N1. FAA-CT-.e1-40LEL71 · Repert N1.FAA-CT-.e1-40LEL71.,.LEVEL ,, A COMPENDIUM OF AIRCRAFT COCKPIT VISION SURVEYS 1950 THROUGH 1980 -VOLUME Io Anthony J. Barilm0 T 14181•• DTICJUL

Repert N1. FAA-CT-.e1-40LEL71,.,,. .,.LEVEL ,,A COMPENDIUM OF

AIRCRAFT COCKPIT VISION SURVEYS1950 THROUGH 1980 - VOLUME I

o Anthony J. Barilm

0 T

14181•• DTIC

JUL 1 7 1980

FINAL REPORT F

MAY 1981

Document is available to the U.S. public throughthe National Technical Information Service,

Spiinqfield. Virqinia 22161

Propaord for

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRAUSPOrTATINNMUL AWATIM ASUuoSmIUS•1• FI~~EmCISUAIL A!0llNA~m11013

S CW HIM NWA••ik O010 Apilt .J. U81 7 16 0.6

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Technical keport Documentation Page

f/!,~.tIL.. . Performing Organization Report No./ A'. Barile __________ _____ ACT--3409. *rforming Orgmnizatioen Name end Address 10. Work Unit No, (TRAIS)

Federal Aviation AdministrationTechicalCentr 11 Contract or Grant No.

Atlantic City Airport, New Jersey 08405 184-340-400________________________________________________________I__ J_ Type of Report end Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address AU,.Department of Transportat ion ( ) i,7)Final ~ It

Federal Aviation Administration 19 95 -1980' xTechnical Center 14, Span tinI Afe~eirC.6deAtlantic City Airport, New Jersey 08405

15. Supplementary Notes

I.Ahtstract

.ýhis publication contains a history of cockpit visibility surveys which wereconducted to measure and record aircraft (General Aviation, Transport, Helicopter,Military) cockpit visibility. Many of the aircraft were involved in midair colli-Asions, accident investigations, research and development, and the design up throughproduction implementation. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) BinocularCamera is a standard means to accurately measure cockpit visibility, which in thecertification process for civil aircraft is an invaluable tool for industry and thleFAA. There~fore, the information contained in this document is intended to contri-bute to aviation safety..

17. key word$ It. Distributien StatementCockpit Visibility Binocular Camera Document is available to the U.S. publicMidair Colliqions Aviation Safety Lbrough the National Technical InformationAccident Investigations Surveys Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161Research and DevelopmentCertification Process19. 1oewurty CI.06.94. (of *e. topee') 0 .Security C1666,11. (fe IN$ pow.) 21. No. of poess 22. P....i

Unclassified UnclassifiedTPeru DOT F 17GW.7 (672) Rep~etieen of e0mpIe..id pole ewgheriued 7/•

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCT ION I

DISCUSSION I

Equipment Description 2Survey Procedure 3Binocular Vision 3Authors Cem-ent 4

REFERENCES 4

Acoession For?i'TIS GRAilDTIC TABUtuonnooed QJusti1f t oat ton._.__-

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 FAA Technical Center Binocular Camera 5

2 Section Through Camera Showing Optical Arrangement 6

3 CL-600 Cockpit With Binocular Cez-era 7

4 CL-600 Left Side View 8

5 Pilots Eye Position 9

6 Normal Design Eye Reference Point 10

7 Alert Design Eye Reference Point to

8 Binocular Vision ii

9 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 13

Aero Commander 1121


Boeing 707

Ii Biiocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 15

Boeing 727

12 Hinocitlar Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 16

Boeing 727-200


Boeing 747


Canadair, LTD., CL-44


Canadair Challenger CL-600


Cessna 620

17 Binocular Cockpi. Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 21

Cessna C.itation III

18 Binocular Cockpit Viaibility Photograph of Aircraft 22

Convair 240


Convair 340

iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Page

20 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 24Convair 580

21 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photogaph of Aircraft 25Convair 880

22 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 26Curtiss-Wright 200

23 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 27Douglas DC-3


25 Bin•ocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 29Douglas DC-6


27 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 31Douglas DC-B


29 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 33Douglas DC-9-50

30 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 34Douglas DC-9-80

31 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 35Fairchild 7-27

32 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of ,ircraft 36Fairchild FH1-227

33 Binocular Cockpit Vinibility Photograph of Aircraft 37Falcov Fan Jet 20

34 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 38Lear Jet Model 24

35 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 39Gates Lear Jet Model 35/36

v


Figure Page

36 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 40Gates Lear Jet Model 55

37 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 41Grumman Gulfsrream

38 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 42Howard Model 500

39 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 43Lockheed Electra

40 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 44Lockheed 1329

41 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 45Lockheed Model 300

"42 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 46Lockheed L-1049A

43 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 47Martin Model 404

44 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 48Mitsubishi MU-300

45 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 49NASA/Boeing-737

46 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Ai':craft 50Sunrise S-1600

47 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 51Super G C(,nstella~irn

48 Binocular Cockpit Visibility .'hotograph of Aircraft 52Vickers Viscount

49 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 54Aero Commander 680E

50 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 55Beechcraft Baron B-55

51 Binocular Cockpit Visibility "hotograph of Aircraft 56Beechcraft Model 99

A I II I


Figure Page

52 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Pl,,tograph of Aircraft 57Cessna 140A

53 rinocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 58

Cessna 150F

54 Binocular Cockpit Vitibility Photograph of Aircraft 59

Cessna 170

55 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 60Cessna 172

56 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft b6

Cessna 177

57 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 62Cessna 180

5d Binocular Cockpit Visibi .y Photograph of Aircraft 63Cessna 182

59 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 64Cessna Skywagon


Cessna 210


Cessna 310

62 Binucclar Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 67Cessna 337B

63 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 68DeHavilland DHC-6

64 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 69Helio-Plane

65 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 70ilelio Model 500

66 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 71Mooney 21

67 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 72Piper Arrow PA-28R-200

vii


Figure Page

68 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircrafc 73Piper Aztec PA-23

'J') 61itocular Cuckpit Vit.ibility ehotogiaph of Aircriit 74Piper Cherokee Archer PA-28-181

70 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 75Piper Cherokee Archer PA-28-140B

71 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 76Piper Cherokee PA-28-180

72 Binocular Cockpit Vieibility Photograph of Aircraft 77Piper Cherokee 6 PA-32-260

73 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 78Piper Navajo PA-31

74 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 79Swift 125

75 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 81Air Force B-52A

76 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 82Air Force B-52G

77 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 83Air Force B-5'E

78 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 84Air Force C-124

79 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 85Lockheed C-130B



82 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 88DeHavilland CV-7A

83 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 89Air Force F-4E

viii


Figure Page

84 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 90Air Force F-89

85 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 91Air Force F-lOOA

86 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 92Air Force F-iOl

87 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 93Air Force F-102A

88 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 94Air Force F-104A

89 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 95Air force F-106A

90 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 96Air Force F-11iD

91 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 97Air Force F/B-Ill

92 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 98Air Force KC-135

93 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 99Army L-19

94 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 100Army L-20A

95 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 101Army L-2

96 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 102Army LC-126

97 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 103Martin P5K-I

98 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 104Martin XP-6M-I

99 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 105Navy F-4D

ix


Figure Page

100 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 106Navy P2V-5F

101 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 107Navy R5D-2Z

102 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 108Navy SNB-5

103 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 109Navy OE-2


Air Force T-33

105 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft Ill

Army U-I

106 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft Mi2Bell AH-IG

107 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photcgraph of Aircraft 113

Bell UH-IC


Cessna CH-1


Bell H-13G

110 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft libSikorsky H-19

ill Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Airtraft 117

Vertol H-21


Hiller H-23

113 Binocular Cockpit. Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 119

Piasecki H-25A


Doman H-31


Sikorsky H-34

x


Figure Page


Sikorsky H-37

117 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 123Sikorsky H05-1

118 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircratt 124Kaman HOK-1

119 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 125Sikorsky HRS-3


Hughes OH-6A

i1i Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 127

Kaman K-20

122 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 128Sikorsky S-61L

123 Binoculaz Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 129

Sikorsky S-62

124 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 130Vertol 107

125 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 131Bell XH-40

126 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 132Vertol YCH-IB

127 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 133Sikorsky YCH-54A

128 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 134Bell X-22


Lockheed XV-4A

130 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 136LTV XC-'142A

131 Binocular Cockpit Visibility Photograph of Aircraft 137Ryan XV-5A

xi

INTRODUCTION of a pilot was sought. Consequently,such ~an instrument was developed and isknown as the FAA Technical Center 's

information contained in t hi s Binocular Camera.publication is intended for thoseinterested in promoting aviation safety; The vision criteria, still in use todayparticularly, the prevention o'f midair after 30 years of aircraft evolution,collision. Many of the aircraft sur- are to be found in the Civil Aeronauticsveyedi in this volume were involved in Manual 4B (CAM 4b) (reference 3). Amidair collisions. In some instances, comparison of standards (reference 4)the "other" aircraft was within the contained in CAM 4b with those morefield of view afforded by the windshield recently established by the Society ofdesign. Why those collisions were not Automotive Engineers (SAE) (referenceavoided is -. moot point. The concern 5), and the United States (U.S.)here is that, in some of the collisions, Military (refcrence 6) , reveal thatone or both aircraft were obscured from differences are generally insignificant.each other by design limitations of The FAA currently is seeking to adopttheir windshield such that, even if the new criteria based on more recentcrews were looking, they could not see studies (reference 7).each other (references I and 2).

Over the years, because there has beenSurveys were conducted to measure and considerable effort devoted to under-record cockpit visibility. The standard standing the human capacity to "se"means to accurately accomplish this task the related parameters that determine orand allow for each interpretation of the affect human sight are very well docu-effect of structural or equipment mented. Blake and Fox (reference 8), inimpairment Lo the field of vision is particular, reviewed the major experi-available and is known as the Federal ments conducted and published in EnglishAviation Administration (FAA) Technical during this century. They concentratedCenter's Binocular Camera kfigure 1). on the ability of the human visual

system to unify two separate monocularfields of vision into a binocular

DISCUSSION cyclopian view that betrays little traceof its monocular origins. Clearly, thereview found that binocular performance

Problems related to cockpit visibility is far superior to monocular. For thesereceived much attention in 1948 when two reasons, and many others, the FAA Tech-aircraft collided over New York City. nical Center has decided to upgrade andAbout that time, the Civil Aeronautics enhance its capabilities of measuringAdministration (CAA), predecessor of the cockpit visibility by designing and

* Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), developing a new binocular camera. Thepromulgated criteria prescribing the new binocular camera will provide low-minimum field of vision acceptable for c osat availability and facilitate

* transport aircraft cockpit design. deployment in the field.Inadequate meanc to measure and recordcockpit visibility hampered implement- Various manufacturers and FAA Regionalation of this criteria, and therefore offices will be able to make morelead to the development of an instrument frequent use of the device during thedesigned especially for this purpose. A development and final certification ofstandard means to accurately accomplish the windshield system, accident investi-the task and allow each interpretation gation, and other applications such asof structural or equipment impairment to research and developmenL. karnufacturersthe field of vision as seen by both eyes expend large sums of money in the design

I

1..I

and development of their transparency McDonnell-Douglas, in an operational [sytems. Problems become evident when support bulletin (reference 10), hasan assessment of cockpit vision is held advised pilots that, for sitting belowoff until flight testing has begun or by the DERP, each centimeter results in areliance solely on engineering drawings 1.4" loss in downward vision overor other graphic representation. All the nose. This loss of downward visiontoo often, the transparency systems are affects how much, if any, of the runwaynot in compliance with the standards of would be visible and becomes very

CAM 4b or even in agreement with the important during a low-visibilityaircraft drawings. Why not verify and approach. In addition, an illusion mayassess the design for visibility compli- be created whereby a pilot seated belowance during the development phase? Tris the DERP may misjudge his height atshould include tests of a fullscale landing, and sometimes land short or toomockup as well as the finished aircraft. hard.One or more design deficiencies have alltoo often resulted in considerable addi- The FAA Technical Center's Binoculartional cost for redeLign ard requalifi- Camera was instrumental in determiningcation of the transparency system. contributing factors in a midair col-

lision over San Diego which occurred onoffici=ls are reticent to certiticate September 25, 1978, between a Boeing 727cockpit visibility, for instance, based and Cessna 172. Binoculir photographson just a seat-of-the-pants evaluation. were taken from both aircraft cockpits.They are now more inclined to be more Additional information regarding posi-receptive when adequate documentation is tion, orientation, time, altitude,presented validating the manufacturer's airspeed, etc., was utilized to calcu-product design. In this regard, the late the perspective vision angles and

binocular camera leaves little or no range between both aircraft using a

room ior subjective t~pinion. computer. The resulting calculationswere plotted onto the binocular photo-

Beari-Z in mind that CAM 4b merely graphs of the field of vision of the

recormeids, as a minimum criteria, what respective aircraft. Each photograph

cockpit vi " "lity should be, under- consequently contained the track or

scores ell tne more reason why any position of the target aircraft with

compromise in visibility can be serious, respect to the particu}Jr" field of

For example, Captain F. H. Hawkins, who vision available just seconds prior to

has for many years specialized in cock- impact. Through this process, the

pit Iesign and human factors, reported binocular photographs allow investi-

on the significance of pilots not gators to better comprehend theproperly making use of the visibility visibility each pilot had.afforded them by the cockpit designer,and for which certification was based EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION.(reference 9). Aircraft cockpitdesign is based on anthropometric Assembled on its tripod, the binocular

dimensions, particularly that point in camera weighs 46 pounds and has overall

space called the eye space or design eye dimensions of 15 inches in width, 15 1/2reference point (DERP). Unfortunately, inches in depth, and 35 7/4 inches ineven in well designed aircraft, visi- height. Tripod legs are used forbility problems are induced when optimum initial leveling and adapting the cameraavailable visibility is abrogated by the to various cockpit floor configurations;

pilot's failure to position his eye at final leveling is accomplished by use of

this DERP. leveling screws. In operation, a

2

self-contained battery pack drives the corresponds to the moan distance betweencamera in a clockwise rotation whil.ý, the front of the human eyes and thefilm moves at a precise speed past a odontoid process; i.e., the pivot aboutvertical slot used for an aperture. The which the skull rotates in the vertebralfilm speed, aperture width, aud rotation column (figure 6). By mo-ing the cameraspeed are critically dependent upon each to a position as shown in figure 7, theother to produce satisfactory results. lenses now rotate about an 8.3-inchFigure 2 is a schematic showing the radius, and is called the "alert"optical system arrangement. The camera position, which represents the generallyuses two 65 millimeter wide-angle F6.8 accepted additional 5 inches that alenses, and covers an 88 1/2 pilot leans forward from the "normal"field of 'ision. Matched lenses of while in a search for other traffic.identical focal length were selected andmounted on a flat surface so that their BINOCULAR VISION.optical axes are parallel. The distancebetween the axes is 2.5 inches, repre- Binocular vision is the ability to seesenting the average human interocular "around" vertical obstructions underspac in,. certain conditions. The width of the

obstruction or target, the relative

SURVEY PROCEDURE. positions of the observer, and theobstruction or target determine whether

In order to accomplish a cuckpit vision or not a target is visible. Figure 8survey using the binocular camera, an illustrates the twin lenses (eyes) ofaircraft is parked with an unobstructed the binocular camera as it sees aview :E the horizon (figure 3). Usi ag target at infinity around a verticalmanufacturer drawings of the cockpit obstruction of 2.5 inches or less ingeometry, a DERP is determined, and the width. In this example, the target iscamera is positioned at this location, visible, in part, to both eyes. If theA 1-inch round marker is applied to the target were to advance into the opaquewindshield at a point that lies along an zone, it would be obstructed from view.extension of a line-of-sight. drawn from If the target were then to bank left orthe DERP. This marker can later be right into the gray zone, the targetidentified on photographs, and is the would become visible to one eye only."zero reference" point from whichmeasurements are taken (figure 4). Over the years that the binocular camera

has been in existence, many cockpitOnce set up, the camiera (figure 5) can vision surveys were completed forproduce a photographic record of the certification, accident investigation,field of vision of a pilot as he turns and research and development studies.his head from ext'eme left Lo extremle In all, the key factor was and isrignt. Super: Zed on th. photograph visibility. Regardless of aircraft oris a grid of .ontal and virtical equipment in use, or how capable theline~: in 5-degree increments. This grid pilot may be, safety of flight dependswith the "zero reference" mark allows on his ability to receive visual cutsangular measurements to be made. The and information from an internal displayimages produced are representative of or externally through the windshieldwhat the human eyes see before the brain system.integrates them into one. Thus, theeffect of obstructions to vision way be Since a great percentag- of accidentsanalyzed. The camera rotates about a are .rew related, one area of improve-vertical axis that is normally located ment in the overall (.owplcxity of a3.3 inches aft from the lease.. In zhia modern transport that should take place"normal" position, the dimension is in the flight deck, the nerve center

3

for the management of these flight 4. Goldin R. W., Cockpit Visionsystems, many of which depend on the Requirements Review, for the Air Safetypilot's ability to receive visual Foundation, Aircraft Owners and Pilotoinformation. Association, April 1, 1971.

AUTHORS COMMENT. 5. Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE), Aeronautical Specification

No claim of librarianship is made. The 580B.SAE Aerospace Recommended Practics,style of listing is intended to facili- 268E.tate publication and to provide maximumutility with some consistency. Anno- 6. Ai rc ra f t Stat ion Vi s i oitations are descriptive rather than Re uirements for Military Aircraft,evaluative. Journalistic comment occurs Military Standard 850B,November 3,where it may provide background inform- 1970.ation on, or identify associatedreference documents of, public record. 7. Draft Advisory Circular 25.773-8,Figures 9 through 131 are the results of April 24, 1980.the binocular cockpit vision surveys.

8. The Psychophysical Inquiry intoBinocular Simulation, Perception and

REFERENCES Psychophysics, Volume 14, Number 1,Pages 161-185, 1973.

I. Aircraft Pilot Warning Instrument 9. Hawkins, F. H., Captain,(APWI), a study by W. Graham, Report The Pilot's Cockpit Visibility, forNumber FAA-RD-75-59, 1, March 1975. Shell Aviation News, Volume 440, 1977.

2. Parker L. C., General Aviation 10. Know Your DC-1O, by McDonnell-Air Traffic Pattern Safety Analysis, Douglas, letter Number 56, February 20,Report Number NASA TM-X-6955, July 1973. 1975.

3. Civil Aeronautics Manual (CAM) 4b,pages 351-353, 1952.

4

FIGURE I FAA TECHNICAL CENTER BINOCULAR CAMERA

5

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FIGURE 7. ALERT DESIGN EYE REFERENCE POINT

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FIGURE 8. BINOCULAR VISION

CIVILIAN AIRCRAFTAbove 12,500 pounds

The aircraft in the following listing are dericted in figures 9 through 48.

Aero 1121 Fairchild F-27Fairchild FH-227

Boeing 707 Falcon Fan Jet 20Boeing 727Boeing 727-200 Gates Lear Jet Model 24Boeing 747 Gates Lear Jet Mockup 35/36

Gates Lear Jct 55Canadair CL-44Canadair Challenger CL-600 Grummal Gulfstream

Cessna 620 Howard Model 500Cessna Citation IIl

Lockheed ElectraConvair 240 Lockheed JetstarConvair 340 Lockheed L-IO49AConvair 580 Lockheed Model 300Convair 880

Martin 404Curtiss Model 200

Mitsubishi 300Douglas DC-3Douglas DC-4 NASA/Boeing-737Douglas DC-6Douglas DC-7 Sunrise S-1600Douglas DC-8Douglas DC-9 Super G. Constelationrouglas DC-9-50Douglas DC-9-80 Vickers Viscount

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12,500 pounds or less

The aircraft in the following listing are depicted in figures 49 through 74.

Aero 680E Piper Arrow PA-28R-200Piper Aztec PA-23Piper Cherokee Archer PA-28-181

Beech 55 Piper Cherokee 140 PA-28-180Beech 99 Piper Cherokee 140

Piper Cherokee 6 PA-32-260Piper Navajo PA-31

Cessna 140A Swift 125Cessna 150FCessna 170Cessna 172Cessna 177Cessna 180Cessna 182Cessna 206Cessna 210

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MILITARY AIRCRAFT HELICOPTERS

The aircraft in the. following listing are depicted in figures 75 through 131.

I. B-52A, G 1. Bell AH-IG

2. B-57E 2. Bell UH-IC

3. C-124 3. CH-I

4. C-130B 4. H-13G

5. C-133 5. H-19

6. C-141 6. H-21B, C

7. DeHavilland CV-7A 7. H-23

8. F-4E 8. H-25A

9. F-89 9. H-31

10. F-1O0 10. H-34

11. F-101 11. H-37

12. F-102 12. H05-1

13. F-104 13. HOK-I

14. F-106 14. HRS-3

15. F-111D 15. Hughes OH-6A

16. FB-111 16. Kanen K-2O

17. KC-135 17. S-61L

18. L-19 18. S-62

19. L-20A 19. V-107

20. L-23 20. XHI-40

21. LC-26 21. YCH-1B

22. Martin P5M-l 22. S.korsky YCH-54A

23. Martin XP-6M-1

24. Navy F-4D

25. Navy P2V-5F VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LAND

26. Navy R5D-2Z

27. Navy SNB-5 1. Bell X-22

28. OE-2 2. Lockheed XV-4A

29. T-33 3. LTV XC-142A

30. U-i 4. Ryan XV-5A

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Documents

N1. FAA-CT-.e1-40LEL71 · Repert N1.FAA-CT-.e1-40LEL71.,.LEVEL ,, A COMPENDIUM OF AIRCRAFT COCKPIT VISION SURVEYS 1950 THROUGH 1980 -VOLUME Io Anthony J. Barilm0 T 14181•• DTICJUL