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N. Nilgün Çokça
Hacettepe University
Department of Economics
Ankara- Turkey [email protected]
http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~ncokca
1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first
artificial satellite.
1958President Eisenhower reacts by forming two
government agencies to advance space technologies, weapons, and communication systems.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are established.
1969The first ARPANET connections are made.
Nodes (hosts) are set as 516 minicomputer with 12K memory, set with 50 kbps lines, which AT&T provides. Node 1: UCLA (September) Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (October) Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara
(UCSB) (November) Node 4: University of Utah (December)
1970ARPANET hosts start using NCP, or Network
Control Protocol, further developing the first host-to-host protocol.
1972Ray Tomlinson modifies his email program for
ARPANET and quickly gains popularity. Initially there were some variations of the program, but the "@" was finally chosen as the standard.
1973ARPA changes its name to DARPAARPANET makes its first international
connection to the University College of London (England) and the Royal Establishment in Norway (NORSAR).
1975Satellite links across two oceans to Hawaii and
UK are formed, and the first TCP tests are layered over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL.
1976Queen Elizabeth II makes early network
history by sending an email announcing that the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern, is available on the ARPANET system.
1980Due to virus ARPANET comes to a complete halt. ARPANET has 213 hosts, with a new host added
approximately once every 20 days.The system serves as a cooperative network
between the City University of New York and Yale. The low-cost network later expands throughout United States and to overseas.
1982DCA (Defense Communication Agency)
and DARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) and the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP for ARPANET.
DOD also declares TCP/IP as a standard.
1984Domain Name System or DNS is
introduced to identify the type of institution which represents the host
1988Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is developed by
Jarkko Oikarinen.1991
WAIS, invented by Brewster Kahle, is released by Thinking Machines Corporation.
Gopher is introduced by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the University of Minnesota.
World-Wide Web (WWW) is released by CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
British researcher, Tim Berner-Lee creates HTML
The web as we know it is born!
1992World Bank comes on-line The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by
Jean Armour Polly 1993US White House (http://www.whitehouse.gov),
and United Nations (UN) comes on-lineCountries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria
(BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI)
1993Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web renamed to “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”
1995Alta VistaAmazon.comeBay
1996The browser wars begin. Netscape and
Microsoft go head-to-head, intensively developing and releasing upgrades to their browsers
Macromedia Flash 1.0 launches to add interactive animation to webpages.
1998Google
1999Napster, The peer-to-peer software
enables internet users to swap MP3 music files stored on their computers and to find each other through a central directory.
2000Fixed wireless, high-speed Internet
technology is now seen as a viable alternative to copper and fiber optic lines placed in the ground.
2004FacebookFlickr
2005 Youtube
2006 Twitter There are an estimated 92 million Web
sites online 2007
1.114 billion people use the Internet according to Internet World Stats
2009 Actor Ashton Kutcher becomes the first
person on Twitter to have a million followers subscribing to his 'tweets'.
10.50.56.254
Department of Economics
Deans’ Office
Student
Houes
Faculty of Law
LAN
Sinop
İstanbul
Hakkari
Japan
RussiaIraq
USA
Germany
Home Users
Banks
High School
s
WAN
METU
INTERNET
Backbone
“An internet is a network of networks” says Kevin Hughes
The term was coined for the ARPANET to describe a collection of different networks that all used TCP/IP.
Internet Society described “a way to communicate and share resources”
Probably the most frequent use is e-mail. After that are file transfer and remote login (login into a computer that is running some where else on the Internet).
The short answer is "no one".
There are now a large number of backbone and mid-level networks in other countries.
IP Address Internet Protocol193.140.216.8
Domain Namewww.hacettepe.edu.tr
Berkeley Unix command to set and get the application level name used by the host:
Com Commercial Co Commercial
Edu Education Ac EducationOrg Organizations Mil MilitaryGov Government Net
Network
Optical FibreEthernetModem
InternalExternalWireless
Electronic Mail Pine Outlook Express Eudora
Browser Internet Explorer Chrome Safari Mozilla Opera
File Transfer CuteFtp AceFtp
Web Creators Front Page Hot Dog CoffeeCup PHP Designer
Instant Messaging ICQ MSN Messenger Yahoo Messenger Skype
Conferencing NetMeeting IConfKit
:-) happy:(((( very sorry:-O uh-ohLOL Laughing Out Loud
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online.
Do unto others as you'd have others do unto you
Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
Know where you are in cyberspace Respect other people's time and bandwidth Make yourself look good online Share expert knowledge Help keep flame wars under control Respect other people's privacy Don't abuse your power Be forgiving of other people's mistakes
Historically, Internet and internet have had different meanings, with internet meaning “an interconnected set of distinct networks,” and Internet referring to the world-wide, publicly-available IP internet.
Some people use the lower-case term as a medium (like radio or newspaper, e.g. I've found it on the internet), and first letter capitalized as the global network.
Search Engines:www.google.comwww.bing.comwww.yahoo.com
Economic Siteseconomics.about.comeconlinks.com
Rules of using internetwww.albion.comwww.safekids.com