanysequentialsteps,includinginitiation,elongation,and

termination.

A. IDENTIFYthelocationwheretranslationtakesplaceandIDENTIFYthemoleculeproducedattheendoftranslation

B. ExplaintheroleofmRNAinproteinsynthesis,DETERMINEthenumberofnucleotidesthatmakeupacodonANDDRAWacirclearoundeachcodon

C. EXPLAINtheroleoftRNAinproteinsynthesisandIDENTIFYandlabelboththeanticodonandaminoacidonthetRNA

D. DescribetheoverallstructureofribosomesANDEXPLAINwhatribosomesaremadeupof

E. DESCRIBEwhatisoccurringateachstepintranslationtoproduceapolypeptide

• Initiation

• Elongation

• Termination

F. DeterminethepolypeptidethatwouldbeproducedbasedonthefollowingmRNAstrand

G. ExplainwhytheanalysisofDNAtocompareindividualsresultsinagreaterestimateofgeneticvariabilitythandoesanalysisofaminoacidsequences

5. Nearlyalllivingorganismsusethesamegeneticcode,whichisevidenceforthecommonancestryofalllivingorganisms.A. DescribethesimilaritiesofproteinsynthesisinProkaryotesandEukaryotes

B. EXPLAINhowtranscriptionandtranslationvariesbetweenprokaryotesandEukaryotes

C. ExplainwhytranscriptionandtranslationcanhappenatthesametimeinProkaryotesbutnotEukaryotes

6. Geneticinformationinretrovirusesisaspecialcaseandhasanalternateflowofinformation

A. Identifythegeneticcontentsofaretrovirus

B. Viruses,justlikeprokaryotesandEukaryotesusetheirgeneticcontenttoproduceproteins.Describetheprocessesretrovirusesmustgothroughtoproduceaprotein

C. Explainwhythecentraldogmadoesnotapplytoretroviruses

D. EXPLAINwhyDuringtheinfectioncycleforatypicalretrovirus,suchasHIV,whichusesRNAasgeneticmaterial,thegeneticvariationintheresultingpopulationofnewvirusparticlesisveryhigh

Name__________________________________________________Unit6regulationofgeneexpression&cellspecialization

1. Inprokaryotes,groupsofgenescalledoperonsaretranscribedinasinglemRNAmolecule.Thelacoperonisanexampleofaninduciblesystem

A. ExplaintheimportanceoftheregulatorygeneintheprokaryoteandIDENTIFYthemoleculethatisproducedfromtheregulatorygene

B. Describehowthisregulatorygeneisinvolvedintheoperons

C. Identifythestructuresthatmakeupalacoperon

D. Explainthepurposeoftheoperatorregion

E. Explaintheimportanceofthepromoterregion

F. Describehowtherepressorproteinregulatesgeneexpressioninprokaryotes

G. TheLacoperonisaninducibleoperon.Explainwhatismeanstobeaninducibleoperon.

H. ExplainhowgeneexpressioncanoccurinaninducibleoperonandEXPLAINhowlactoseis

involvedintheinducibleoperon

1.EpigeneticchangescanaffectgeneexpressionthroughreversiblemodificationsofDNAorhistones.

A. Explainepigenetics

B. Describehowthemethylgroupcauseschangesinthechromosome

C. Explaintheimpacttheseepigeneticchangeshaveongeneexpression

2.Thephenotypeofacellororganismisdeterminedbythecombinationofgenesthatareexpressedandthelevelsatwhichtheyareexpressed

A. Sinceeachcellcontainsallthegenesoftheorganism,EXPLAINhowcellscanexpressdifferentphenotypes

B. PromoterregionsonDNAaeinvolvedwithgeneexpression.IdentifythelocationofpromotersandEXPLAINtheirinvolvementwithgeneexpression

C. Describetheinvolvementoftranscriptionfactorsintheexpressionofgenes

D. Explainhowsignaltransductionisinvolvedinphenotypicexpression

4. Ineukaryotes,groupsofgenesmaybeinfluencedbythesametranscriptionfactorstocoordinatelyregulateexpression.A. DESCRIBEhowthesametranscriptionfactorcanregulate/activegeneexpressionofmultiple

genes

B. Predictwhatwouldhappentogeneexpressionifachemicalwasboundtothetranscriptionfactors.JUSTIFYyourprediction

Name_________________________________________________Unit6MutationsandBiotechnologyreview1. Disruptionsingenesandgeneproductscausenewphenotypes.

A. Identifyenvironmentalfactorsthatincreasethemutationrateinanorganism,anddiscusstheireffectonthegenomeoftheorganism.

B. IdentifytheprocessthatwouldproduceerrorsintheDNAsequenceandEXPLAINwhytheerrorsintheDNAcouldhaveanimpactonthephenotype

C. IdentifythetypeofmutationineachthefollowingDNAsequencesandEXPLAINtheimpactthemutationwouldhaveonthephenotype

OriginalDNAstrandTAGTTCAAACCGCGTAACATT

1- TAGTTTAAACCGCGTAACATT2- TAGATCAAACCGCGTAACATT

3- TAGTCAAACCGCGTAACATT

D. PREDICTtheimpactamutationtothegenecodingfortherepairenzymewouldhaveonthecellANDJUSTIFYyourprediction

E. HIVinfectscellsthatcontainaCCR5proteinonsurfaceoftheplasmamembrane.SomeindividualshaveamutationintheCCR5generesultinginasmallerproteinthatremainsontheinside.IfapersonwiththegenemutationwasexposedtoHIV,PREDICTtheimpacttheexposurewouldhaveontheseindividuals.JUSTIFYyourprediction

F. Sicklecellanemiaiscausedbyapointmutationthatresultsintheredbloodhavinganalteredshape.PREDICTtheimpactthismutationwouldhaveonanindividualANDJUSTIFYyourprediction.

G. ExplainwhysomeDNAmutationsareharmfulwhileotherDNAmutationsarebeneficial

2. Errorsinmitosisormeiosiscanresultinchangesinphenotype

A. Explainwhatnondisjunctionis

B. Describetheimpactnondisjunctionhasonindividuals

C. DESCRIBEhownondisjunctionhappensinMEIOSISIandEXPLAINhowitimpactsthechromosomenumberinthegametes

D. DESCRIBEhownondisjunctionhappensinMEIOSISIIandEXPLAINhowitimpactsthechromosomenumberinthegametes

3. Changesingenotypemayaffectphenotypesthataresubjecttonaturalselection.Geneticchangesthat

enhancesurvivalandreproductioncanbeselectedforbyenvironmentalconditionsA. DRAWaplasmidandDESCRIBEitsstructure.

B. DESCRIBEhowtransformationoccursinprokaryotes(bacteria)andEXPLAINthepositive

impactithasonprokaryotes

C. DESCRIBEtheprocessofconjugationinprokaryotesandEXPLAINthebenefitstotheprokaryotes

D. Describehowtheprocessoftransductionbringsaboutgeneticvariationinprokaryotes4. GeneticengineeringtechniquescanbeusedtoanalyzeandmanipulateDNAandRNA

A. Explaintheusesofgelelectrophoresis

B. Explainthepurposeofrestrictionenzymes

C. ExplainwhytheDNAfragmentsmovethroughthegel

D. ExplainwhyDNAbandsappearatdifferentlocationsinthegel

E. IdentifywhichfragmentsareabletomovethefurthestinthegelandEXPLAINwhytheyareabletomovethefurthest

F. Identifywhichtypeoffragmentsstayclosesttothewell

G. Explainwhythebandingpatternforeachindividualisdifferenteventhoughthesamerestrictionenzymeisused

H. ExplainthebenefitofusingPCR5. Inatransformationexperiment,asampleofE.colibacteriawasmixedwithaplasmidcontainingthegeneforresistancetotheantibioticampicillin(ampr).Thefollowingresultswereobtained

A. DESCRIBEhowtransformationoccurredinsomeof

thebacteriaANDEXPLAINhowyouwouldknowiftransformationoccurred

B. DescribethedifferencebetweenwildtypeE.coliandE.coliandamprplasmid.

C. ExplainwhyplatesIandIIIhavefullgrowthofbacteria

D. IdentifythenegativecontrolintheexperimentandEXPLAINwhyitisthenegativecontrol

E. DescribetheresultsonplateIIandEXPLAINtheresults

F. DescribetheresultsonplateIVandEXPLAINtheresults