Nagalakshmi V

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EFFECT OF SIX WEEKS YOGA TRAINING

ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND AEROBICCAPACITY IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

By

Dr.NAGALAKSHMI V. M.B.B.S

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka,

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE

IN

PHYSIOLOGY

Under the Guidance of

Dr. ARUNKUMAR V JPROFESSOR AND HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT


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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, hereby declare that this dissertation entitled, EFFECT OF SIX

WEEKS YOGA TRAINING ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND

AEROBIC CAPACITY IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS is a bonafide

and genuine research work carried out by me, under the guidance of

Dr. V.J. ARUNKUMAR, Professor and Head of the Department, Dept.

of Physiology at Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

Date:

Place: Tumkur


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CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled EFFECT OF SIX



research work done by Dr. NAGALAKSHMI V in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the degree ofDOCTOR OF MEDICINE (M.D.) in

PHYSIOLOGY during the academic year 2011.

Date:

Place: Tumkur

Dr. .V. J. ARUNKUMAR MD.,

Professor and Head

Dept. of Physiology,


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ENDORSEMENT BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

This is to certify that the dissertation entitledEFFECT OF SIX WEEKS YOGA

TRAINING ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND AEROBIC CAPACITY IN

HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS is a bonafide research work done by

Dr. NAGALAKSHMI V, under the direct guidance of Dr. V.J.ARUNKUMAR.,

professor and Head of Department. Department of Physiology, Sri Siddhartha

Medical College, Tumkur.

Date:

Place: Tumkur

Dr. V.J. ARUN KUMAR. MD.,

Professor and HODDept. of Physiology,

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur.


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ENDORSEMENT BY THE PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THEINSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled EFFECT OF SIX



research work done by Dr. NAGALAKSHMI V. under the direct guidance of

Dr. V.J. ARUNKUMAR, Professor and Head of Department. Department of

Physiology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

Date:

Place: Tumkur

Dr. SRINIVAS MURTHY A.G. MD.,

Principal,

Sri Siddhartha Medical College,

Tumkur.


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COPYRIGHT

DECLARATIONBY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences shall

have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic

format for academic / research purpose.

Date:

Place: Tumkur

Signature of the Candidate

(Dr. NAGALAKSHMI V)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this dissertation would never be possible without the guidance,

assistance and constant encouragement given to me by a number of people.

First of all, I deem it my proud privilege to have been blessed with the impetus to do

this work by my guide Dr. V.J.ARUNKUMAR, Professor and Head of Department,

Department of Physiology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. I am sincerely thankful

to him for his constant support, involvement, timely suggestion and corrections that have been

showing me the right path since beginning.

I convey my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my respected teacher

Dr. G. S. NELLIGI, who with his knowledge and expertise has provided able guidance,

constant encouragement, advices and genuine concern towards my work in the beginning of

my study course.

I am thankful to my Professors, Dr. Basavaraju K. and Dr. Padmanabha D. R.,

Department of Physiology, Sree Siddhartha Medical College for their valuable support,

constant encouragement and incorporating discipline attitude in work and studies.

I would never forget constant support, encouragement, concern and help rendered to

me in all aspects throughout the work and studies by Dr. Niranjan Murthy, Dr. Sendil

Kumaran. D, Dr. Ravindra, Dr. Vijaykumar Narayan, Dr. Venkatesh, Dr. Tejaswini,

Mr. Sachin Ingole and would hereby like to thank them all for their timely advice,

suggestions and guidance.


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I sincerely appreciate the contribution of Dr. Suresh K.P. Scientist

(Biostatistician), National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore towards

statistical analysis of the acquired data.

Most importantly I would like to thankDr. Shivaprasad G. Honble Director, Sri

Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur for providing the great academic opportunity and

adequate environment to pursue the course.

I convey my thanks to The Principal, Dr. Srinivas Murthy A. G. for providing with

all the facilities in time for the completion of this work.

My special thanks to all the subjects for their co-operation and consent without

which, the study would not have progressed.

I would also like to thank Mr. Umer DTP center, Tumkur, for the meticulous

computerized laser output of this dissertation.

I would also like to thank Dr.Jaimaruthi for his cooperation, moral support and

timely help during the study.

I especially thank my friendDr. Nagabhushan for his co-operation, moral support

and timely help during the study.

I would like to thank my parents Sri. Vijaykumar & Smt. Bhagirathi for their

never ending love, care, affection, tolerance and moral support.

Lastly I sincerely thank the almighty God for blessing me with wisdom courage and

strength to accomplish this work.


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ABSTRACT

Background and Aim:

The prevalence ofcardiovascular disease has increased substantially over the

past few decades. It has been established that low fitness is one of the attributing

factor for increased cardiovascular mortality.

Yoga is a science practiced in India over thousands of years. Yoga aims to

bring about functional harmony between body and mind through three main practices:

asanas, pranayama and meditation. It was shown that yoga practices which improve

stretch flexibility and control various physiological variables improve fitness of an

individual.

This study was done to know the effects of six weeks of yoga training on

physical fitness and aerobic capacity of healthy individuals of both genders.

Objective:

To study the effects of six weeks of yoga practice on pulse rate, blood

pressure, VO2 max and physical fitness index in healthy individuals.


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certified yoga teacher. Pre yoga and post yoga cardiorespiratory functions were

assessed by measuring pulse rate, blood pressure, VO2 max and physical fitness

index. The pre and post yoga parameters were analyzed by Student t test.

Results:

There was significant reduction in resting pulse rate (p


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

PR - Pulse rate

SBP - Systolic Blood Pressure

DBP - Diastolic Blood Pressure

VO2max - Maximal oxygen consumption

PFI - Physical Fitness Index

EEG - Electroencephalogram

FEV1 - Flow Expiratory Volume in One Second

BMR - Basal Metabolic Rate

UFNB - Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing

GSR - Galvanic Skin Resistance

HIP-PNE - Human Information Processing- Psychoneuroendorine

HPA - Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

SD - Standard Deviation

BY - Before Yoga

AY - After Yoga

F - Female

M - Male


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CONTENTS

SL. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 1-2

2. Aim and Objectives of study 3

3. Review of Literature 4-18

4. Materials and methods 19-34

5. Results Tables and Graphs 35-45

6. Discussion 46-50

7. Conclusion 51

8. Summary 52

9. Bibliography 53-60

10

Annexure

- Photographs- Consent form

61-62

63-64


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List of Tables

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.Age distribution of subjects studied

38

2.Gender distribution of subjects studied

39

3. Mean and SD of age, Height, Weight and

BMI of subjects studied

40

4.Effect of Yoga on Pulse rate

41

5.Effect of Yoga on Systolic BP

42

6.Effect of Yoga on Diastolic BP

43

7.

Effect of Yoga on VO2 max

44

8. Effect of Yoga on PFI 45


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List of Graphs

CHART NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Age distribution of subjects studied 38

2. Gender distribution of subjects studied 39

3. Effect of Yoga on Pulse rate 41

4. Effect of Yoga on Systolic BP 42

5. Effect of Yoga on Diastolic BP 43

6. Effect of Yoga on VO2 max 44

7. Effect of Yoga on PFI 45


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INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has increased substantially over

the past few decades. It has been established that low fitness is one of the attributing

factor for increased cardiovascular mortality. Numerous risk factors for

Cardiovascular diseases including Hypertension, Diabetes and Hypercholesteremia

are suspected to be influenced by fitness and these factors may mediate the

association between low cardio respiratory fitness and mortality.(1)

VO2 max is an internationally accepted parameter to evaluate cardiovascular

fitness. The use of direct method to measure VO2 max is restricted because of its

exhausting and difficult experimental protocol and absence of well equipped

laboratory. Earlier studies have established the use of Queens college step test to

predict VO2 max indirectly. (2)

Yoga is a practical discipline incorporating a wide variety of practices whose

goal is the development of a state of mental and physical well being, inner harmony

and ultimately a union of the human individual with the universal and transcendent

existence. (3) With increased awareness and interest in health and natural remedies,

yogic techniques are gaining importance and becoming increasingly acceptable to the

scientific community. Its value is seriously realized in todays dynamic and stressful


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beneficial effects of six weeks practice of different Pranayamas are well reported and

has sound scientific basis. (11, 12) Different types of Pranayama along with Asanas

produce different physiological responses in normal young individuals.(13)

It was shown that yoga practices which improve stretch flexibility and control

various physiological variables improve fitness of an individual. (14)

This study was done to know the effects of six weeks of yoga training on

Physical fitness and Aerobic capacity of healthy individuals of both genders.


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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Aim of the study

To know the Effects of six weeks yoga training on Physical fitness and Aerobic

capacity in healthy individuals.

Objectives of the study

To assess Pulse rate, Systolic Blood pressure, Diastolic Blood pressure, VO2

max and physical fitness index (PFI) in healthy individuals of 20-40 years

before yoga training.

To assess Pulse rate, Systolic Blood pressure, Diastolic Blood pressure, VO2

max and physical fitness index (PFI) in same individuals after six weeks of

yoga training.

Comparison of above parameters before and after joining yoga training


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

HISTORY

Yoga is an ancient philosophical and religious tradition which is thought has

originated in at least 5000 BC. The first archeological evidence of yoga existence is

found in stone seals excavated from Indus valley, in the ancient cities of Mohenjodaro

and Harappa. Between 1800 and 1500 BC Upanishads explained the transcend self

(atman) and its relation to the ultimate reality (Brahman).The Bhagvad Gita was

written about 500 BC and its first sculpture devoted entirely to yoga. It unified

various traditions of yoga like Jnana yoga, Bhakthi yoga and karma yoga together.

Pathanjali in 200 BC defined classical yoga. This was mainly Raja yoga or the eight

fold yoga path. The yoga sutras of Pathanjali is considered the authorative text on

classical yoga by all yoga schools.

Yoga Definitions and classification

The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit origin YUJ which means TO

BIND, TO JOIN , TO APPLY or TO CONTROL.(14)

There are several schools of yoga like, Hatha Yoga, Raja Yoga, The Triple

Path and Integral Yoga. But the ultimate or principle aim of yoga is same i.e., to attain


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3. Triple path yoga: Jnana yoga, Bhakthi yoga , karma yoga

4. Integral yoga : It is the combination of different schools of yoga.

THE YOGIC PRACTICES (14,4)

1. Asanas

2. Pranayama

3. Meditation

4. Kriyas

Asanas

It literally means a posture. There are more than 80 Asanas described in

Hathayogapradipika and individual practitioners have introduced some variations,

increasing their number still further. Since an average person does not have the time

to perform so many Asanas every day, several selections of relatively easier Asanas

are popular. Asanas can be performed in any place but they should be done in empty

stomach.

Asanas can be classified into 3 main groups

1 Asanas for relaxation


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during the typical session. A typical sessions of Asanas is begins with warming up

for a few minutes by stationary running, joint loosening exercises or through Surya

Namaskara. Warming up is followed by five minutes of a relaxing Asana, usually

Shavasana. It is repeated for a few minutes at a time between several other Asanas

which provide physical exercise. The end of a session of Asanas is also usually long

(about 10 minutes) Shavasana. Another common relaxing posture is Makarasana.

Makarasana is sandwiched between those Asanas which are performed lying down in

the prone position.

Shavasana relaxes the body because the muscles are completely relaxed voluntarily.

It also relaxes the mind through deep and conscious breathing. Shavasana is an

extremely useful Asana, especially for busy people under stress. Shavasana is the

Asana recommended to them if they do not have time and strength for any more.

Asanas for physical exercise: these Asanas are the best known part of yoga. A

sequence of 10-15 Asanas which would take 30-45 minutes to perform can provide

exercise to almost all muscle and joints of the body, massage the visceral organ ,

and activate cardiorespiratory reflexes. A typical Asana starts with a starting position.

From there, progress is made towards the final posture through a slow, gentle and

graceful movement. In the final position, at least some parts of the body are under

intense stretch The body is held still in the final posture for some time usually at


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In case of Asanas ;

a. The movements are slow, gentle and graceful.

b. Every pose is followed by a counter pose.

c. Alternate stretching and relaxing of group of muscles.

d. The session of Asanas begins with relaxation, ends with relaxation, and is

interspersed with relaxation.

Asana becomes Yosasana only when performed with the right attitude. They should

be preceded by purification of behavior (yama and niyama)

Some of the common Asanas performed are:-

Standing : Vrikshasana , Trikonasana and Padhahastasana

Sitting : Vajrasansa , Baddhakonasana, Shashankasana and Parvatasana

Prone : Bhujangasana , Dhanurasana, and Makarasana

Supine : Pavanamuktasana, Matyasana, Chakrasana, Sarvangasana, Halasana

and Shavasana

Asanas for meditation:

Meditation is usually performed sitting on the floor with the eyes closed. The basic

principle of the posture for meditation is that it should be steady and comfortable.


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Pranayama:

Pranayama literally means control of Prana. Prana in Indian philosophy

refers to all forms of energy in the universe. Life force, in an individual is symbolized

by breathing. That is why Pranayama is generally considered to mean regulated

breathing. A yogi, through Pranayama, can at some stage control other function of his

body, and finally control manifestations of Prana even outside his body.

As a technique, Pranayama can assume rather complex forms of breathing.

But the essence of the practice is slow and deep breathing. Prana refer to

inhalation,Rechaka to exhalation and Kumbhaka means breath holding.

A few varieties of Pranayama are :

o Ujjayi Pranayama

o Suryabhedana Pranayama

o Nadisodhna Pranayama

o Bhastrika Pranayama

o Kapalabhati Pranayama

o Bhramari Pranayama

o Sitali Pranayama

Meditation


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In physiological terms Meditation results in;

1. Sensory (afferent) attenuation that is minimal sensory input

2. Motor (efferent) attenuation that is minimal motor output

3. Non analytical attenuation or non targeted thinking that is minimal cortical

activity involving attenuation to a specific object or topic.

The physiological effects of Meditation were

1. Decrease in heart rate

2. Decrease in respiratory rate

3. Decrease in oxygen consumption

4. Decrease in blood pressure if the basal blood pressure is high

5. Increase in percentage of time spend in alpha rhythm in EEG

6.

Decrease in muscle tension

7. Decrease in blood lactate level

Physiological effects of yogic practices

1. Cardiovascular effects; in general yogic practices reduces the resting heart rate and

blood pressure. Following this practices, a given level of exercise is associated with a

smaller rise in the heart rate and blood pressure. Studies conducted to know the


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Kaviraja udupa and his associates studied the effect of Pranayama training on cardiac

function in normal subjects and found that after 3 months of training, Pranayama

modulates ventricular performance by increasing parasympathetic activity and

decrease in sympathetic activity. (19) Four weeks of Nadisuddhi Pranayama has

shown significant decrease in Pulse rate, Diastolic blood pressure, Systolic blood

pressure along with significant increase in pulse pressure and PEFR. (20)

During OM meditation, there was a significant reduction in heart rate as compared

to the control period in which non- targeted thinking was encouraged. (21, 22) In

other study, it was reported that there was a significant increase in heart rate during

single thought as well as during thoughtless state. (23)

Murulidhara and Ranganathan demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac recovery

index after two and a half months of yogic training in healthy male medical students.

(24) Madanmohan and coworkers found that Pranayama type of breathing produced

significant cardio-acceleration and increase in QRS axis during the inspiratory phase

as compared to eupnoea in young healthy untrained subjects.(25)

Study conducted by Shirley Telles and Desiraju reported an overall increase in heart

rate during Vibhagiya Pranayama and Mahatyoga Pranayama, whereas Savitri

Pranayama and Nadisuddhi Pranayama, the overall heart rate was not significantly


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Yogic Asanas and Pranayama have been shown to reduce the resting respiratory rate.

(31) Further, they increase the chest expansion,

(6, 32) the vital capacity,

(33) FEV1

above 85%, (34, 35) PEFR and maximum voluntary ventilation, (36, 37) breath

holding time (16) and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures.(38) Data suggest

that training in yoga respiration selectively increase the respiratory sensation, perhaps

through its persistent conditioning of the breathing pattern.(39)

In a study involving comparison of athletes and yogis and individuals with sedentary

lifestyles found that the highest mean FEVI and PEFR were observed in yogis. Both

yogis and athletes had significantly better PEFR as compared to sedentary workers.

Yogis also had significantly better PEFR as compared to sedentary workers and

athletes.(40)

Yogic breathing exercises, when compared with other exercise modalities, provide a

much better workout for the core muscles in the body. Considering the abdominal

work with yogic breathing exercise, total body workouts would be much more time

efficient if yogic breathing exercises were combined and interlaced with other

exercise modalities for a more efficient fitness program.(41)

Different types of Pranayama may lead to different types of alterations in the oxygen

consumption and metabolic rate. The short Kumbhaka Pranayama caused a


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A reduction in oxygen consumption has also been demonstrated during transcendental

meditation and cyclic meditation.

(16,30) the long term practice of yoga using a

combination of stimulatory and inhibitory yoga practices (Asana, Meditation and

Pranayama) significantly reduce BMR, probably linked to reduced arousal.(44)

Power spectral analysis of 24-hr EEG in those who have been practicing

transcendental meditation has shown an increase in alpha/ delta power indicates a

more relaxed mind during the awaken period. Further, it was found that there was a

better balance and synchrony in the EEG recorded from the left and right side and

from the frontal and occipital leads. (45) Recent studies have shown that unilateral

forced nostril breathing (UFNB) affects cerebral hemisphere dominance. Left side

UFNB leads to right hemisphere dominance and improves spatial sills. On the other,

right sided UFNB induces left cerebral hemisphere dominance and increases verbal

skills like written and spoken speech.

(46)

Studies on autonomic functions indicate that yogic practices, in general, bring about a

tilt mostly from sympathetic towards parasympathetic dominance.(15,16,47) In

addition, Voluntary control of autonomic function can also be achieved through yoga.

(48)

Galvanic skin response (GSR) has frequently been used in studies on autonomic


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Practicing Asanas, Pranayama, Meditation and attending devotional sessions for ten

days led to a significant improvement in fine coordinated movements and improved

delayed recall of spatial information.(49)

Relaxation potential of yogic breathing exercises seems to play a vital role in

establishing psycho-physical health in reversing the psycho-immunology of emotions

under stress based on breath and body awareness. However, mechanism of yogic

exercises for restoring health and fitness components operating through psycho-

neuro-immunological pathways is unknown. A hybrid model of human information

processing- psychoneuroendocrine (HIP-PNE) network has been proposed to reveal

the importance of yogic information processing involving cortical and hypothalamic-

pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) interactions with a deep reach molecular action on

cellular, neuro-humoral and immune system in reversing stress mediated diseases.

(50)

Yogic practices have been shown to reduce baseline and average glucocorticoid

levels. But the glucocorticoid response to an acute challenge is enhanced. These

findings indicate a lower level of stress and enhance capacity to face a challenge. (51)

A study has shown that plasma melatonin levels were higher during night

immediately following meditation as compared with those at the same time on control


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for good lifestyles. Yoga is one of the best lifestyles ever devised by mankind.

Second, psychological stress is a major contributor to the diseases of modern

civilization. This discovery stimulated the search for strategies for overcoming stress.

Yoga provides a new way of looking at life. Hence everything remaining the same,

the person starts feeling better. A method based not on changing the circumstances

but on changing our attitude to circumstances is potentially infallible.

Regular practice of yoga improves arterial baroreceptor reflex sensitivity towards

normal (8, 53) and reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressures in hypertensive

patients. (54, 55) Follow up studies of yoga and biofeedback in the treatment of

hypertension revealed a significant reduction in blood pressure and antihypertensive

drug requirements. (56) Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation practiced by patients of

late and recent myocardial infarcts help them in lesser need for drugs, early

ambulation and quicker rehabilitation and may reduce the chances of other

complications. (57) The regular decrease in all lipid parameters except HDL in

subjects practicing yoga may be the reason for the beneficial effect of yoga seen in

coronary artery disease.(58)

Pranayama and Asanas like Dhanurasana, Sarvangasana, Paschimottasana and

Halasana are effective in reducing the blood glucose level, stabilizing autonomic

functions (59) and improving nerve function in mild to moderate type II diabetes with


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reduces the requirement for medication and increases the peak expiratory flow rate.

(6) Yogic breathing also has an overall positive effect on patients with moderate to

severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. (9)

CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS

Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of bodys circulatory and respiratory system to

supply fuel and oxygen during sustained physical activity. (61) Cardiorespiratory

fitness is responsible for prolonged use of large muscles of the body which depends

on cardiovascular and respiratory system. Low cardiorespiratory fitness is a risk factor

for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.VO2max also called aerobic

capacity is most widely accepted parameter to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness. (2)

DETERMINANTS OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION:

In essence there are three major factors determining maximal oxygen consumption

1. Cardiac output (the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute)

2. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood (determined by haemoglobin in red

blood cells)

3. The amount of exercising skeletal muscle and the ability of muscle to utilize

supplied oxygen.


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CARDIAC OUTPUT;

Cardiac output is defined as the mathematical product of heart rate times stroke

volume. Heart rate is the number of times the heart contracts per minute. Stroke

volume is the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per stroke.

The ventricles of the heart fill the blood during a period of time called diastole .The

ventricles are maximally filled at a time just before the heart contracts called end

diastole. The contraction phase is referred to as systole. When the ventricles are

maximally emptied (there is still some blood remaining in them) this period is called

end systole. Consequently stroke volume equals diastolic volume end systolic

volume. Very healthy hearts empty a greater percentage of their end diastolic volume.

Cardiac output in a resting individual of average size is about 5 litres/minute. In an

untrained individual heart rate is about 72 beats per minute so stroke volume is about

70 millilitres .Maximal heart rates are related to age and appears to be unrelated to the

level of fitness. The rule of predicting maximal heart rate by subtracting age from 220

is good index of maximum heart rate but it is far from precise and may differ by 20

beats or more for individuals of the same age.

Stroke volume also typically increases with exercise and maximal cardiac output in

highly trained individuals may attain 40 liters/minute. The ability to generate high


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OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY;

Red blood cells the principle cellular component of the blood carry an iron containing

protein called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin has binding sites for oxygen and when

blood is in the presence (as in the pulmonary circulation) of oxygen is avidly bound to

haemoglobin. When blood reaches portions of the circulation that utilize oxygen for

energy production (such as skeletal muscle during exercise) oxygen is less avidly

bound to haemoglobin and the red blood cells for consumption by the tissues.

In most individuals the amount of haemoglobin in the blood is about 15 grams/l00ml

of blood. Each gram of haemoglobin can bind about 1.34 millilitres of oxygen. So 15

grams/l00ml of haemoglobin carries about 20 millilitres of oxygen after it has passed

through the lungs. Depending on the speed with which blood passes through

metabolically active tissues oxygen levels in the blood can be below 3 millilitres per

100 millilitres. The ability of the tissues to take oxygen from the blood is referred to

as extraction of oxygen.

SKELETAL MUSLE MASS ;

Of the three factors determining maximal oxygen consumption the most important in

terms of training adaptations is the role of skeletal muscle. The larger the mass of the

exercising skeletal muscle the greater the potential for increasing whole body oxygen


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Effect of yoga on VO2 max

Mark D Trans and his associates studied the effect of 8 weeks of Hatha yoga practice

on Health-related aspects of physical fitness and shown that it causes a significant

increase in VO2 max. (64) Studies have shown that 6 months of Surya Namaskara

practice produces an improvement in VO2 max.(34) Studies show that 6 weeks of

yoga practice bring about a significant improvement in VO2 max. (65, 66)


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

SOURCE OF DATA:

The present study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Sri Siddhartha

Medical College, Tumkur from November 2008 to may 2010. Ethical clearance for

the study protocol was obtained from institute ethical committee.50 healthy subjects,

28 males and 22 females of age group 20-40 years were selected randomly from a

group of participants visiting the yoga centre in Tumkur who had not started

practicing yoga but were keen on learning. The same subjects were chosen as both

study as well as control group in order to minimize the confounding factors and make

the study more reproducible.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

The subjects who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected after taking a

detailed clinical history as in the proforma. The health of the subject was assessed by

noting the present, family and personal history and also by a through general and

systemic examination.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Healthy individual from age 20-40 years with apparently no major illness joining first


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C) Subject with history of Diabetes, Hypertension, and its complications

D) Subject with history of Cardiovascular and Renal diseases

E) Subject on any medication

The subjects were explained about the importance and procedure of the study. An

informed consent was obtained from all the members. The subjects were asked not to

change their life style during the 6 weeks of the study and were instructed not to

perform any other physical exercises if they were not doing the same regularly.

Parameters used

Data on physical characteristics such as age, height, weight and body mass

index (BMI) were obtained. BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m) 2. The

following parameters were measured before practice of yoga.

1. Pulse rate (PR)

2. Systolic Blood pressure (SBP)

3. Diastolic Blood pressure(DBP)

4. VO2 max

5. Physical Fitness Index

Investigations and interventions conducted

The study involved non-invasive procedures with no financial burden on the

subjects The subjects were informed about the procedures in brief and were asked to


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blood pressure in millimetre of mercury (Hg) was recorded with a

sphygmomanometer (Diamond), in the right upper limb by auscultatory method. The

first and fifth korotkoffs phase were used to define systolic and diastolic blood

pressure. Similarly three readings were taken at an interval of 15 minutes each and

average of the three values calculated.

Estimation of VO2 max by QUEENS COLLEGE STEP TEST. (67)

Step test was performed using a stool of 16.25 inches (41.30 cm) height. Stepping was

done for a total duration of 3 minutes at the rate of 24 cycles per minute for males and

22 cycles per minute for females. After completion of exercise the subjects were

asked to remain standing comfortably and the carotid pulse rate was measured from

5th to 20th second of recovery period. This 15 second pulse rate was converted into

beats per minute and the following equation was used to predict Vo2 max.

Men: VO2 max (ml/kg/min) = 111.33 (0.42 pulse rate in beats per minute)

Women: VO2 max (ml/kg/min) = 65.81 (0.1847 x pulse rate in beats per

minute)

And physical fitness index was calculated by using the following formula:

PFI = 195.06 (3.09 step test pulse rate)


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3.Asanas 20 minutes

4. Pranayama -10 minutes

5.Meditation -10 minutes

6. Shavasana 5 to 10 minutes

The Asanas practiced were;-

I. In standing posture;

1.Vrikshasana

2.Trikonasana

3.Hastha padasana

4.Suryanamaskara

II. In sitting posture;

1.Vajrasana

2.Padmasana

3.Shashankasana

III. In prone posture

1.Makarasana

2.Bhujangasana

3.Dhanurasana


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The different type of Pranayamas performed were;-

1. Surya anuloma viloma Pranayama

2. Chandra anuloma viloma Pranayama

3. Nadisuddhi Pranayama

The session was concluded by meditation and finally shavasana.

Surya Namaskara

Surya Namaskara is performed in 12 steps Step- I Stand erect with legs together.

Bring the palms together to Namaskara mudra

Step-2: Take the hands above the head while inhaling and bend the trunk backwards

(Hasta utthanasana).

Step-3: Bend forward while exhaling and touch the forehead to the knees. Keep the

palms on the floor on either side of the legs (Padahastasana).

Step-4: Inhale and stretch the right leg back to rest on the toes. At the same time bend

the left leg, but keep the left foot in the same position. the arms should remain straight

in the same position. The gaze is directed upwards finally (Ekapadasana).

Step-5: Exhale and take the left leg back, resting only on palms and toes. Keep the

body straight from head to toes inclined to the ground at about 30. Take care to


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Step-7: Inhale and raise the trunk, making the spine concave upwards without shifting

the position of the hands and feet, Arch the back as far as you can, until the elbows

are straight. Keep the knees off the ground (Bhujangasana).

Step-8: While exhaling, without shifting the position of hands and feet raise the

buttocks; push the head down until the heels touch the ground (Parvatasana).

Step-9: inhale and bring the right leg in between the two hands. Arch the back

concave upwards as in step-4 until the right leg is perpendicular to the ground

(Ekapadasana)

Step- 10: Exhale and bring the left foot forward next to the right foot and touch the

knees by the forehead as in step-2 (Padahastasana).

StepI I Straighten the whole body as you inhale, and raise the arms above the head.

Bend the arms, head and trunk slightly backwards (Hasta utthanasana).

Step-12: This is the final pose and is same as step-1. Exhale as you assume the final

pose.

ASANAS

VRIKSHASANA


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Maintain normal slow breathing for about one minute. Come down without

over stretching.

In the final posture, the soles of the feet face upwards. heels are kept together

and the entire weight of the body is felt on the back of the feet.

PADMASANA

Done in sitting posture.

Draw the right leg along the ground and bend the knee.

Place the right foot on the left thigh near the left groin.

In the same way, bring the left foot on the right thigh near the right groin.

The soles of both feet are turned upwards with the heels almost meeting each

other in front of the pelvic bones.

Sit erect with hands on the thighs in chin mudra (touching the tips of the

thumbs with the tips of the forefingers keeping the other fingers straight) with

elbows bent.

SHASHANKASANA


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Retain the breath for a short time in the final position.

Breathe in while returning slowly to the upright position.

Slowly return to the starting position while exhaling.

BHUJANGASANA

Lie down in prone position.

Bend the arms at the elbows and place the palms beside the lower chest at the

level of the last rib exerting least pressure on the palms.

Keep the elbows close to the body and let them not spread out.

Inhale and come up.

Arch the dorsal spine and neck backwards as far as you can.

Keep the body below the naval in touch with the ground.

Maintain the final position with normal breathing for one minute with least

Pressure on the palms.

While exhaling come back to prone position.


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MAKARASANA

Lie down on the abdomen with feet wide apart, heels touching the ground and

facing each other.

Bend both the elbows and place the right palm on the left shoulder and the left

palm on the right shoulder.

Rest the chin at the point where the forearms cross each other.

Gently close the eyes.

DHANURASANA

Lie down in prone position.

Bend the knees and hold the ankles by the palms.

As you inhale, raise the head and the chest upwards. Pull the legs outward and

backwards so that the spine is arched back like a bow.

Stabilize on the abdomen.

Do not bend the elbows.

Look up.


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HALASANA

Lie down in supine position.

While inhaling raise the legs together slowly and gracefully (without bending

the knees) till it forms about 45degree to the ground.

Continue to inhale and raise the legs further to 90 degree position and

simultaneously bring the arms down placing them next to the buttocks.

While exhaling, raise the buttocks and the trunk without lifting the head

Support the back by the palms. Rest the elbows on the ground firmly to get

better support to the back.

Straighten the trunk by pushing it up with the hands till the chin is well set in

the suprasternal hollow. Inhale in this position.

While exhaling bring down the toes further to touch the ground. Release both

hands and rest the arms on the ground, fingers of both hands interlocked with

each other,

Maintain this position for one minute with normal breathing.

While inhaling come back slowly step by step to rest the trunk on the floor.


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CHAKRASANA

Lie down in supine position.

Take the hands up and place the palms on either side of the head on the ground

under the shoulders with fingers pointing towards the back.

Bend the knees and fold the legs, and place the heels on the outer side of the

buttocks.

With palms and the soles of the feet as four points of support, raise the trunk

with an inhalation arching the entire body convex upwards to look like a

wheel.

Maintain the position for about half a minute with normal breathing.

As you exhale, come back slowly step by step to supine position.

Relax in shavasana.

SHAVASANA

Lie supine on the ground with hands and feet apart.

Slightly stretch the body and allow the whole body to relax completely with


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PRANAYAMA

SURYA ANULOMA VILOMA PRANAYAMA

Sit in vajrasana.

Adopt nasika mudra (Fold index and middle fingers of the right hand into the

centre of the palm. The other fingers are extended) with your right hand.

Close the left nostril with the little and ring fingers of nasika mudra.

Inhale and exhale slowly through the right nostril only.

Keep the left nostril closed all the time during the practice.

One cycle of inhalation and exhalation forms one round.

Practise nine rounds.

CHANDRA ANULOMA VILOMA PRANAYAMA

Sit in vajrasana.

Adopt nasika mudra with your right hand.

Close the right nostril with the tip of the thumb.


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NADISUDDHI PRANAYAMA

Sit in vajrasana.

Use nasika mudra.

Close the right nostril with the right thumb and exhale completely through the

left nostril. Then inhale deeply through the same left nostril.

Close the left nostril with your ring and little finger of the nasika mudra,

release the right nostril. Now exhale slowly and completely through the right

nostril.

Inhale deeply through the same right nostril. Then close the right nostril and

exhale through the left nostril. This is one round of nadisuddhi pranayama.

Repeat nine rounds.

MEDITATION

Although meditation can be performed at any time and at any place, it is preferable to

do it at nearly the same time and at a fixed place every day, it may be done once or

twice a day, about 20 minutes each time.


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The progressive steps in meditation are:

Assume the right posture (Asana). Close your eyes.

Breathe slowly and deeply (Pranayama).

Gather your thoughts; withdraw from sensory perception (Pratyahara)

Concentrate on a chosen thing or set of things (Dharana)

Let the mind dwell on the object of concentration (Dhyana)

Come out of meditation gently.

After six weeks of yoga training once again parameters were assessed in terms of

Pulse rate, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, VO2 max, and PFI as

before the start of yoga training.

Statistical Methods: This study is pre-post study; where in the effect of six weeks of

yoga on cardiorespiratory fitness have been evaluated in normal healthy individuals.

Descriptive statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study. Results on

continuous measurements are presented on Mean SD (Min-Max) and results on

categorical measurements are presented in Number (%). Significance is assessed at 5

% level of significance. , Student t test (two tailed, dependent) has been used to find


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1. Student t-test for paired comparisons

Objective: To investigate the significance of the difference between single population

means. No assumption is made about the population variances

ns

xxt

/

)21( =

Where = 1/)(2

nddis

And di is the difference formed for each pair of observations

2.Effect Size

d =PooledSD

Meanmean 21

No effect (N) d


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3 .Significant figures

+ Suggestive significance (p value: 0.05


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RESULTS

Fifty subjects who practiced Pranayama, Yogasanas and Meditation for 6 weeks

were analyzed for the results. The results obtained were expressed as mean standard

deviation.

The age of the subjects ranged from 20-40 yrs, the mean age being 27.404.51

years. There were:

18 case in the age group of 21-25 years.

21 case in the age group of 26-30 years.

7 case between 31-35 years.

4 case between 36-40 years. [Table-1, Chart-1].

Out of the 50 cases, 28 cases were males and 22 were females [Table-2, Chart-2].

On analysis of the physical characters of the 50 subjects, the mean age (years) was

27.404.51, the mean height (m) was 1.590.12 , the mean weight (kg) was

59.707.83 and the mean BMI (kg/m2) was 23.481.06. Both the genders were age

matched with significant variation in height (P


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practice, in males resting pulse rate was 71.684.12 and it reduced to 68.214.24

(p


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5. Effect on physical fitness index:

Before the yoga practice, the physical fitness index was 60.466.43. At the

end of 6 weeks regular yoga practice, the physical fitness index increased

significantly to 66.216.87 (p


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TABLES AND CHARTS

Table -1; Age distribution of subjects studied

Age in years Number %

21-25 18 36.0

26-30 21 42.0

31-35 7 14.0

36-40 4 8.0

Total 50 100.0

Chart 1; Age distribution of subjects studied

36

42

14

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Percentages


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Table 2: Gender distribution of subjects studied

Gender Number %

Male 28 56.0

Female 22 44.0

Total 50 100.0

Chart 2 ; Gender distribution of subjects studied


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Table 3: Mean and SD ofAge, Weight , Height and BMI of the subjects studied

Total(n=50) Male(n=28) Female(n=22) pvalue

Age (yrs) 27.404.51 28.074.51 26.554.47 0.239

Height (m) 1.590.12 1.680.08 1.490.03


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Table 4: Effect of six weeks of yoga on Pulse rate (beats / min)

Pulse rate

(bpm)

Male(n=28) Female(n=22) Total(n=50)

Before

71.684.12 78.003.70 74.465.03

After

68.214.24 74.454.23 70.965.23

Significance t=16.59;p


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Table 5: Effect of Yoga on Systolic BP

Systolic BP

(mm Hg)


Before

122.2112.05 118.006.85 120.3610.23

After

121.5712.48 115.096.73 118.7210.76

Significance t=2.202;p


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g

Diastolic

BP(mm Hg)


Before78.506.90

78.364.69

78.445.97

After

77.507.86 75.825.16 76.766.80

Significance t=2.646;p=0.013* t=6.763;p


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VO2 max

(ml/kg/min)


Before

38.133.81 33.641.38 36.153.73

After

41.254.03 35.621.50 38.514.44

Significance

t=

16.63;p


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PFI Male(n=28) Female(n=22) Total(n=50)

Before

60.427.01 60.505.78 60.466.43

After

66.167.42 66.266.28 66.216.87

Significance

t=

16.630;p


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The present study involved 50 healthy subjects (22 females, 28 males) of 20-40 years

who underwent yoga training which included Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation six

days in a week for 1 hour daily for a period of six weeks. The cardiorespiratory

functions were analysed in pre and post period by measuring resting Pulse rate,

Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, VO2 max and Physical fitness

index. On analysis of results, there was highly significant decline in PR, SBP, DBP in

addition there was highly significant increase in VO2 max and PFI after six weeks of

yoga practise.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of bodys circulatory and respiratory system to

supply fuel and oxygen during sustained physical activity. Cardiorespiratory fitness is

responsible for prolonged use of large muscles of the body which depends on

cardiovascular and respiratory system. VO2max also called aerobic capacity is most

widely accepted parameter to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness.

DETERMINANTS OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION:

The major factors determining maximal oxygen consumption are-

1. Pulmonary ventilation.

Effect of yoga on respiratory system


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Usually breathing is not a conscious event and is regulated automatically by

the nervous system through the respiratory centres located in the medulla oblongata

and pons. These are the dorsal and ventral group of neurons located in the medulla,

the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre located in the pons. The activity of

these respiratory centres is in turn modified by supra-pontine influences, in the

conscious being. While the basic respiratory rhythm in normal situations is

maintained by the impulses discharged by the dorsal group of neurons, the

pneumotaxic centre indirectly controls the duration of inspiration and helps in

relaying the suprapontine impulses which promote voluntary inspiration and

expiration. During daily practice of pranayama the basic activity of the bulbo-pontine

complex is modified in such a way as to slow down its rhythm. Thus after continuous

practice of pranayama for few weeks, the bulbo-pontine complex is adjusted to the

new pattern of breathing which is slower than its basal rhythm. Also by voluntarily

prolonging the phase of inspiration and expiration, the respiratory muscles are

stretched to their full extent and the respiratory apparatus is able to work to their

maximal capacity represented by increased chest wall expansion and lung volumes.

(68)

Yoga promotes diaphragmatic breathing which is most efficient and it uses

ventilation /perfusion ratio (V/P Ratio) which in turn increases gas exchange across


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the lungs.(33)

Yoga improves respiratory muscle strength and endurance. In addition,

increased development of respiratory musculature due to regular practice of

Pranayama delays the onset of fatigue.

Effect of yoga on cardiovascular system

The decrease in resting Pulse rate, SBP and DBP after yoga practice in the

present study is in accordance with the findings of other studies on physiological

effects of yoga practise on healthy individuals. (16, 5) similar reduction in resting

pulse rate and blood pressure after yoga practice were also reported in Hypertensive

patients (54,55,56,57), in Diabetic patients. (60,61)

In the present study a highly significant reduction in PR, SBP and DBP can be

attributed to modulation of autonomic activity with parasympathetic predominance

and relatively reduced sympathetic tone. This autonomic modulation in yoga is

mediated through modification of breathing patterns which triggers various central

and autonomic mechanisms as well as mechanical and hemodynamic adjustments

causing both tonic and phasic changes in cardiovascular functioning. (11)

A t h i P th l f f b thi

pulmonary stretch receptors which bring about withdrawal of sympathetic tone in


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skeletal muscle blood vessels leading to widespread vasodilatation and decrease in

peripheral resistance and thus decrease diastolic blood pressure. (21) While practicing

pranayama one concentrates on the act of breathing which removes attention from

worries and de-stresses him. This stress free state of mind evokes relaxed responses

in which parasympathetic nerve activity overrides sympathetic activity After yoga

training, during exercise there will be more increase in cardiac output due to

decreased resting heart rate, as a result the subject can perform better and a given

level of exercise is less taxing for the heart causing milder cardiovascular response,

suggesting better exercise tolerance (39)

Effect of yoga on skeletal muscle

Various studies shown that yoga improves skeletal muscle strength due to

holding static postures in Asanas and controlled movement from one Asanas to

another. It also improves muscle endurance due to alternating recruitment of muscle

fibres from different motor units to execute specific task and improved peripheral

blood flow .(65) studies also shown that yoga converts fast twitch muscles to slow

twitch muscles thereby increasing oxygen utilization.(66)

Probably integrated effects of yoga on pulmonary ventilation, cardiac

Study limitations


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Although the present study observed the effects of yoga practice for 6 weeks,

it remains to be seen how long these changes persist after discontinuation of the yoga

practice.

CONCLUSION


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Yoga practice has shown to have widespread effects on various body systems,

in particular Cardiorespiratory functions. Several studies on yoga practice have

aroused hope for cardiac diseases like Hypertension, Coronary artery disease,

Respiratory diseases like Asthma and systemic diseases like Diabetes mellitus to

reduce complications and medication. The present study revealed the effects of six

weeks of yoga training on aerobic capacity and physical fitness in healthy individuals.

There was

Significant decrease in pulse rate and blood pressure after yoga practice

indicating a shift in cardiac autonomic balance in favour of parasympathetic

division.

Significant improvement in VO2 max after yoga practice which are considered

to be reasonably sensitive indices of the aerobic capacity and also significant

improvement in PFI.

Also, the response was similar in both genders.

Thus in a nutshell, with this study, it is proved beyond doubt, that regular

practice of yoga for minimum of 6 Weeks is beneficial in improving the

SUMMARY


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The present study was done to know the effects of six weeks yoga practice on

Aerobic capacity and Physical fitness in normal healthy individuals.

50 healthy individuals of 20 40 years age were selected randomly and given

yoga training which included Asanas ,Pranayama and Meditation. The

Cardiorespiratory status of the subjects was assessed clinically by measuring resting

Pulse rate, Blood Pressure, VO2 max and PFI before the start of yoga practice and

again after six weeks of regular yoga practice. The results were compared and

analyzed with respect to gender.

There was significant reduction in resting Pulse rate (p


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VRIKSHASANA


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NADISHUDDHIPRANAYAMA

MEDITATION


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QUEENSCOLLEGESTEPTEST

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Agalkote B H road Tumkur 57201


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Agalkote,B H road,Tumkur-57201

(Recognised by Medical Council of India & Affiliated to Bangalore

University/R.G.U.H.S)

Ph:0816-278867 Fax:0816-2752110 email: [email protected]

IINNFFOORRMMEEDD CCOONNSSEENNTT FFOORRMM

TTiittllee ooff tthhee ssttuuddyy:: EFFECT OF SIX WEEKS YOGA TRAINING ON

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND AEROBIC CAPACITY IN HEALTHY

INDIVIDUALS

Name of the participant:_______________________________

Name of the principal investigator: Dr Nagalakshmi V.

Name of the Guide : Dr Arun Kumar V J (Professor & HOD)

Name of the institution: Sri Siddhartha Medical College Hospital and Research

Centre

II ________________________________________________aaggeedd____________yyrrss rreeffeerrrreeddttoo SSrreeee

SSiiddddhhaarrtthhaa MMeeddiiccaall CCoolllleeggee,, HHoossppiittaall aanndd RReesseeaarrcchh CCeenntteerr,, TTuummkkuurr,, ffrroomm YYooggaa

cceenntteerr hhaavvee bbeeeenn eexxppllaaiinneedd iinn mmyy oowwnn llaanngguuaaggee tthhee nneeeedd ffoorr tthhee ssttuuddyy aannddQQuueeeennss

The doctor has explained my medical condition and the proposed procedure. I

understand the risks of the procedure, including the risks that are specific to me, and


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the likely outcomes.

I am able to ask questions and raise concerns with the doctor about my condition, the

procedure and its risks. My questions and concerns have been discussed and answered

to my satisfaction.

I understand that a doctor other than the Consultant may conduct the procedure. I

understand this could be a doctor undergoing further training.

I CONSENT TO HAVE THE PROCEDURE

Name _____________________ Signature of the subject _____________

DDaattee ____________________________ TTiimmee ________________________

Name _____________________ Signature of the impartial witness _________


Name _____________________ Signature of the Investigator _____________


Sri Siddhartha Medical College & Research Hospital,

Tumkur


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Department of Physiology

CLINICAL PROFORMA

Title : Effect of six weeks yoga training on physical fitness and aerobic

capacity in healthy individuals.

Name:

Age:

Sex;

Address:

Serial number:

Occupation:

Phone number:

History of presenting illness:

General Physical Examination: P I C K L E

Temperature: PR: BP:


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Temperature: PR: BP:

Wt: Ht:

Systemic Examination :

Cardiovascular system :

Respiratory system:

Central nervous system:

Per abdomen :

PARAMETERS FOR STUDY

Parameters Before yoga training After yoga training

1.Blood pressure

A) Systolic Blood

pressure(mm Hg )

B)Diastolic Blood

pressure(mm Hg )

2.Pulse rate

(beats/min)

3. Physical fitness index


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MASTER CHARTPulse Rate

(BPM)

SBP

(mmHg)

DBP

(mmHg)

VO2 max

(ml/kg/min)PFI

SlNo

NAME Age

Sex

Height

(m)

Weight

(kg)

BMI

(kg/m2)

BY AY BY AY BY AY BY AY BY AY

1 Rekha 26 F 1.56 52 21.37 72 70 110 108 70 68 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

2 Ashwini 29 F 1.52 56 24.24 82 80 118 116 84 84 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

3 Bhagirathamma 36 F 1.48 53 24.20 86 82 118 112 72 70 31.83 33.30 52.92 59.10

4 Roopashree 28 F 1.56 56 23.01 76 74 120 118 84 82 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

5 Roopa S N 26 F 1.44 50 24.11 86 80 134 128 84 80 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

6 Ramadevi 27 F 1.6 61 23.83 78 76 110 108 80 78 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

7 Sumangala 24 F 1.45 50 23.78 66 64 110 106 80 80 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

8 Nigersultana 24 F 1.52 56 24.24 74 70 120 118 80 78 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

9 Madhura 21 F 1.46 52 24.39 74 70 122 118 82 78 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

10 Sujathabhai 24 F 1.53 56 23.92 74 70 122 114 80 74 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

11 Annapoorna 36 F 1.45 50 23.78 74 72 120 118 80 76 31.83 32.56 52.92 56.01

12 Pavithra T N 28 F 1.52 56 24.24 80 76 120 116 80 76 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

13 Sulochana 34 F 1.48 52 23.74 82 82 130 132 80 82 31.83 33.30 52.92 59.10

14 Suma T S 30 F 1.47 52 24.06 82 80 124 120 82 80 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

15 Bhagya N 24 F 1.5 53 23.56 74 70 120 118 80 78 34.78 36.26 65.28 71.46


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68

16 Usha V M 28 F 1.44 48 23.15 70 68 116 112 72 68 32.56 33.30 56.01 59.10

17 Priyanka G 21 F 1.47 49 22.68 76 74 122 120 84 82 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

18 Sahana 24 F 1.52 56 24.24 78 76 118 116 72 70 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

19 Salmakhanum 28 F 1.47 52 24.06 71 70 114 110 76 72 32.56 33.30 56.01 59.10

20 Radha 22 F 1.49 53 23.87 76 72 112 110 74 70 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

21 Madhura 23 F 1.46 48 22.52 68 64 104 104 70 68 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

22 Pallavi 21 F 1.46 52 24.39 76 70 112 110 78 74 36.26 37.74 71.46 77.64

23 Amarkumar 21 M 1.68 68 24.09 71 68 140 140 84 84 45.81 49.17 74.55 80.73

24 Krishnamurthy 30 M 1.72 70 23.66 71 68 140 140 84 84 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

25 Mahesh KR 33 M 1.56 58 23.83 82 78 124 124 80 80 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

26 Shivaprasad 26 M 1.54 58 24.46 74 72 124 124 80 80 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28

27 Gopalkrishna 28 M 1.76 73 23.57 86 82 134 134 86 86 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

28 Rajesh 30 M 1.7 65 22.49 64 62 120 120 80 80 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

29 Abhishek 28 M 1.74 64 21.14 76 70 122 122 76 76 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

30 Nagendrappa 27 M 1.62 64 24.39 80 78 126 126 88 88 35.73 35.73 56.01 56.01

31 Mohankumar 25 M 1.73 57 19.05 70 66 128 128 70 70 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

32 Jayram T R 34 M 1.75 73 23.84 72 68 136 136 84 84 34.05 39.09 52.92 62.19

33 Sridharsingh 22 M 1.81 75 22.89 74 70 120 120 82 82 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64


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34 Pramod S 22 M 1.74 60 19.82 80 78 88 88 60 60 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

35 Nagendrappa 33 M 1.73 71 23.72 74 72 132 132 84 84 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

36 Manjunatha D 36 M 1.67 67 24.02 84 80 136 136 86 86 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

37 Rudresh 30 M 1.71 70 23.94 86 82 132 132 80 80 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

38 Manjunath 22 M 1.72 68 22.99 68 66 106 106 80 80 42.45 47.49 68.37 77.64

39 Mahesh K R 28 M 1.63 61 22.96 78 76 128 128 84 84 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28

40 Umesh S A 26 M 1.7 70 24.22 68 64 106 106 70 70 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28

41 Nelofer 26 M 1.73 70 23.39 70 68 106 106 70 70 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

42 Shankara 25 M 1.8 75 23.15 84 80 132 132 86 86 40.77 44.13 65.28 71.46

43 Shakeel Ahmed 28 M 1.68 67 23.74 74 70 122 122 78 78 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

44 Rajesh singh 37 M 1.68 65 23.03 83 80 130 130 86 86 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

45 Nagabhushan 31 M 1.56 57 23.42 74 70 116 112 72 68 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

46 Raju K V 24 M 1.6 60 23.44 70 68 110 110 70 66 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

47 Lokesh 32 M 1.58 60 24.03 78 72 118 114 80 74 34.05 35.73 52.92 56.01

48 Nagaraju 26 M 1.62 62 23.62 74 68 116 110 74 70 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

49 Santhoshkumar 22 M 1.58 60 24.03 76 70 118 116 74 70 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

50 Vijaykumar D 34 M 1.58 60 24.03 74 70 112 110 70 64 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

MASTER CHART


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Pulse Rate(BPM)

SBP(mmHg)

DBP(mmHg)

V02 max(Ml/kg/min)

PFI

SlNo

NAME AgeHeight

(m)Weight

(kg)BMI

(kg/m2)

BY AY BY AY BY AY BY AY BY AY

1 Rekha 26 1.56 52 21.37 72 70 110 108 70 68 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

2 Ashwini 29 1.52 56 24.24 82 80 118 116 84 84 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

3 Bhagirathamma 36 1.48 53 24.20 86 82 118 112 72 70 31.83 33.30 52.92 59.104 Roopashree 28 1.56 56 23.01 76 74 120 118 84 82 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

5 Roopa S N 26 1.44 50 24.11 86 80 134 128 84 80 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

6 Ramadevi 27 1.6 61 23.83 78 76 110 108 80 78 33.30 34.78 59.10 65.28

7 Sumangala 24 1.45 50 23.78 66 64 110 106 80 80 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

8 Nigersultana 24 1.52 56 24.24 74 70 120 118 80 78 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

9 Madhura 21 1.46 52 24.39 74 70 122 118 82 78 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

10 Sujathabhai 24 1.53 56 23.92 74 70 122 114 80 74 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

11 Annapoorna 36 1.45 50 23.78 74 72 120 118 80 76 31.83 32.56 52.92 56.01

12 Pavithra T N 28 1.52 56 24.24 80 76 120 116 80 76 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

13 Sulochana 34 1.48 52 23.74 82 82 130 132 80 82 31.83 33.30 52.92 59.10

14 Suma T S 30 1.47 52 24.06 82 80 124 120 82 80 32.56 34.04 56.01 62.19

15 Bhagya N 24 1.5 53 23.56 74 70 120 118 80 78 34.78 36.26 65.28 71.46

16 Usha V M 28 1.44 48 23.15 70 68 116 112 72 68 32.56 33.30 56.01 59.10

17 Priyanka G 21 1.47 49 22.68 76 74 122 120 84 82 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

18 Sahana 24 1.52 56 24.24 78 76 118 116 72 70 34.04 35.52 62.19 68.37

19 Salmakhanum 28 1.47 52 24.06 71 70 114 110 76 72 32.56 33.30 56.01 59.10

20 Radha 22 1.49 53 23.87 76 72 112 110 74 70 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

21 Madhura 23 1.46 48 22.52 68 64 104 104 70 68 35.52 37.00 68.37 74.55

22 Pallavi 21 1.46 52 24.39 76 70 112 110 78 74 36.26 37.74 71.46 77.64

23 Amarkumar 21 1.68 68 24.09 71 68 140 140 84 84 45.81 49.17 74.55 80.73

24 Krishnamurthy 30 1.72 70 23.66 71 68 140 140 84 84 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

25 Mahesh KR 33 1.56 58 23.83 82 78 124 124 80 80 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

26 Shivaprasad 26 1.54 58 24.46 74 72 124 124 80 80 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28


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27 Gopalkrishna 28 1.76 73 23.57 86 82 134 134 86 86 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.3728 Rajesh 30 1.7 65 22.49 64 62 120 120 80 80 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

29 Abhishek 28 1.74 64 21.14 76 70 122 122 76 76 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

30 Nagendrappa 27 1.62 64 24.39 80 78 126 126 88 88 35.73 35.73 56.01 56.01

31 Mohankumar 25 1.73 57 19.05 70 66 128 128 70 70 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

32 J ayram T R 34 1.75 73 23.84 72 68 136 136 84 84 34.05 39.09 52.92 62.19

33 Sridharsingh 22 1.81 75 22.89 74 70 120 120 82 82 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

34 Pramod S 22 1.74 60 19.82 80 78 88 88 60 60 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

35 Nagendrappa 33 1.73 71 23.72 74 72 132 132 84 84 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

36 Manjunatha D 36 1.67 67 24.02 84 80 136 136 86 86 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

37 Rudresh 30 1.71 70 23.94 86 82 132 132 80 80 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

38 Manjunath 22 1.72 68 22.99 68 66 106 106 80 80 42.45 47.49 68.37 77.64

39 Mahesh K R 28 1.63 61 22.96 78 76 128 128 84 84 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28

40 Umesh S A 26 1.7 70 24.22 68 64 106 106 70 70 39.09 40.77 62.19 65.28

41 Nelofer 26 1.73 70 23.39 70 68 106 106 70 70 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

42 Shankara 25 1.8 75 23.15 84 80 132 132 86 86 40.77 44.13 65.28 71.46

43 Shakeel Ahmed 28 1.68 67 23.74 74 70 122 122 78 78 39.09 42.45 62.19 68.37

44 Rajesh singh 37 1.68 65 23.03 83 80 130 130 86 86 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

45 Nagabhushan 31 1.56 57 23.42 74 70 116 112 72 68 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

46 Raju K V 24 1.6 60 23.44 70 68 110 110 70 66 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

47 Lokesh 32 1.58 60 24.03 78 72 118 114 80 74 34.05 35.73 52.92 56.01

48 Nagaraju 26 1.62 62 23.62 74 68 116 110 74 70 35.73 39.09 56.01 62.19

49 Santhoshkumar 22 1.58 60 24.03 76 70 118 116 74 70 44.13 47.49 71.46 77.64

50 Vijaykumar D C 34 1.58 60 24.03 74 70 112 110 70 64 34.05 37.41 52.92 59.10

Documents

Nagalakshmi V