NAEIS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REGULATED …€¦ · Version Date Created By Reviewed By Description 1.0 30/03/2015 Sindi Mashele/Patience Gwaze Initial Version 2.0 December

2018

NAEIS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

REGULATED SECTORS

Version Date Created By Reviewed By Description

1.0 30/03/2015 Sindi Mashele/Patience Gwaze

Initial Version

2.0 December 2017

P. Gwaze, S. Mashele and V. Gololo

Version 2. Include emission units for Section 21 listed activities and the pollutants to be reported

CONTENTS

1 NAEIS REPORTING GROUPS .........................................................................................................5

2 GROUP A REPORTING ............................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3 CATEGORY 1 COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS .................................................................................8

3.1 SUBCATEGORY 1.1: SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS ..................................................................... 8 3.2 SUBCATEGORIES 1.2, 1.4, AND 1.5: ......................................................................................................... 9 3.3 SUBCATEGORIES 1.3 10 3.4 SUBCATEGORIES 1.6: SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS.............................................................. 11

4 CATEGORY 2: PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, THE PRODUCTION OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID FUELS AS

WELL AS PETROCHEMICALS FROM CRUDE OIL, COAL, GAS OR BIOMASS ........................................... 12

4.1 SUBCATEGORY 2.1: COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS .................................................................................... 12 4.2 SUBCATEGORY 2.2: CATALYTIC CRACKING UNITS .................................................................................... 12 4.3 SUBCATEGORY 2.3: SULPHUR RECOVERY UNITS ..................................................................................... 12 4.4 SUBCATEGORY 2.4: STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ................................................... 13

5 CATEGORY 3: CARBONIZATION AND COAL GASIFICATION ........................................................... 14

5.1 SUBCATEGORY 3.1: INDUSTRIAL FUEL OIL RECYCLERS ............................................................................. 14 5.2 SUBCATEGORY 3.2: COKE PRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 14 5.3 SUBCATEGORY 3.3: TAR PROCESSES .................................................................................................... 15 5.4 SUBCATEGORY 3.4: CHAR AND CHARCOAL AND CARBON BLACK PRODUCTION .............................................. 15 5.5 SUBCATEGORY 3.5: ELECTRODE PASTE PRODUCTION .............................................................................. 16 5.6 SUBCATEGORY 3.6: SYNTHETIC GAS PRODUCTION AND CLEAN-UP ............................................................. 16

6 CATEGORY 4: METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY ................................................................................. 17

6.1 SUBCATEGORY 4.1: DRYING AND CALCINING ........................................................................................... 17 6.2 SUBCATEGORY 4.2 COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS .................................................................................... 17 6.3 SUBCATEGORY 4.3: PRIMARY ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION ............................................................................ 19

6.3.1 Bayer Process ......................................................................................................................... 19 6.3.2 Hall-Heroult aluminium smelting process .................................................................................... 21

6.4 SUBCATEGORY 4.4: SECONDARY ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION ....................................................................... 22 6.5 SUBCATEGORY 4.5: SINTER PLANTS ...................................................................................................... 23 6.6 SUBCATEGORY 4.6: BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES ....................................................................................... 24 6.7 SUBCATEGORY 4.7: ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY) ................................................ 24 6.8 SUBCATEGORY 4.8: BLAST FURNACES ................................................................................................... 25 6.9 SUBCATEGORY 4.9: FERRO-ALLOY PRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 26 6.10 SUBCATEGORY 4.10: FOUNDRIES ......................................................................................................... 27 6.11 SUBCATEGORY 4.11: AGGLOMERATION OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 28 6.12 SUBCATEGORY 4.12: PRE-REDUCTION AND DIRECT REDUCTION ................................................................ 29 6.13 SUBCATEGORY 4.13: LEAD SMELTING ................................................................................................... 30 6.14 SUBCATEGORY 4.14: PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF ZINC, NICKEL AND CADMIUM ................................... 30 6.15 SUBCATEGORY 4.15: PROCESSING OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, BERYLLIUM, CHROMIUM AND SILICON ................... 31 6.16 SUBCATEGORY 4.16: SMELTING AND CONVERTING OF SULPHIDE ORES ....................................................... 32 6.17 SUBCATEGORY 4.17: PRECIOUS AND BASE METAL PRODUCTION AND REFINING ............................................ 33

6.17.1 Platinum Production ................................................................................................................. 33 6.17.2 Gold Production ....................................................................................................................... 34

6.17.3 Titanium Production ................................................................................................................. 35 6.18 SUBCATEGORY 4.18: VANADIUM ORE PROCESSING ................................................................................. 36 6.19 SUBCATEGORY 4.19: PRODUCTION AND OR CASTING OF BRONZE, BRASS AND COPPER .................................. 38 6.20 SUBCATEGORY 4.20: SLAG PROCESSES ................................................................................................ 38 6.21 SUBCATEGORY 4.21: METAL RECOVERY ................................................................................................ 39 6.22 SUBCATEGORY 4.22: HOT DIP GALVANIZING ........................................................................................... 40 6.23 SUBCATEGORY 4.23: METAL SPRAY ...................................................................................................... 40

7 CATEGORY 5: MINERAL PROCESSING, STORAGE AND HANDLING SUBCATEGORY ....................... 42

7.1 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF ORE AND COAL .......................................................................................... 42 7.2 SUBCATEGORY 5.2: DRYING 43 7.3 SUBCATEGORY 5.3: CLAMP KILNS FOR BRICK PRODUCTION ....................................................................... 44 7.4 SUBCATEGORY 5.5: CEMENT PRODUCTION (USING CONVENTIONAL FUELS AND/OR RESOURCES) ....................... 46 7.5 SUBCATEGORY 5.5: CEMENT PRODUCTION (USING ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND/OR RESOURCES) .......................... 47 7.6 SUBCATEGORY 5.6: LIME PRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 48 7.7 SUBCATEGORY 5.7: LIME PRODUCTION (USING ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND/OR RESOURCES) ............................... 49 7.8 SUBCATEGORY 5.8: GLASS AND MINERAL WOOL PRODUCTION ................................................................... 50

7.8.1 Glass and Fibreglass Production ............................................................................................... 50 7.8.2 Glass and Fibreglass Production ............................................................................................... 53

7.9 SUBCATEGORY 5.9: CERAMIC PRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 55 7.10 SUBCATEGORY 5.10: MACADAM PREPARATION ....................................................................................... 57 7.11 SUBCATEGORY 5.11: ALKALI PROCESSES .............................................................................................. 59 7.12 CATEGORY 6: ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY ........................................................................................ 60

8 CATEGORY 7: INORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY ....................................................................... 60

8.1 SUBCATEGORY 7.1: PRODUCTION AND OR USE IN MANUFACTURING OF AMMONIA, FLUORINE, FLUORINE COMPOUNDS,

CHLORINE, AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE 60 8.2 SUBCATEGORY 7.2: PRODUCTION OF ACIDS ........................................................................................... 61 8.3 SUBCATEGORY 7.3: PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ...................................................................... 62 8.4 SUBCATEGORY 7.4: PRODUCTION, USE IN PRODUCTION OR RECOVERY OF ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, BERYLLIUM, CADMIUM,

CHROMIUM, COBALT, LEAD, MERCURY, AND OR SELENIUM, BY THE APPLICATION OF HEAT. ......................................... 62 8.5 SUBCATEGORY 7.5: PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM CARBIDE ........................................................................... 63 8.6 SUBCATEGORY 7.6: PRODUCTION OR USE OF PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHATE SALTS NOT MENTIONED ELSEWHERE64 8.7 SUBCATEGORY 7.7: PRODUCTION OF CAUSTIC SODA ............................................................................... 65

9 CATEGORY 8: THERMAL TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND GENERAL WASTE .............................. 66

9.1 SUBCATEGORY 8.1: THERMAL TREATMENT OF GENERAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE ......................................... 66 9.2 SUBCATEGORY 8.2: CREMATORIA AND VETERINARY WASTE INCINERATION ................................................... 67 9.3 SUBCATEGORY 8.3: BURNING GROUNDS ................................................................................................ 67 9.4 SUBCATEGORY 8.4: DRUM RECYCLING PROCESSES ................................................................................. 68

10 CATEGORY 9: PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING BY-PRODUCTS

RECOVERY ....................................................................................................................................... 70

10.1 SUBCATEGORY 9.1: LIME RECOVERY KILN .............................................................................................. 70 10.2 SUBCATEGORY 9.2: ALKALI RECOVERY FURNACES .................................................................................. 71 10.3 SUBCATEGORY 9.3: CHEMICAL RECOVERY COPELAND REACTORS .............................................................. 72 10.4 SUBCATEGORY 9.4: CHLORINE DIOXIDE PLANTS ...................................................................................... 72 10.5 SUBCATEGORY 9.5: WOOD BURNING, DRYING AND THE PRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURED WOOD PRODUCTS ..... 72

11 CATEGORY 10: ANIMAL MATTER PROCESSING ......................................................................... 73

12 MINE AND QUARRIES REPORTING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................. 75

12.1 EMISSION SOURCES IN THE MINING SECTOR ........................................................................................... 75 12.2 OPEN CAST MINING 75 12.3 UNDERGROUND MINING 76 12.4 QUARRIES 76 12.5 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN IN THE SECTOR .............................................................................................. 76 12.6 CONTROLS WILL INCLUDE: 77 12.7 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES ................................................................................................ 77 12.8 TIER 1 DEFAULT APPROACH (NAEIS APPROACH) ..................................................................................... 78 12.9 EXAMPLES: 80

13 SECTION 23 REPORTING ......................................................................................................... 80

13.1 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN FROM SMALL BOILERS ..................................................................................... 80 13.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES ................................................................................................ 81 13.3 TIER 1 EMISSION FACTOR DEFAULT APPROACH ........................................................................................ 82

13.3.1 Tier 1 NSC and Emission Factors .............................................................................................. 82 13.4 TIER 2 TECHNOLOGY/ACTIVITY- SPECIFIC APPROACH ............................................................................... 84

13.4.1 Tier 2 -Technology/Activity- NSC and Emission Factors ............................................................... 85 13.5 UNCERTAINTIES IN METHODOLOGIES ..................................................................................................... 87 13.6 CONCLUSION 87 13.7 REFERENCES 87 13.8 APPENDIX 87

13.8.1 Annexure A: Tier 1 Biomass Emission Factors ............................................................................ 87 13.8.2 Annexure A1: Biomass Net Calorific Values ................................................................................ 89 13.8.3 Annexure B: Tier 1 anthracite Coal Emission Factors .................................................................. 90 13.8.4 Annexure C: Tier 1 Lignite Coal Emission Factors ....................................................................... 90 13.8.5 Annexure D: Tier 1 Bituminous Coal Emission Factors ................................................................ 91 13.8.6 Annexure E: Tier 1 Residual Oil Emission Factors ....................................................................... 92 13.8.7 Annexure F: Tier 1 Diesel Oil Emission Factors......................................................................... xciii

14 REPORTING PARTICULATE MATTER IN NAEIS ...................................................................... XCIII

1 INTRODUCTION

This document provides guidance on how to develop emissions inventories from point sources and non-point sources. It gives guidance to the method that could be followed to estimate the emissions and the pollutants to be considered.

2 NAEIS REPORTING GROUPS

Group Emission source

Data provider NAEIS Reporting Requirements

Relevant Authority

A

Listed activity in terms of Section 21(1) of the Act.

Any person that undertakes a listed activity in terms of Section 21(1) of the Act.

Emission reports must be made in the format required for NAEIS and should be in accordance with the atmospheric emission license or provisional atmospheric emission license.

Licensing authority.

B Controlled emitter.

Any person that undertakes a listed activity in terms of Section 21(1) of the Act and uses an appliance or conducts an activity which has been declared a controlled emitter in terms of Section 23(1) of the Act. Any relevant air quality officer receiving emission reports as contemplated under notice made in terms of Section 23 of the AQA.

Any information that is required to be reported in terms of the Notice published in the Gazette in terms of Section 23 of the Act.

The relevant air quality officer as contemplated under the notice made in terms of Section 23 of the Act.

C

Mines. Any person, that holds a mining right or permit in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002).

Emission reports must be made in the format required for NAEIS.

Relevant air quality officer.

D Facilities with criteria pollutants who are not listed in group A and B.

Any person that operates facilities which generate criteria pollutants who do not report in terms of group A and B in accordance with the applicable Municipal By-law.

Emission reports must be made in the format required for NAEIS.

Relevant air quality officer.

3 ESTIMATING EMISSIONS

Reporting of Section 21 facilities is informed by the processes the facilities operates and are generating emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. For each process/listed activity, this guideline provides emission units to be reported to NAEIS, pollutants per emission unit and the methodology for estimating emissions. There are various methods to estimate emission inventory and they include emissions factors, direct measurements, mass balance and process modelling. The emission report with detailed methodology must be provided as part of supporting document for emission values reported on NAEIS. The report must state the step by step process followed to calculate emissions including all the assumptions. This report forms part of evidence that will be used during the auditing process.

3.1 Estimating Emissions from Measurements Emissions from point sources can be easily measured following Methods stipulated in Section 21. For the measurement to be valid the sample must be representative of the bulk gas stream. There are continuous and periodic measurement techniques. Continuous measurements are more reliable and more representative than periodic measurement particularly for inventory compilation. Periodic measurement is just a point in space whilst continuous measurements give the entire space. Direct measurements can be used to estimate emissions from the process provided they meet the following requirements:

The measurement must be representative of the bulk stream (Stack). The measurements, must be

conducted in accordance with the methods stipulated in Section 21

The number of measurements must be spatially distributed to account for process variability for the

reporting period

Facilities using CEM must report estimate emissions based on their measurements. This implies that if a facility is measuring NOx continuously, the NOx emissions must be estimated using data from the CEM.

3.2 Estimating Emissions from Process Modelling Process modelling is an advanced form of mass balance. In this method the entire process is modelled and simulated to calculate all the process streams, species, phases, physical properties and other operating parameters. The models are developed considering the mass balance, energy balance and the momentum balance. Thus the process thermodynamic is fully accounted for. In most cases the models are fully calibrated and verified before they are used in practise. If the facility elects to use this method, the actual model must be made available for purpose of inventory auditing.

3.3 Estimating Emissions from Mass Balance Mass balance can be used estimate emissions where streams entering and leaving the process are well understood. The fundamental principle of this method is based on defining and understanding the boundary of conditions of the process. This method also requires a full understanding of the process chemistry in particular the transformation of chemical species and their phases.

Not all pollutants can be easily estimated using mass balance. PM is one of the difficult pollutants to calculate using mass balance. The biggest challenge is accounting for all streams entering and leaving the system. Furthermore, PM is a mixture of various substances which add another complexity is the calculations. It is even more cumbersome to estimate PM10 and PM2.5. In general gases are much easier to estimate using mass balance than PM. Anyone using this method must provide in their emissions report a step by step description of the method with all the assumption stated.

3.4 Estimating Emissions using Emission Factors Emission factors can be used for processes or sources where direct measurements cannot be undertaken or the measurements are not sufficient to represent the emissions variability for the reporting period. NAEIS contains a database of emission factors, based on the US AP 42 database, EU, International Emission Factor Databases: OECD, IPCC and other databases for a range of activities. The emission factors can be used to estimate emissions:

Where there are no site-specific measurements for specific pollutants. For example, few facilities measure

CO or heavy metals, thus emission factors can be used to complete the inventory report with all relevant

pollutants

NAEIS emission factors are useful defaults or for crosschecking other estimation methodologies

In cases where facilities use local, site specific or other emission factors to estimate emissions, the emission factors must be peer-reviewed (proof of such review supplied), and the estimation measurements provided as evidence. The Section 4 to 12 gives guidance for reporting of emissions for all Section 21 listed activities. These sections provide different emission units and the associated pollutants that should be reported. It is important to note that the list of emission units is not exhaustive. The reporting facility must include all units emitting emissions to the atmosphere even though it might not appear of the list. Further guidelines on direct emission measurements will be provided in the Emission Monitoring Norms and Standards.

4 CATEGORY 1 COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS

4.1 Subcategory 1.1: Solid Fuel Combustion Installations

Subcategory

NAEIS Emission Units

Material Throughout Emission Inventory Estimation Methodology

Pollutants to be reported to NAEIS

Subcategory 1.1

Boilers

Anthracite coal

Bituminous coal

Subbituminous coal

Lignite

Coke

NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx,

CO

Pb

NH3

NMVOCs

Blender Conveyer belts Transfer points Mill/Crusher Stock Piles Ash dam, Sludge

Anthracite coal

Bituminous coal

Subbituminous coal

Lignite

Coke

Fly-ash

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

4.2 Subcategories 1.2, 1.4, and 1.5:

Subcategory NAEIS Emission Units Material Throughout

Emission Inventory Estimation Methodology

Pollutants to be Reported to NAEIS

Subcategory 1.2 1.4, and 1.5:

Boilers

Turbines

Reciprocating engines

Diesel

Natural

gas

LPG

NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

Pb

NMVOCs

Storage tanks prescribed in Sub category 2.4

Fuel storage tanks and

transfer points (loading and

offloading points, working

and standing emissions)

Diesel

Natural

gas

LPG

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions e.g., Tanks Model to estimate VOCs. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

NMVOCs

Benzene

4.3 Subcategories 1.3




Subcategory 1.3: Solid biomass Combustion Installations

Boilers

Solid

biomass


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NH3

NMVOCs

Storage facilities

Processing units

(cleaning, chipping,

blending)

Drying units

Conveyor belts and

transfer points

Solid

biomass

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

NMVOCs

4.4 Subcategories 1.6: Solid Waste Combustion Installations

Subcategory

NAEIS Emission Units Material Throughout



Subcategory 1.6: Solid waste Combustion Installations

Boilers

Solid

waste


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NH3

NMVOCs

Heavy metals

Mercury

HF

Cadmium and Thallium

Dioxins and furans

HCl

Storage facilities

Processing units (cleaning,

chipping, blending)

Drying units, Conveyor belts

and transfer points

Solid

biomass

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

NMVOCs

H2S

5 CATEGORY 2: PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, THE PRODUCTION OF GASEOUS AND

LIQUID FUELS AS WELL AS PETROCHEMICALS FROM CRUDE OIL, COAL, GAS

OR BIOMASS

5.1 Subcategory 2.1: Combustion Installations

Subcategory NAEIS Emission Units



Subcategory 2.1 Combustion Installations

Heaters and

furnaces

Fuel (explicit for

specific operations)

For standard fuels, NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

5.2 Subcategory 2.2: Catalytic Cracking Units


Material Throughout



Subcategory 2.2: Catalytic Cracking Units

Cracking

Unit

Petroleum NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

H2S

5.3 Subcategory 2.3: Sulphur Recovery Units


Material Throughout



Subcategory 2.3: Sulphur Recovery

Sulphur

Recovery

Fuel Gas NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

NMVOCs

H2S

SO2

5.4 Subcategory 2.4: Storage and Handling of Petroleum Products




Sub category 2.4


transfer points (loading and

offloading points, working

and standing emissions)

Liquid fuels

(diesel,

petrol, etc.)


NMVOCs

Benzene

6 CATEGORY 3: CARBONIZATION AND COAL GASIFICATION

6.1 Subcategory 3.1: Industrial Fuel Oil Recyclers




Subcategory 3.1: Industrial Fuel Oil Recyclers

Heaters and

furnaces

Fuel (explicit for

specific

operations)

For standard fuels, NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

6.2 Subcategory 3.2: Coke Production




Subcategory 3.2: Coke Production

Furnace

Coal for coal

production


PM10

PM2.5

H2S

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

NH3

Blender

Conveyer

belts

Transfer

points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Ash dam

Sludge

Anthracite coal

Bituminous coal

Subbituminous coal

Lignite

Coke

Fly-ash


PM10

PM2.5

6.3 Subcategory 3.3: Tar Processes




Subcategory 3.3: Tar Production

Heater

Tar NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 Or CEM Stack Monitoring results

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Storage tanks prescribed in Sub category 2.4


transfer points (loading

and offloading points,

working and standing

emissions)

Liquid fuels

(diesel,

petrol, etc)


NMVOCs

Benzene

6.4 Subcategory 3.4: Char and Charcoal and Carbon Black Production

Section 21 Category




Category 3: Combustion Installations

Subcategory 3.4: Char and charcoal and carbon black production

Furnace

Biomass for

charcoal

production

Coal for

char

production

Oil from

carbon

black


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

PAHs

Blender

Conveyer

belts

Transfer

points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Briquetting

Biomass or coal Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

6.5 Subcategory 3.5: Electrode Paste Production


Material Throughout



Subcategory 3.5: Electrode Paste

Furnace/Kiln or

Calciner

Coal


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Coal/coke Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

6.6 Subcategory 3.6: Synthetic Gas Production and Clean-up




Subcategory 3.5: Synthetic gas production and cleaning

Gasifier

Coal


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NMVOCs

H2S

NH3

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Ash dam

Coal Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

7 CATEGORY 4: METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY

7.1 Subcategory 4.1: Drying and Calcining




Subcategory 4.1: Drying and Calcining

Calciner

Drying Kiln

Drier

Type of fuel used in generating heat

Emissions estimated from facility using CEM Stack Monitoring results etc., Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Fuel handling (e.g., for coal include blender, conveyer belts, Transfer points, Mill/Crusher, stock piles, ash dam)

Type of fuel used in

generating heat


PM10

PM2.5

Fuel handling – liquid or gas include fuel storage units

1. Type of fuel used in

generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

7.2 Subcategory 4.2 Combustion Installations




Subcategory 4.1: Drying and Calcining

Process Heater Type of fuel used in generating heat


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs



generating heat


PM10

PM2.5






generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

7.3 Subcategory 4.3: Primary Aluminium Production

7.3.1 Bayer Process




Subcategory

4.3: Primary Aluminium Production – Bayer Process

Blender Conveyer belts Transfer points Mill/Crusher Stock Piles Sludge

Aluminum ore NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Calciner

Drying Kiln

Drier



PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs






generating heat


PM10

PM2.5



generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

7.3.2 Hall-Heroult aluminium smelting process

Figure 1. Hall-Heroult aluminium smelting process




Subcategory 4.4: Secondary Aluminium Production

Furnace Aluminium produced

NAEIS EF based on US-AP42 or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

HF

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Tapping Aluminum

produced

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions.

PM10

PM2.5

7.4 Subcategory 4.4: Secondary Aluminium Production




Subcategory 4.4: Secondary Aluminium Production

Furnace Aluminium Produced


PM10

PM2.5

HF

SO2

NOx

NH3

CO

NMVOCs

Fuel handling (e.g., for coal include blender, conveyer belts, tapping, transfer points, Mill/Crusher, stock piles, ash dam)

Type of fuel used

in generating heat


PM10

PM2.5


4. Type of fuel used

in generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

7.5 Subcategory 4.5: Sinter Plants

Subcategory NAEIS Emission Units Material Throughout Emission Inventory Estimation Methodology


Subcategory 4.5: Sinter Plants

Sinter Plant

Material produced

specific to the Sinter

plant (lead, zinc, iron,

steel)

NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Material handled

specific to the Sinter

plant (lead, zinc, iron,

steel)


PM10

PM2.5

7.6 Subcategory 4.6: Basic Oxygen Furnaces




Subcategory

4.6: Basic Oxygen Furnaces

Furnace Steel Produced NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Tapping Steel

Produced

Use external methodologies to estimate emissions

PM10

PM2.5

7.7 Subcategory 4.7: Electric Arc Furnaces (Primary and Secondary)




Subcategory

4.7: Electric Arc Furnaces (Primary and Secondary)


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

VOCs

Metals depending on

available NAEIS EFs

Tapping

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Slag dams/waste

Iron ore Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

7.8 Subcategory 4.8: Blast Furnaces




Subcategory

4.8: Blast Furnaces


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Tapping Steel

Produced


PM10

PM2.5




Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Slag dams/waste

5.


PM10

PM2.5

7.9 Subcategory 4.9: Ferro-Alloy Production



Subcategory

4.9: Ferro-alloy Production

Furnace Alloy produced (depending on type and iron content)

NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs

Tapping

Alloy produced (depending on type and iron content)


PM10

PM2.5

7.10 Subcategory 4.10: Foundries



Subcategory 4.10: Foundries

Furnace

Alloy produced NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs

Blender Conveyer belts Transfer points Mill/Crusher Stock Piles

Alloy produced Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Tapping and casting

Alloy produced

(depending on

type and iron

content)

NAEIS EFs CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions.

PM10

PM2.5

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs



Provide evidence in the NAEIS

7.11 Subcategory 4.11: Agglomeration Operations




Subcategory 4.11: Agglomeration Operations

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles

Material

Handled


PM10

PM2.5

7.12 Subcategory 4.12: Pre-Reduction and Direct Reduction




Subcategory

4.12: Pre-Reduction and Direct Reduction

Furnace Iron ore CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

H2S

NOx

NMVOCs

CO

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Stock Piles


PM10

PM2.5

7.13 Subcategory 4.13: Lead Smelting




Subcategory

4.13: Lead Smelting

Furnace Lead Ore NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Iron ore NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Lead

Tapping and casting Lead

Produced


PM10

PM2.5

Lead

7.14 Subcategory 4.14: Production and Processing of Zinc, Nickel and Cadmium




Subcategory

4.14: Production and Processing of Zinc, Nickel and Cadmium

Furnace

Roaster

Mineral Ore NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs




Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Mineral ore NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Lead

Tapping and casting Mineral

Produced


PM10

PM2.5

Lead

7.15 Subcategory 4.15: Processing of Arsenic, Antimony, Beryllium, Chromium and Silicon




Subcategory

4.15: Processing of Arsenic, Antimony, Beryllium, Chromium and Silicon

Calciner

Furnace

Roasting

Mineral

Ore

NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Mineral ore NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Tapping and casting Mineral

Produced


PM10

PM2.5

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

7.16 Subcategory 4.16: Smelting and Converting of Sulphide Ores




Subcategory

4.16: Smelting and Converting of Sulphide Ores

Calciner

Furnace

Roasting

Sulphide Ore NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Fugitive emissions from:

Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Sulphide

Ore

NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

Tapping and casting Matte Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs

7.17 Subcategory 4.17: Precious and Base Metal Production and Refining

7.17.1 Platinum Production




Subcategory 4.17: Precious and Base Metal Production and Refining

Calciner

Furnace

Roasting

PGM Produced NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs


Leaching vessels

Precipitators

PGM

Produced

NH3

HCl

Cl

HF

H2SO4

NMVOCs


Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

PGM

Produced

NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions.

PM10

PM2.5




Slag Fumes

Stock Piles


7.17.2 Gold Production





Furnace

Gold Produced NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs


Leaching vessels

Precipitators

Gold Produced Cyanide





Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

PGM

Produced


PM10

PM2.5

7.17.3 Titanium Production





Furnace

Titanium Produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs





Leaching vessels

Precipitators

PGM

Produced

Cl


Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

PGM

Produced


PM10

PM2.5

7.18 Subcategory 4.18: Vanadium Ore Processing




Subcategory 4.18: Vanadium Ore Processing

Kiln

Calciner

Magnetite concentrate Or Vanadium bearing slag


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs

Roaster Ammonium Vanadate


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Leaching vessels

Precipitators

Ammonium

Vanadate

NH3

(NH4)2SO4


Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Magnetite

concentrate

Or

Vanadium

bearing slag


PM10

PM2.5

7.19 Subcategory 4.19: Production and or Casting of Bronze, Brass and Copper



Subcategory 4.19: Production and or Casting of Bronze, Brass and Copper

Furnace

Amount of bronze, brass or copper produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs

Tapping and casting Amount of

bronze, brass or

copper produced


PM10

PM2.5

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs

7.20 Subcategory 4.20: Slag Processes




Subcategory 4.20: Slag Processes

Furnace

Amount of Slag processed


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Slag

processed


PM10

PM2.5





Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Amount of

Slag

processed


PM10

PM2.5

7.21 Subcategory 4.21: Metal Recovery



Subcategory 4.21: Metal Recovery

Furnace

Amount of

scrap metal

processed


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


scrap metal

processed


PM10

PM2.5

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Mill/Crusher

Slag Fumes

Stock Piles

Amount of

scrap metal

processed


PM10

PM2.5

7.22 Subcategory 4.22: Hot Dip Galvanizing




Subcategory 4.22: Hot Dip Galvanizing

Galvanising Amount of galvanised product


PM10

PM2.5

HCl

Metals

depending on

available

7.23 Subcategory 4.23: Metal Spray




Subcategory 4.23: Metal Spray

Spray Booth or

Coating Line

Amount of metal sprayed


PM10

PM2.5




Metals depending

on spray

8 CATEGORY 5: MINERAL PROCESSING, STORAGE AND HANDLING

SUBCATEGORY

8.1 Storage and Handling of Ore and Coal




Subcategory 5.1: Storage and Handling

Fugitive emissions:

Blender,

Conveyer belts,

Transfer points,

Mill/Crusher

Stock piles

Ash dam

Coal and Ore

handled


PM10

PM2.5

Spontaneous

combustion

Coal

combusted


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

H2S

NOx

NMVOCs

VOCs

8.2 Subcategory 5.2: Drying




Subcategory 5.2: Drying

Calciner

Drying Kiln

Drier



PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs



generating heat


PM10

PM2.5



generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

8.3 Subcategory 5.3: Clamp Kilns for Brick Production




Subcategory 5.3: Brick Manufacturing

Kilns

Drying

Mass of

bricks

produced

NAEIS EFs Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

NMVOCs

H2S

NH3

Fugitive emissions:

Blender,

Screening

Conveyer belts,

Transfer points,

Mill/Crusher

Foaming

Coating/glazing

Stock piles

Ash dam

Coal and Ore

handled


PM10

PM2.5

8.4 Subcategory 5.5: Cement Production (using conventional fuels and/or resources)




Subcategory 5.4: Cement Production

Pre-Calciner

Kiln

Cement/Clinker produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs

Drier/Cooler Type of fuel used to generate heat


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NMVOCs

NOx

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs





Storage/Stock

Piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Clinker/Cement

Mill

Cement/Clinker

produced

Coal handled


PM10

PM2.5

8.5 Subcategory 5.5: Cement Production (using alternative fuels and/or resources)




Subcategory 5.4: Cement Production

Pre-Calciner

Kiln

Cement/Clinker produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Heavy metals

Mercury

NH3

HCl

HF

Cd +Tl

Dioxins and

Furans

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs






PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs


Storage/Stock

Piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Clinker/Cement

Mill

Cement/Clinker

produced

Coal and Waste

handled


PM10

PM2.5

8.6 Subcategory 5.6: Lime Production


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.6: Lime Production

Calciner

Kiln

Lime produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOCs

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


NAEIS EF Or

PM10

PM2.5

SO2


Material Throughout



CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

CO

VOCs

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs

Fugitive emissions

from:

Storage/Stock

Piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Clinker/Cement

Mill

Lime

produced

Coal handled


PM10

PM2.5

8.7 Subcategory 5.7: Lime Production (using alternative fuels and/or resources)


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.4: Lime Production (using alternative fuels and/or resources)

Calciner

Kiln

Lime produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

VOCs

Heavy metals

Mercury

NH3

HCl

HF

Cd +Tl

Dioxins and

Furans

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Material Throughout





PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Storage/Stock

Piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Clinker/Cement

Mill

Lime

produced

Coal and

Waste

handled


PM10

PM2.5

8.8 Subcategory 5.8: Glass and Mineral Wool Production

8.8.1 Glass and Fibreglass Production


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.7: Glass Production

Furnace

Kiln

Glass produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

VOCs

NMVOCs

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs



PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

VOCs

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Storage/Stock

Piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Glass

produced


PM10

PM2.5


Material Throughout



Pelletizing and

briquetting

Glass etching

Foaming

8.8.2 Glass and Fibreglass Production


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.7: Glass and Mineral Wool

Furnace

Kiln

Mineral Wool produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

VOCs

NMVOCs

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions.

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

VOCs

NOx

Metals depending

on available

NAEIS EFs


Material Throughout





Size reduction

crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Curing

Mineral wool

produced


PM10

PM2.5

8.9 Subcategory 5.9: Ceramic Production


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.8: Ceramic Production

Furnace

Kiln

Mass of Ceramic produced

NAEIS EF Or CEM Stack Monitoring Use external methodologies to estimate emissions.

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

HF

CO

VOCs

NMVOCs


Material Throughout




Metals depending

on available NAEIS

EFs


Size reduction

crushers

Mixer/Blender

Curing and

glazing

Ceramics

produced


PM10

PM2.5

8.10 Subcategory 5.10: Macadam Preparation

Bitumen or tar

Storage

(aggregates)Batch Heating and Mixing

(of aggregates with Bitumen)

To transport for

application on

road surface

Gas

PM

PM

PM

CO2,

SO2,

NOx,

CO2,

SO2,

NOx,

Kiln

Direct (on site)

Application

CO,

SO2,

NOx,

PM

Scrubber

ID Fan

Flue

Stack




Subcategory 5.10: Macadam Preparation

Kiln

Asphalt produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

CO

VOCs

NMVOCs

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs

Heater Type of fuel used to generate heat


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

VOCs

NOx

Metals

depending on

available NAEIS

EFs


Cement/Clinker

produced

NAEIS EFs or

PM10

PM2.5




Storage tanks

Piles

Stock piles

Crushers

Mixer/Blender

Conveyer belts

Transfer points

Coal handled Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

VOCs

8.11 Subcategory 5.11: Alkali Processes


Material Throughout



Subcategory 5.11: Alkali Production

Reactor Alkali

Produced


HCl

Leaching Ore treated NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

HCl

PM10

PM2.5

8.12 Category 6: Organic Chemicals Industry


Material Throughout



Subcategory 6: Organic Chemical Industry

Reactor Organic Material Produced


SO3

Acrylonitrile

(CH2CHCN)

Methylamines

(CH5N)

VOCs

NMVOCs

Storage Tanks Material

Stored

NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies e.g., Tanks Model, to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

NMVOCs

Benzene

9 CATEGORY 7: INORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY

9.1 Subcategory 7.1: Production and or Use in Manufacturing of Ammonia, Fluorine, Fluorine Compounds, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Cyanide


Material Throughout



Subcategory 7.1: Production and or Use in Manufacturing of Ammonia, Fluorine, Fluorine Compounds, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Cyanide

Reactor (for production of inorganic material)

Inorganic Material Produced


HF

Cl

NH3

HCN

Reactor (for use of inorganic material)



HF

Cl

NH3

HCN

9.2 Subcategory 7.2: Production of Acids


Material Throughout



Subcategory 7.2: Production of Acids

Reactor (for production of acids)



HF

SO3

HCl

H2SO4

NOx (both NO2

and NO

Reactor (for use of acids)



HF

SO3

HCl

SO2

H2SO

NOx

Storage Tanks Inorganic Material Produced


HF

SO3

HCl

H2SO4

9.3 Subcategory 7.3: Production of Chemical Fertilizer


Material Throughout



Subcategory 7.3: Production of Chemical Fertilizer

Reactor

Amount and Type of Fertiliser Produced


HF

NH3

Drier Type of fuel used to provide heat


HF

NH3

PM10

PM2.5

CO

SO2

NOx

Storage Silos Amount and Type of Fertiliser stored


HF

NH3

PM10

PM2.5

9.4 Subcategory 7.4: Production, Use in Production or Recovery of Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, and or Selenium, by the Application of Heat.


Material Throughout



Subcategory 7.4: Production, Use in Production or Recovery of Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, and or Selenium, by the Application of Heat.

Furnace

Kiln

Amount and Type of metal produced


PM10

PM2.5

Metals

Heater Type of fuel used to provide heat

NAEIS EFs or

PM10

PM2.5

CO


Material Throughout




SO2

NOx

Storage Silos Amount and Type of Metals stored


PM10

PM2.5

Metals

9.5 Subcategory 7.5: Production of Calcium Carbide


Material Throughout



Subcategory 7.5: Production of Calcium Carbide.

Furnace

Amount and calcium carbide produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx


Material Throughout



Heater/Drier Type of fuel used to provide heat


PM10

PM2.5

CO

SO2

NOx

Crushing Tapping Storage Silos

Amount and calcium carbide produced


PM10

PM2.5

9.6 Subcategory 7.6: Production or Use of Phosphorus and Phosphate Salts not mentioned elsewhere




Subcategory 7.6: Production or Use of Phosphorus and Phosphate Salts not mentioned elsewhere

Furnace

Amount of phosphorus/phosphorus salts produced


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

Heater/Drier Type of fuel used to provide heat


PM10

PM2.5

CO

SO2

NOx

Crushing Tapping Storage Silos

Amount of phosphorus/phosphorus salts produced


PM10

PM2.5

9.7 Subcategory 7.7: Production of Caustic Soda




Subcategory 7.7: Production of Caustic Soda

Electrolysis

Cell

Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda produced)


PM10

PM2.5

Cl2

Fugitive emissions from material handling

Salts NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

10 CATEGORY 8: THERMAL TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND GENERAL WASTE

10.1 Subcategory 8.1: Thermal Treatment of General and Hazardous Waste




Subcategory 8.1: Thermal Treatment of General and Hazardous Waste

Incinerator

Amount of waste treated NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

NH3

HCl

HF

VOCs

NMVOCs

Dioxins and

furans

Mercury

Heavy metals




Fugitive emissions from material handling: Crushing Shredding Mixing Waste stock Piles

Amount of waste handled


PM10

PM2.5

H2S

10.2 Subcategory 8.2: Crematoria and Veterinary Waste Incineration




Subcategory 8.2: Crematoria and Veterinary Waste Incineration

Incinerator

(crematoria)

Number of persons NAEIS EFs or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

Mercury

Incinerator

(veterinary

waste)

Amount of waste cremated


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

10.3 Subcategory 8.3: Burning Grounds




Subcategory 8.3: Burning Grounds

Burning

grounds

Amount of material burnt


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

VOCs

NMVOCs

Dioxins and

furans

10.4 Subcategory 8.4: Drum Recycling Processes




Subcategory 8.4: Drum Recycling Processes

Kiln

Drum

Cleaning

Amount of material burnt


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

NH3

HF

HCl

VOCs

NMVOCs

Dioxins and

furans

Heavy metals

Mercury

11 CATEGORY 9: PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING

BY-PRODUCTS RECOVERY

11.1 Subcategory 9.1: Lime Recovery Kiln




Subcategory 9.1: Lime Recovery Kiln

Kiln AIR DRIED UNBLEACHED PULP (Lime slug)

NAEIS EF Or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

NH3

VOCs

NMVOC

11.2 Subcategory 9.2: Alkali Recovery Furnaces




Subcategory 9.2: Alkali Recovery Furnaces

Furnace AIR DRIED UNBLEACHED PULP (Black liquor)

NAEIS EF Or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

NH3

VOCs

NMVOC

11.3 Subcategory 9.3: Chemical Recovery Copeland Reactors




Subcategory 9.3: Copeland Recovery Furnaces

Furnace AIR DRIED UNBLEACHED PULP (Black liquor)

Or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

NH3

VOCs

NMVOC

11.4 Subcategory 9.4: Chlorine Dioxide Plants



Subcategory 9.4: Chlorine Dioxide Plants

Bleacher/Reactor Pulp Or Use external methodologies to estimate emissions. Provide evidence in the NAEIS

Cl2

HCl

ClO2

11.5 Subcategory 9.5: Wood Burning, Drying and the Production of Manufactured Wood Products




Subcategory 9.5: Wood Burning, Drying and the Production of

Calciner

Drying Kiln

Drier


Emissions estimated from facility using CEM Stack Monitoring results etc.,

PM10

PM2.5

SO2

NOx

H2S




Manufactured Wood Products


NH3

CO

NMVOCs

VOCs

Material handling (e.g., for wood include blender, conveyer belts, Transfer points, Mill/Crusher, stock piles)

Amount of wood

inventory


PM10

PM2.5



generating heat


NMVOCS

Benzene

12 CATEGORY 10: ANIMAL MATTER PROCESSING




Animal Matter Processing

Digesters

Driers

Cookers

Amount of animal matter processed


PM10

PM2.5

SO2

CO

NOx

H2S

VOCs

NMVOCs

Heat Sources

refer to the

Amount and type of fuel burnt

NAEIS EFs or

PM10

PM2.5




appropriate

section on

combustion

source (either

Category 1 or

Section 23)


SO2

CO

NOx

13 MINE AND QUARRIES REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

The purpose of the section is to present the methodologies to be used in NAEIS in order to estimate emissions from the mining sector. It covers current emission estimation methodologies used internationally and how they can be applied on the NAEIS. The mining and quarrying sector reporting requirements are also outlined in the document.

13.1 Emission Sources in the Mining Sector

13.2 Open Cast Mining

Figure 1: Open Cast Mining Operations

It has been observed that open cast mining involves the following general processes:

Removal of vegetable layer (top soil)

Removal of overburden

Removal of the useful geological material

Each of these mining operations is considered an emission source, depending on the activities done to achieve the above mentioned processes. (Heurtas et al. 2012) The main activities that could lead to air emissions are listed below. Activities include: Drilling/Blasting

Loading and Unloading of Material Transportation of Material Bulldozing

Storage -Wind erosion from exposed areas and stockpiles

13.3 Underground Mining

The main activities carried out at underground coal mines that could lead to air emissions are as follows:

Earthmoving

Shaft/drift access and ventilation development

Underground drilling and blasting emissions where exhausted from the mine through

ventilation shafts

Extracting, transporting, and dumping coal

Breaking and sizing of material

Washery, workshop, and power plant operations

Transporting and placing washery rejects

Storage- wind erosion from exposed areas and stockpiles

13.4 Quarries

A "quarry" means an excavation that is open to the air and that is operated for the purpose of working, recovering and extracting stone, limestone, sandstone, dolostone, marble, granite, construction materials and any mineral other than coal, a coal bearing substance, oil sands, or oils sands-bearing substance or an ammonite shell and includes any associated infrastructure but does not include a pit. Any operations and processes are common to pits and quarries. The processing of solid rock, sand and gravel of variable nature requires similar equipment and sometimes identical operations. The processing in general requires at first the removal of material covering the deposit (overburden). This removal may involve power shovels, loading trucks, bulldozers, drag lines and dredged pumps. When the source of crushed stone is solid rock, drilling and blasting may be required to loosen the solid rock. Further operations taking place may include material size reduction (crushing), separation of the raw material into size classes (screening and sometimes washing).

13.5 Pollutants of concern in the sector

The main emissions to air from mining operations consist of wind-borne dust consisting of total suspended particulates, particulate matter (PM10) particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10µm, metals and possibly the products of combustion from blasting spontaneous combustion, vehicle usage, materials handling and, exhaust from mining equipment.

13.6 Controls will include: Watering of haul roads, benches, stockpiles: the quarry operators must be aware when hot, dry and windy conditions are likely to occur and they must take appropriate action in deploying water sprays before such conditions arise so as to prevent dust emissions. Surfactants usage allow the water to spread more effectively though being sometimes considered as environmental non-friendly

Limiting dust through technology (crusher enclosure, wet drilling, automatic sprinklers at strategic points, etc.)

Understanding the prevailing wind direction by season and plan operations accordingly. Locate stockpile function of dominant wind in the area

Implementing speed restrictions within the site based on ground moisture level

Sealing roads. US-EPA has found that dust generated from unpaved haul roads accounts for over 75% of the industry total dust emissions. Cement, bitumen or polymers can be used to reduce or suppress dust

13.7 Emission Estimation Methodologies

In general, there are five emission estimation techniques that may be used to estimate emissions from emission sources.

Sampling or direct measurement

Mass balance

Engineering calculations or Fuel analysis

Emission factors

Direct measurement cannot be applied in the mining and quarrying sector as the emissions are fugitive in nature; this is also the case for mass balance and engineering calculations.

The only method can be applied in estimating emissions in the mining and quarrying sector is emission factors, the US-EPA has done extensive work on emission factors in the mining sector. These emission factors are included in the appendix A. More detailed information on these emission factors can be found on the Compilation of emission factors database (Chapter 11.9), commonly referred to as AP-42.

There are two approaches that can be used in estimating emissions using emission factors, these are:

Tier 1 Default Approach

Tier 2 Technology/ Activity Specific Approach

13.8 Tier 1 default approach (NAEIS Approach)

The Tier 1 emission factors assume an averaged or typical technology and abatement implementation in the country and integrate all sub-processes. The emissions estimated are a function of the production capacity of the mine only as represented by equation 1.

tpolluproductiontpollu EFARE tantan Equation 1

Where: E pollutant = The emission of the specified pollutant AR production = The activity rate for the quarrying/mining EF pollutant = The emission factor for this pollutant Currently there is no study that has been conducted in South Africa on emission factors for the mining sector. The US-EPA initiated a study on emission factors in the mining sector which consisted of 7 mines. It was found that on average a mine company generates 0.726 kg of TSP and 0.180 kg of PM

10 (respectively) per Mg of coal

produced (Heurtas et al, 2012). These emission factors presented on the Table 1 can be applied to open cast coal mining facilities.

Table 1: Tier 1 Default Emission Factors for Coal Mining Facilities

Pollutant Value Unit Reference

TSP 0.726 kg/Tonne of coal produced Heurtas et al. (2012)

PM10 0.180 kg/Tonne of coal produced Heurtas et al. (2012)

Table 1: Table 2 presents emission factors for quarrying and mining of minerals OTHER than coal.

Table 2: Tier 1 Default Emission Factors for Quarrying and Mining of Minerals

Pollutant With Dust Suppression

Without Dust Suppression

Unit 95% Confidence Interval

Reference

TSP 51 102 g/Tonne mineral

0.005 1 Visschedijk et al. (2004)

PM10 25 50 g/Tonne mineral

0.005 0.25 Visschedijk et al. (2004)

PM2.5 3.8 5.0 g/Tonne mineral

0.00075 0.025 Visschedijk et al. (2004)j

Description and Applicability

of SCC Codes:

SA300100101 refers to emissions from all activities within an open cast mining facility of COAL (including drilling/blasting, loading and unloading of material, transportation of material, bulldozing and storage of stockpiles). SA300100201 refers to emissions from all activities within an open cast mining/quarrying facility of MINERALS (including drilling/blasting,

loading and unloading of material, transportation of material, bulldozing and storage of stockpiles).

SA300100102 refers to emissions from all spontaneous combustion of coal (from exposed coal faces as well as stockpiles).

SA300200301 refers to emissions from all activities within an underground mining/quarrying facility of MINERALS (including loading and

unloading of material, transportation of material, storage of stockpiles).

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 (Total Production) Section 21 Code SCC Code

Mines and Quarries Open Cast Mining Open Cast Coal Mining All Coal Mining Activities SA300100101

Create a new SCC code

based on Table 1 above.

Mines and Quarries Open Cast Mining

Open Cast Coal Mining –

Spontaneous Comb Spontaneous Combustion SA300100102 NONE

Mines and Quarries Open Cast Mining Open Cast Quarrying and Mining of Minerals

All Quarrying and Mining

Activities SA300100201

Create a new SCC code

based on Table 2 above.

Mines and Quarries Underground Mining

Underground Mining - Material

Storage and Handling Material Storage and Handling SA300200301 NONE

13.9 Examples: Question: How much TSP and PM10 are generated from an open cast coal mine with an annual turn-over of 2 million tonnes of coal? Answer: Based on NAEIS approach, the emissions produced will be TSP = 0.726 * 2 000,000 = 1,452 Tonnes PM10 = 0.180 * 2 000,000 = 360 Tonnes In NAEIS this facility will be required to report the total annual turnover of 2000,000 and the system will then calculate the TSP and PM10 emissions based on the emission factors given in Table 1. These emissions will include all the facility emissions from Section 2.1. Question 2: How much TSP and PM10 are generated from an open cast base metal mine with an annual turn-over of 200,000 tonnes of base metal? (Assuming the mine has limited dust suppression interventions) Answer: Based on NAEIS approach, the emissions produced will be TSP = 102 * 200,000 = 20.4 Tonnes PM10 = 50* 200,000 = 10,000 Tonnes PM2.5 = 5 * 200,000 = 760 Tonnes In NAEIS this facility will be required to report the total annual turnover of base metal of 200,000 and the system will then calculate the TSP and PM10 emissions based on the emission factors given in Table 2 (with limited dust suppression program). Question 3: How much TSP and PM10 are generated from an open cast base metal mine with an annual turn-over of 200,000 tonnes of base metal? (Assuming the mine has comprehensive dust suppression interventions) Answer: Based on NAEIS approach, the emissions produced will be TSP = 51 * 200,000 = 10.2 Tonnes PM10 = 25* 200,000 = 5 Tonnes PM2.5 = 3.8 * 200,000 = 0.76 Tonnes In NAEIS this facility will be required to report the total annual turnover of base metal of 200,000 and the system will then calculate the TSP and PM10 emissions based on the emission factors given in Table 2 (with effective dust suppression program).

14 SECTION 23 REPORTING

The purpose of the document is to determine an emission estimation methodology for small boilers declared under Section 23 of the Air Quality Act. It covers current emission estimation methodologies used internationally and how they can be applied on the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS).

14.1 Pollutants of concern from small boilers Small combustion installations generally have low combustion efficiency, have little or no control of exhaust gases as a result their emissions are significant. In some countries, especially those with transitioning economies plants may be outdated, polluting and in (EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009). In general, the nature of the pollutants formed during all kinds of combustion processes is the same, although the amount emitted of each of them may differ depending on the type of fuel, the combustion temperature, the

combustor conditions. (Small combustion installations: Techniques, emissions and measures for emission reduction, Krystyna Kubica, Bostjan Paradiz, Panagiota Dilara). Due to the particularly low height of the stacks used in such installations (usually not exceeding 10 m), result in more emissions at ground level and thus has more impact on human health. For the combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels, the applied technologies are similar to those used for production of thermal energy in industrial combustion activities, with the exception of simple design of smaller appliances. On the contrary the technologies for solid fuels and and biomass utilization vary widely due to different fuel properties and technical possibilities. Liquid Fuel Combustion Installations Boiler usage by sector (Fuel Oil Combustion). This is Based on a literature review on the study done the US-EPA on Fuel Combustion Emissions.

Sector Capacity (MW) Boiler Type Application

Utility >29 Watertube Electricity Generation

Industrial 0.29-73 Watertube Electricity Generation

Process Steam

Space Heat

Firetube Process Steam

Space Heat

Commercial/ Institutional

0.1-2.9 Watertube Space Heat

Firetube Space Heat

Cast Iron Space Heat

Utility - Electricity generation sector Industrial - Manufacturing Facilities that require steam and or hot water. Commercial - Hotels, laundries or restaurants Institutional - Facilities like hospitals and schools

Please note that the boiler size ranges listed here are not the same as in in the control emitter’s regulations. Small boilers are defined as any boiler with a design capacity equal to 10MW but less than 50 MW net heat input per unit, based on lower calorific value used. Solid Fuel Combustion Installations Fixed and moving bed combustion technology is commonly used for combustion of solid fuels in the capacity of between 50kW and 50MW. Installations are differentiated into two main subgroups:

Manually fuelled

Automatically fuelled

Manual usually have a nominal capacity up to 1MW due to technical and economical reasons.

14.2 Emission Estimation Methodologies

In general, there are five emission estimation techniques that may be used to estimate emissions from emission sources.

Sampling or direct measurement

Mass balance

Engineering calculations or Fuel analysis

Emission factors

There are two approaches that can be used in estimating emissions using emission factors, these are:

Tier 1 Default Approach

Tier 2 Technology/ Activity Specific Approach

14.3 Tier 1 Emission Factor default approach

The Tier 1 emission factors assume an averaged or typical technology and abatement implementation in the country and integrate all sub-processes. The emissions estimated are a function of the production capacity of the mine only as represented by equation 1.

tpolluptionfuelconsumtpollu EFARE tantan Equation 1

Where: E pollutant = The emission of the specified pollutant AR fuelproduction = The activity rate defined as fuel consumption at national/regional level EF pollutant = The emission factor for this pollutant This equation is applied at the national or regional level using annual fuel consumption for small combustion installations in various activities.

14.3.1 Tier 1 NSC and Emission Factors

The Tier 1 the thermal emission factors were sourced from the European Commission EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009 and converted to mass based emission factors. Emission factors are reported in several ways and these are generally recalculated using physical or other properties of the fuel. For example, a mass emission factor can be derived by multiplying the thermal emission factor calculated above by the net calorific value of the fuel.

NCVEFEF Thermal

EFThermal = the thermal emission factor expressed in units to suit the user (for example g GJ-1)

CV = is the net calorific value of the fuel in appropriate units to suit the units of the emission factor.

The mass based emission factors for the tier 1 default method for different fuels types are provided in the appendix, Annexure A- E. SCC Codes for the tier 1 default approach are described as below.

Main Category Subcategory Fuel Type NSC Comments

Section 23- SmallBoilers Solid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Antracite Coal 90800101 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Solid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Bituminous 90800102 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Solid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Lignite 90800103 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Solid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Other Specify 90800104 No emission Factor

Section 23- SmallBoilers Liquid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Residual Oil 90800201 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Liquid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Diesel Oil 90800202 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Liquid Fuel Fired Small Boiler Other Specify 90800203 No emission Factor

Section 23- SmallBoilers Gaseous Fuel Fired Small Boiler Natural Gas 90800301 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Gaseous Fuel Fired Small Boiler LPG 90800302 Emission Factor Provided

Section 23- SmallBoilers Gaseous Fuel Fired Small Boiler Process Gas 90800303 No emission Factor

Section 23- SmallBoilers Gaseous Fuel Fired Small Boiler Other Specify 90800304 No emission Factor

Section 23- SmallBoilers Solid Biomass Fuel Fired Small Boiler Biomass 90800401 Emission Factor Provided

14.4 Tier 2 Technology/Activity- Specific Approach

The Tier 2 approach is similar to the Tier 1 approach, using activity data and emission factors to estimate the emissions. The main difference is that the detailed methodology requires more fuel and technology specific information. The basic information required to determine the annual emissions for an industrial boiler, three items must be known:

The pollutant emission factor for the boiler .

The maximum rated input for the boiler.

The maximum allowable hours of operation for the boiler.

Fuel Consumption for the specific boiler

Once the information above is obtained, the following equation can be used to determine annual emissions.

jikjii EFARE ,,, Equation 2

Where: Ei = default emission factor of pollutant i for source type j and fuel k, ARijk = annual consumption of fuel k in source type j. EFi,j = default emission factor of pollutant i for source type j and fuel

14.4.1 Tier 2 -Technology/Activity- NSC and Emission Factors

8.

The NAEIS Source Codes (NSC) for small boiler were developed as below to be included in the NAEIS.

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 NAEIS Source Code

SCC Code

Section 23 - Small Boilers < 50 MW

Solid Fuel Fired Small Boiler

Medium size (> 1MW to <=50MW) Boilers

Anthracite Coal SA400100101 create new scc code linked to provided emission factors (Emission Factors for the coal type provided on the spreasheet)



Medium size (> 1MW to <=50MW) Boilers Lignite

SA400100102 create new scc code linked to provided emission factors (Emission Factors for the coal type provided on the spreasheet)



Medium size (> 1MW to <=50MW) Boilers Bituminous




Medium size (> 1MW to <=50MW) Boilers Sub-bituminous




Medium size (> 1MW to <=50MW) Boilers Other (Specify)

SA400100105 create new scc code linked to provided emission factors (NO EF provided)


Liquid Fuel Fired Small Boiler

Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (<= 3 MW)

Residual Oil SA400200101 10300403




Distillate Oil - Grades 1&2

SA400200102 10200503




Other (Specify) SA400200103



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 3 MW to <= 30MW)

Residual Oil -Grade 6 Oil

SA400200201 10300402




Residual Oil -Grade 5 Oil

SA400200202 10300404





SA400200203 10200502




Other (Specify) SA400200204 create new scc code linked to provided emission factors (NO EF provided)



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 30 MW to <=50MW)






Residual Oil - Grade 6 : Normal Firing

SA400200302 10100401




Residual Oil - Grade 6 : Tangential Firing

SA400200303 10100404




Residual Oil - Grade 5 : Normal Firing

SA400200304 10100405




Residual Oil - Grade 5 : Tangential Firing

SA400200305 10100406





SA400200306 10100501




Distillate Oil - Grade 4: Normal Firing

SA400200307 10100504




Distillate Oil - Grade 4: Tangential Firing

SA400200308 10100505




Other (Specify) SA400200309


Gaseous Fuel Fired Small Boiler

Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (<= 3 MW) Natural Gas

SA400300101 10200603



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (<= 3 MW) Process Gas




Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (<= 3 MW) Landfill Gas




Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 3 MW to <= 30MW) Natural Gas

SA400300201 10200602



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 3 MW to <= 30MW) Process Gas




Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 3 MW to <= 30MW) Landfill Gas




Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 30 MW to <=50MW) Natural Gas

SA400300301 10200601



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 30 MW to <=50MW) Landfill Gas



Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers (> 30 MW to <=50MW) Process Gas

SA400300303


Solid Biomass Fuel Fired Boiler

Medium size (> 1MWth to <=50MWth) boilers Bagasse

SA400400101 10101101


Solid Biomass Fuel Fired Boiler

Medium size (> 1MWth to <=50MWth) boilers Other (Specify)


Tier 2 emission factors for small boilers were sourced from the European Commission EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009 and the US-EPA.

14.5 Uncertainties in Methodologies The emission inventories from small combustion installation are still evaluated with large uncertainty. These uncertainties of emission data result from the uncertainties related to both the emission factors and the statistical information on the activities covered by small combustion installations.

14.6 Conclusion The tier 1 approach can be applied on the Authority portal of the NAEIS. This will allow the authority to compile small boiler emissions per district and consolidate the annual reports in contemplated regulation 11, of the declaration of a small boiler as a controlled emitter and establishment of emission standards regulations. The tier 1 approach means that all the small boilers within each district will be reported as an area source. The information that the authority will need to collect is the annual fuel consumption for the entire small boilers in the district by fuel type. This information on fuel consumption can be extracted from the annual reports as this field is included in the annual report template in the regulations. Establishments with conducting only section 23 activities will not be required to report directly on the NAEIS, but to their “relevant authority”. According to the NAEIS Reporting Regulations, Any person that undertakes a listed activity in terms of section 21(1) of the Act and uses an appliance or conducts an activity which has been declared a controlled emitter in terms of section 23(1) of the Act is required to the NAEIS. This means that facilities conducting section21 activities and also conducting a section 23 in the same site will be required to report directly into the NAEIS. The tier 2 approach will be applied for these facilities. The approach of reporting of section 23 small boilers proposed above has the potential to cause double counting of emissions by authorities, care must be taken that section 23 activities that are reported directly on the NAEIS by facilities must be excluded in the tier 1 annual emissions calculations.

14.7 References

1. European Commission EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009

2. Small combustion installations, Techniques, emissions and measures for emission reduction,

Krystyna Kubica, Bostjan Paradiz, Panagiota Dilara.

14.8 APPENDIX

14.8.1 Annexure A: Tier 1 Biomass Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 17.1 GJ/t.

Confidence Level

Pollutant Value Unit Lower Upper Reference

NOx 2.5650 kg/ton 1.539 5.13 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

CO 27.3600 kg/ton 3.42 76.95 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

NMVOC 2.4966 kg/ton 0.171 7.695 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

SOx 0.6566 kg/ton 0.342 0.855 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

TSP 2.6676 kg/ton 1.026 4.275 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

PM10 2.5650 kg/ton 0.855 4.104 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

PM2.5 2.5479 kg/ton 0.855 4.104 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Pb 0.0004 kg/ton 0.0000855 0.000513 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Cd 0.0000 kg/ton 0.00000171 0.0000513 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Hg 0.0000 kg/ton 0.00000684 2.565E-05 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

As 0.0000 kg/ton 0.000004275 0.0000342 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Cr 0.0001 kg/ton 0.0000171 0.000171 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Cu 0.0001 kg/ton 0.0000171 0.0000855 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Ni 0.0000 kg/ton 0.00000171 0.00513 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Se 0.0000 kg/ton 0.00000171 0.0000342 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Zn 0.0019 kg/ton 0.0000171 0.002565 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

PCB 0.0000 kg/ton 2.052E-07 5.13E-06 Kakareka al- 2004

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0008 kg/ton 0.000171 0.00171 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0011 kg/ton 0.000171 0.002052 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.0004 kg/ton 0.0000855 0.000684 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.0004 kg/ton 0.0000342 0.001026 EMEP/CORINAIR B216

Table 3: Tier 1 Biomass Emission Factors

Note: The Net Calorific Value for biomass is a function of the moisture content, the value used for the emission factors above is an average for different types of biomass fuels, with different moisture content.

14.8.2 Annexure A1: Biomass Net Calorific Values

Fuel type & source Metricb

Higher Heating Value Lower Heating Value kJ/kg MJ/kg kJ/kg MJ/kg

Agricultural Residues Corn stalks/stover (1,2,6) 17,636 - 18,519 17.6 - 18.5 16,849 - 17,690 16.8 - 18.1 Sugarcane bagasse (1,2,6) 17,317 - 19,407 17.3 - 19.4 17,713 - 17,860 17.7 - 17.9 Wheat straw (1,2,6) 16,188 - 18,940 16.1 - 18.9 15,082 - 17,659 15.1 - 17.7 Hulls, shells, prunings (2,3) 15,831 - 20,543 15.8 - 20.5 Fruit pits (2-3) Herbaceous Crops Miscanthus (6) 18,100 - 19,580 18.1 - 19.6 17,818 - 18,097 17.8 - 18.1 switchgrass (1,3,6) 18,024 - 19,137 18.0 - 19.1 16,767 - 17,294 16.8 - 18.6 Other grasses (6) 18,185 - 18,570 18.2 - 18.6 16,909 - 17,348 16.9 - 17.3 Bamboo (6) 19,000 - 19,750 19.0 - 19.8 Woody Crops Black locust (1,6) 19,546 - 19,948 19.5 - 19.9 18 464 18.5 Eucalyptus (1,2,6) 19,000 - 19,599 19.0 - 19.6 17 963 18.0 Hybrid poplar (1,3,6) 19,022 - 19,737 19.0 - 19.7 17 700 17.7 Willow (2,3,6) 18,556 - 19,750 18.6 - 19.7 16,734 - 18,419 16.7 - 18.4 Forest Residues Hardwood wood (2,6) 18,635 - 20,734 18.6 - 20.7 Softwood wood (1,2,3,4,5,6) 18,595 - 21,119 18.6 - 21.1 17,514 - 20,768 17.5 - 20.8 Urban Residues MSW (2,6) 13,119 - 19,855 13.1 - 19.9 11,990 - 18,561 12.0 - 18.6 RDF (2,6) 15,535 - 19,904 15.5 - 19.9 14,274 - 18,609 14.3 - 18.6 Newspaper (2,6) 19,704 - 22,199 19.7 - 22.2 18,389 - 20,702 18.4 - 20.7 Corrugated paper (2,6) 17,265 - 18,453 17.3 - 18.5 17 012 Waxed cartons (2) 27,258 - 27,280 27.3 25 261

Sources:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/feedstock_databases.html

Jenkins, B., Properties of Biomass, Appendix to Biomass Energy Fundamentals, EPRI Report TR-102107,

January, 1993.

Jenkins, B., Baxter, L., Miles, T. Jr., and Miles, T., Combustion Properties of Biomass, Fuel Processing

Technology 54, pg. 17-46, 1998.

Tillman, David, Wood as an Energy Resource, Academic Press, New York, 1978

Bushnell, D., Biomass Fuel Characterization: Testing and Evaluating the Combustion Characteristics of

Selected Biomass Fuels, BPA report, 1989

http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis - Original references are provided in the Phyllis database for biomass and waste

of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands.

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/feedstock_databases.html

14.8.3 Annexure B: Tier 1 anthracite Coal Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 30.1 GJ/t.

Confidence Level











Hg 0.00023779 kg/ton 0.0001505 0.000301 EMEP/CORINAIR B216











14.8.4 Annexure C: Tier 1 Lignite Coal Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 11.9 GJ/t. NAEIS SOURCE CODE:

Confidence Level






















14.8.5 Annexure D: Tier 1 Bituminous Coal Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 26.7 GJ/t.

Confidence Level






















14.8.6 Annexure E: Tier 1 Residual Oil Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 40.1 GJ/t.

Confidence Level




















14.8.7 Annexure F: Tier 1 Diesel Oil Emission Factors The emission factors below were derived from thermal emission factors provided in the European Commission Emission Guidance book and converted to a mass based emission factors of kg/ton from g/GJ using the average calorific value of biomass of 43 GJ/t.

Confidence Level




















15 REPORTING PARTICULATE MATTER IN NAEIS

Particulate matter (PM) consists of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Individually, they are invisible to the naked eye. Collectively, they can appear as clouds or a fog-like haze. It is convenient to categorize PM by size and particle type; primary and secondary particles. The PM sizes of interest in South Africa are PM30, MP10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of 30 µm in diameter, 10 µm or 2.5 µm respectively).

.

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