N5 N5 Music ThroughMusic Through

The AgesBaroque MusicBaroque Music

BaroqueConcerto

OperaScale

Major / MinorChord / HarmonyBroken chord /

ArpeggioPedal

Inverted PedalCanon

Binary ABTernary ABA

ConcertoConcerto

CadenzaCadenza

HarpsichordHarpsichord

Ground BassGround Bass

Soprano / Alto Soprano / Alto

Tenor / BassTenor / Bass

Mezzo Soprano / Mezzo Soprano / BaritoneBaritone

OrnamentOrnament

TrillTrill

EpisodeEpisode

Homophonic/Homophonic/PolyphonicPolyphonic

Syllabic / Syllabic / MelismaticMelismatic

All concepts in red are Higher concepts

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The word Baroque was first used to describe the highly

decorative and grand style of architecture and art of the 17th

Century

Musicians adopted the word using it to describe the

musical styles of the years 1600-1750

The system of ModesModes, which the tonalitytonality was based on in the

Medieval and Renaissance periods was disused and by the end of the 17th Century music was based on

Major Major and MinorMinor tonalities.Many new musical structures were introduced and developed by

Baroque composers including......

Opera

Oratorio

Recitative

Aria

Suite

Concerto

FugueConcerto Grosso

Cadenza

There were many important composers in the Baroque period....

The two most influential were:

Johann Sebastian Bach

•1685-1750

•Born in Eisenach, Germany

•Died Leipzig Germany

George Frederic Händel

•1685-1759

•Born in Halle, Germany

•Died in London England

Baroque Instrumental Music

The Baroque Orchestra The Baroque Orchestra ContainedContained

•A string section

•1 or 2 flutes (or recorders), oboes and bassoons

•1 or 2 horns and occasionally trumpets (NO VALVES !!!)

•Timpani

•Organ or Harpsichord (Continuo)

The Violin family (Violin, Viola, Cello and Double bass) replaced the viols of the renaissance period in the first half of the

Baroque period.

The organ or harpsichord played a continuo or figured bass

The performer follows a Bass line with a series of figures (Figured bass) which tells the player which chords to improvise around

The key styles of instrumental composition in the baroque period were.............

Concerto Grosso

Suite

Fuguehttp://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/learnlisteningonline/higherandadvancedhigher/musicaltopics/form/Fugue.asp

http://www.pgsarts.co.uk/listening1.html

Ground Bass - A theme in the bass which is repeated many times while the upper parts are varied.

Concerto Grosso

Was one of the most important forms developed in the Baroque period

In concerto Grosso, a small group of

soloists called the Concertino contrast against the orchestra

RipienoThe most well known concerto Grosso are the Brandenburg

concertos by J.S Bach

Fugue

Composers moved away from the homophonic texture; where all

parts move together to polyphonic/contrapuntal writing, where two or more parts move at different times from each otherThe fugue is the most important

type of polyphonic writing in the Baroque period, and is based on

imitation.The fugue uses 3 or 4 parts which merge together and overlap using

imitation

Fugues were mostly written for harpsichord or organ

The two main types of Baroque vocal compositions are

Opera and Oratorio, These are similar but have some differences....Feature Opera Oratorio

4 Part Choir Yes Yes

Orchestra Yes Yes

Solo Voices Yes Yes

Sacred Story No Yes

Secular story Yes No

Costumes Yes No

Scenery Yes No

Acting Yes No

Opera would be performed in a concert

Hall or Opera house

Oratorio would be

performed in a church

The solo song in opera and Oratorio is called an Aria,

The key features of an aria are.......

Accompanied by

orchestra

Usually in ternary form

Known as Da Capo Arias

Syllabic:Syllabic: where each syllable of each word is given 1 musical note to be sung

Melismatic: Melismatic: where each syllable can be given more where each syllable can be given more than one note per syllablethan one note per syllable

Word Painting:Word Painting: Where the musical line reflects the words being sung

• Texture where you hear melody with accompaniment or where all the parts play a similar rhythm at the same time.

• See how the parts all have the same rhythm here:

Homophonic

PolyphonicTexture which consists of two or more melodic lines, possibly of equal importance, which weave independently of each other. Polyphonic is similar in meaning to contrapuntal.

EpisodeA section of music linking two appearances of the same material. Listen to an episode from a Concerto Grosso.In Fugue an episode can be used as a modulating link between entries of the subject and is frequently based on fragments from the subject or Counter subject.

Episode

Short for pedal point. A note which is sustained, or repeated continuously, in the bass beneath changing harmonies.In the notation, a pedal note can be seen in the lower part.

Pedal

Inverted Pedal A note which is held on or repeated continuously

at a high pitch. Opposite in pitch to pedal.