n.-F. aeb- mfwsdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-Malayala... · 2018-11-08 · ba poliical science aebmfihnx d¯cl«w (core course : mal3b03) university of calicut school

BAPOLIICAL SCIENCE

aebmfI-hnX D -̄c-L«w (CORE COURSE : MAL3B03)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

543A

2017 ADMISSIONONWARDS

_n-.F. ae-bmfw ( III SEMESTER )

ae-bmfIhnX D -̄c-L«wSTUDY MATERIAL

THIRD SEMESTER

CORE COURSE : MAL3B03

For

BA MALAYALAM(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCalicut University P.O, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

543A

School of Distance Education

ae-bmfIhnX D¯c-L«w Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIALTHIRD SEMESTER


CORE COURSE :MAL3B03 : ae-bmfIhnX D¯c-L«w

Prepared by :

Sri. Kamarudheen Parappil,Asst. Professor in Malayalam,Farook College, Kozhikode.

Smt. Sheena. A.G,Guest Faculty in Malayalam,Farook College, Kozhikode.

Dr. Rajukuttan.P.GAsst. Professor on contract,School of Distance Education,University of Calicut.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved


ae-bmf IhnX D¯-c-L«w Page 3

DÀÆ-io \r-̄ whn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn

1. hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bv-¡v h-b-emÀ AhmÀUv (2010) t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-̄ IrXn?

D. Nm-cp-eX

2. hn-jv-Wp \m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-J-e-£-W-sa´v?

D. a-\p-jy-kzm-X-{ýw

3. \oÀ-s¯m-cp ]o-en-bnÂ hÀ-jI-Ww t]mÂ anÀ¡pw Xn-c-bnÂ i-in-Inc-Ww t]mÂ B-cp-

sS hm-¡p-I-fmWv?

4. DÀ-Æ-insb Cu hn-[w k-t´m-jn-̧ -̈ Xv ?

D. C-{µ³

5. DÀ-Æ-io-\r-¯w Im-Wm-s\¯n-b k-Z-kyÀ B-scÃmw?

D. A-ã-h-[p¡Ä, tZ-hI³, Zm-]kÀ

6. ]p-cm-W-¯n-se G-Xv I-Y-bmWv 'DÀÆ-io \r¯w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡m-[mcw?

D. DÀ-Æ-io-im-]w

7. {]-]-©-kr-ãn-bp-sS Im-c-W-a-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-Å H-cp D-]m-[n-bmWv----- -- --

D. DÀ-Æ-in-bp-sS \r-̄ w

8. \r-¯-Np-h-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS DÀÆ-in B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX´v?

D. {]-]-©-]-cn-Wm-aw

9. kr-ãn km-[y-am-Ip¶-Xv F-t¸mÄ?

D. {_-Ò-¯n-\v Im-a-\ (hn-Imcw) bp-W-cp-Ibpw A-XnÂ Alw-t_m-[w {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw

sN-¿-pt¼m-gm-Wv kr-ãn km-[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

10. kr-ãn-bp-sS Nm-{In-IX-sb kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ h-cn-IÄ GXv?

D. hn-¯p-ap-f-¨-iz-°w Im-bv¨-cn

ho-Wp ap-f-̈ -iz-°w ho-p

11. B-Zn-an-Yp-\-¯n-se ]p-cp-j³ Bcv?

D. in-h³

12. DÀÆ-in \r-̄ w ad-¶v \n-Ý-e-X-bmb-Xv F-t¸mÄ?

D. B-Zn-an-Yp-\-¯n-se ]p-cp-j-ZÀi-\w DÀ-Æ-in-bnÂ ]q-cp-c-h-Ên-s\-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å- HmÀ-½-IÄ

D-WÀ-̄ p¶p. A-]qÀ-®hpw h-Ôy-hpam-b X-s¶ B-Zn-an-Yp-\-§-fn-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS Øm-

\¯pw ]q-cp-c-h-Ên-s\ ]p-cpj-sâ Øm-\-̄ p k-¦-ev-̧ n-¨-t¸mÄ A-hÄ \r-̄ w ad-¶v

\n-Ý-e-bmbn.

13. DÀ-Æ-in-bv-¡v im-]w D-]-Im-c-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?

D. `q-an-bnÂ ]nd-¶v P-cbpw \-cbpw cp-Pbpw ar-Xn-bp-a-\p-̀ -hn-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶p im]w.

F-¶mÂ X-\n-¡v kv-t\-ln-¡m³ C-ã-s¸-« ]p-cp-j-\p-s¶ t_m-[w A-hÄ-¡v i-àn

]-I-cp-¶p. `q-an-sb a-säm-c-c-§m-bn A-hÄ Im-Wp-¶p.

14. B-[p\n-I im-kv-{X-k-¦-ev]-s¯ I-hn F-§-s\-bm-Wv {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv?

D. kr-ãn-bp-sS B-Zn-I-mc-Ww tXSn-b DÀ-Æ-io-Nn-¯w B-Zn-an-Yp-\-§-fn-se-¯n-t¨-cp¶p.

G-Im-Iam-b {_-Òw BWpw s]-®p-am-bn ]n-cn-ªv krãn B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶p. F-¶ sF-Xn-



lyhpw A-Þhpw _o-Phpw B-bn ]n-cn-ªv kr-ãn cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶ im-kv{X-t_m-[hpw H-cp-

an-̈ v I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶n-S-¯m-Wv I-hn im-kv-{X k-¦-ev]-s¯ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

15. kr-ãn-¡p-ap-¼p-Å `q-an F-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. cm-̧ -I-ep-IÄ CÃm-¯ P-\n-ar-Xn-I-fn-Ãm-¯, \n-e-\nÂ-]n-\m-[m-c-am-b Zpx-Jhpw kÀ-¤-hm-k-

\-Ifpw CÃm¯ B a-Þ-e-̄ nÂ X-Wpt¸m Nq-tSm CÃ.

16. "cm-In-b-dp-¯-t¸mÄ bp-K-k-©n-Xþ

\n-in-\-X-]-Ên³ ZÀ-̀ m-{K-¯mÂ!"

F-́ m-Wv cm-In-b-dp-¯-Xv?

D. im-]w t]m-se X-s¶-̈ pän-b h-Ôy-X-bp-sS \oÄ-¡-®n-I-fm-Wv cm-In-b-dp-¯Xv.

17. C-cp-fnÂ ]-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sS C-d-§n-h-cp-t¼mÄ DÀ-Æ-in-bp-sS a-\-Ên-ep-WÀ-¶ Nn-´-bp-sS

a-lXzw F´v?

D. `q-an-sb a-säm-c-c-§mbpw Po-hnX-s¯ kÀ-¤m-e-b-]qÀ-®-am-b \r-̄ -ambpw A-hÄ Im-Wp-

¶p. kzÀ-¤ hn-̀ q-Xn-I-fn-sÃ-¦nepw Iq-sS Xm³ kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ ]p-cp-j-\p-s¶ t_m-[w

A-hÄ-¡v i-àn ]-I-cp¶p. I-em-Imc-\v `q-an-bm-Wv G-sd {]n-bw F-¶ k-Xyhpw I-hn

C-hn-sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶p.

18. \n-Xy-\-tamÖz-e kÀ-¤-hn-emk-s¯ \r-¯-¯n-te-bv-¡m-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-

¨ `m-j-bp-sS N-Sp-e-X hy-à-am-¡pI?

D. \r-¯-I-e-bnÂ kr-ãn-{]-{In-b-bp-sS A-Xn-\n-Kq-V-X-e§-sf B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-\v

B-[m-cam-b `q-an-bp-sS a-l-Xz-s¯ {]-Im-in-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv DÀ-Æ-io-\r-

¯w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

19 "IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-̄ n-semþ

c-̧ -¡-jv-Ww tImÀ-̄ -W-bp-I-bmhmw".

Bcv?

D. c£Êv

20. '\-c-I-¯n-s\m-cp ssI-̧ m-S-I-se-bn-cn-¡p-¶ kzÀ-Kw' F-¶v I-¡m-Sv hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¨Xv?

D. {Kmas¯

21. A-S-ª h-Iv{Xw \-J-c-¯m-se ]n-fÀ-¯n A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \-K-c-a-\p-jy-sâ hm-bnÂ Xn-cp-Inb-Xv Bcv?

D. c£Êv

22. \m-K-cnI-\v A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww I-s-̄ n-\Â-Im³ c£-Êv X-¿m-dmb-Xv F-´p-sImv?

D. A-Sp-¯ Zn-h-khpw \m-K-cnI-sâ A-[zm\-s¯ Nqj-Ww sN-¿-W-sa-¶v I-cp-Xn-bm-Wv c£-Êv \m-K-cnI-\v A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww hm-bnÂ h-¨p-\Â-Ip-¶-Xv.

23. "A-hn-sS-Êq-cy-\p-Zn¡pw \-\-ª ]-¨n-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f§pw" F-hnsS?

D. ]-«-W-¯n-\p-S-̄ p-Å {Km-a-¯nÂ



24. "\n-s¶ sh-dp-¡p-¶p Rm-\o

]m-Xm-f-t¯-¡m-tf-sd" þ B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS kw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶Xv?

D. X-sâ {Kma-s¯

25. "h-cn-sIÃm-hcp, saÃm-hcp, saÃm-hcpw!" I-hn B-sc-bm-Wv £-Wn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. {Kmao-W P-\-§sf.

ImfIÄ

]n. `m-kv-¡c³

1. "h-b-emÀ KÀ-Ön-¡p¶p' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

2. "\-½p-sS lr-Zb-s¯ B-gv-¯n ap-¡pw-hn-[w N-dp-]n-dp¶-s\ ho-gp-¶ I-®oÀ-¡-W-§-fm-Wv

N-§-¼p-g; `m-kv-¡-c³ \nd-ªp Xp-fp-¼n-\nÂ-¡p-¶ I-®p-I-fm-Wv"þ C§-s\ A-̀ n-{]m-b-

s¸«-Xv Bcv?

D. ]n.kn. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W³ (D-dq_v)

3. "ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-se A-½' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

4. "Im-b-e-cnI-̄ v h-e-sb-dn-ª-t¸m h-f-In-ep¡n-b kp-µ-co..." F-¶ kn-\n-am-Km-\w c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

5. "hnÃm-fn-bm-Wp Rm³ Po-hn-X-ku-µcyþ

hÃ-In ao-«-e-sÃ-sâ e£yw" B-cp-sS h-cn-I-fm-Wv Ch?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

6. "I-f-IÄ' F-¶ Ihn-X {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?

D. 1954

7. Imfh-n-¡mc-sâ tXm-fp-IÄ Ip-\n-ª-Xm-hm³ Im-c-Ww F´v ?

D. Im-f-h-n-¡mc-sâ kz-Po-hn-X-\m-fp-IÄ I-WvT-¯nÂ Gän-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv

A-bm-fp-sS tXm-fp-IÄ Ip-\n-ªXv.

8. Im-f-h-n-¡m-c³ ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«v GXv?

D. '\m-SI-ta .... bp-e-Iw...\m-ssf-\-S-̧ -tX-bm-c-dn-hmÀ þH-cp \m-SI-ta D-eIw.''"H-cp-\mÄ {Km-a-hoYnþX-¶n-em-bv¡-q Rm-s\³Ic-fp \-Sp-§thþbn-½-«m-sam-cp-cw-Kw" cw-Kw GXv?



D. ]-g-´p-Wn aqSn-b a-c-¡-«nÂ t]-dn ap-t¶-dp-¶ \m-ep-t]À. I-«n-en-se ]-g-´p-Wn sI-«n-em-

Is«, ssN-X\yw hän-b ]-s¯ h-n-¡m-c³ In-S-¡p¶p. I-®o-scm-gp-Im-¯ an-{Xm-Zn-

IÄ B h-n-¡p-Np-än-ep-am-bn \n-c-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. CXm-Wv I-hn H-cn-¡Â I- cwKw.

9. Im-f-h-n-¡mc-sâ ssZ\y-X I-hn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-c-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. h-n-bp-sS L-\-ap-Å Xpw t]-dn sa-sÃ-sa-sÃ Cg-ªp \o-§p-¶ Im-f-I-sf-t¸m-se

a-\p-jym-Im-cw ]q- a-säm-cp Im-f-bm-bn Ip-\n-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ h-n-¡mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p-

sIm-m-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS Xp-S¡w. kz-́ w Po-hn-Xw I-WvT-¯n-teän-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xv aq-e-

am-Wv A-bmÄ tXm-fp Ip-\n-ª-h-\m-bXv. Im-e-̄ n-sâ I-cm-fam-b ]m-X-IÄ A-\-h-[n-Im-

ew X-t-n-h-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sâ Im-ep-IÄ tX-ªn-«pv. F¶pw ZpÀ-hn-[n Ip-Sn-̈ v an-gn-

\oÀ h-än-̈ -Xn-\mÂ \nÀ-Æn-Im-c-§fpw \nÀ-Öo-h-§-fp-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p A-bm-fp-sS

I-®pIÄ. A-h-km-\-anÃm-¯ {]l-cw a-¶nÂ \n¶pw e-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv Ah-\v k-ln-¡m-\m-hp-

¶nÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sâ IÄ-¡m-¼nÂ ]p-®p-IÄ ]-SÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶n-§-s\-bmWv

I-hn h-n-¡mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

10. I-hn In-g-h\m-b Im-f-h-n-¡mc-s\ Im-Wm-\n-S-bmb-Xv G-sXm-s¡ km-l-N-cy-§-fn-emWv?

D. \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-{]m-cmÏ-§-tfm-Sv aÃn-«v Im-ew I-gn-¨p-Iq-«p-¶ kÀ-h-km-[m-c-W-¡m-c\m-b H-cp

sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ b-Ym-X-Y Nn{Xw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-¿m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv

]n. `m-kv-¡c³ 'I-f-IÄ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS. h-n h-en-¡p-¶ Im-fI-sf \n-b-{ń-¡p-

¶ h-n-¡m-c\pw I-hn-bp-sS A-\p-̀ -h-¯nÂ H-cp Im-fX-s¶ B-bn cq-]m- -́c-s¸-«n-cn-

¡p¶p. Ip-\nª tXm-fp-Ifpw tX-ª Im-ep-Ifpw \nÀ-Öo-ham-b I-®p-Ifpw ]p-®p-_m-

[n-̈ I-c-fp-am-bn B Im-f (h-n-¡m-c³) Po-hn-¡p¶p. H-cp sN-dp ]-ª-¡p-Sn-en-se

sXm-«n-enÂ ssI-¡p-ªp-am-bn ]n-d-¶ Im-ew apX-te h-n-¡m-c³ {]m-cm-Ï-§Ä-¡n-S-bn-

emWv. a-c-W-̄ n-sâ `-bm-\-Iam-b in-£-bnÂ `-b-N-In-X-\mbn, H-cp \n-an-jw t]mepw ]-X-

dm-sX A-bmÄ A-[zm-\n-¡p¶p. Po-hn-Xw I-bän-b D-Xv-¡-S-_v-̀ m-cw Xn-§p-¶ Im-fh-n

F¶pw h-en¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv A-bm-fp-sS sXm-gnÂ.

t\-cw ]p-e-cm-dm-hp-t¼mÄ Ip-Sw t]-cn Xm-a-c-¡p-f-t¯-¡v s]¬-In-Sm-§Ä t]m-Ip-¶ {Km-a-

ho-Yn-bnepw ]p-©-Ir-jn-¡m-bn sh-Åw tX-hp-¶ IÀ-jI-sâ ip-²am-b s\-©p-IÄ kw-

Ko-X-am-bn ]-cn-kc-̄ v Np-än-b-Sn-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn Im-f-h-n-¡mc-s\ I-p-ap-«m-dpv. am-{X-

aÃ D-̈ -bv-¡v h-gn-h-¡n-ep-Å t]-cm-en-sâ Np-h-«nÂ kz-Ñ-\n-{Z-bnÂ h-gn-bm-{X-¡mÀ i-bn-

¡p-t¼mgpw Im-ªn-c-a-c-̄ nÂ N-cn-ª I-cn-s¡m-Sn h-Ån-bnÂ X-¯-IÄ Du-ªm-em-Sn

Nn-e-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn A-bm-sf Im-Wm-dpv. ssh-Io-«v hn-j-¡m-hnÂ sh-fn-¨w CÃm-Xm-Im-

\m-bn ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zw sN-¿p-¶ aq-§-IÄ aq-fp-t¼mgpw cm-{Xn-bm-Ip-¶ Kp-lI-sf A-e-dp-¶

sX-n-̧ -«nIÄ Hm-fn-I-fmÂ \n-d-bv-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn A-t±l-s¯ Im-Wm-dpv.

cm-̧ -I-se-t¶m, {]-̀ m-X-{]-tZm-j-sat¶m hy-Xym-k-anÃm-sX ITn-\m-[zm-\w sN-¿p-¶

h-n-¡mc-sâ Z-b-\o-bam-b Nn-{X-am-Wv D-Nn-Xam-b _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fmÂ ]n. `m-kv-¡-c³

A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. km-[m-c-W-¡mc-sâ Po-hn-X-t¯m-Sp-Å I-hn-bp-sS Iq-dp {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶

A-t\-Iw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ H-¶mWv "I-fIÄ' F-¶ Cu I-hnX.

]mXm-f-̄ n-sâ apg-¡w

F³.F³ I-¡mSv



1. "C-hn-sS P-\n-̧ o-em-Zn-Xy³

C-hn-sS a-cn-̧ o-em-Zn-Xy³

D-̈ -X-sImÄ-ho-ep-̈ Þ³" F-¶v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶ Ihn-X GXv?

D. ]m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g-¡w (F-³.F³. I-¡mSv)

2. "A-Xn-\p-sS I-̧ Â s]m- -́I-fnÂ

]-Xn-ªn-cn¡pw c-£-Êp-I-fpsS

Xp-dp-an-gn-IÄ Xn-f-§p-¶p"þ hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS B-cw-̀ -¯nÂ \m-KcnI tem-I-¯n-sâ B-kp-c-

`m-h§-sf A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv. `q-an-X-e-¯n-se A-\p-̀ -h§-sf ]m-

Xm-f-¡m-gv-N-I-fn-te-¡v kw-{I-an-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. I-c-bnÂ Ir-an-Io-S-§Ä Zp-c-sIm-p a-

Zn-¡p¶p. sXm-«-Ie-¯v A-d-_n-¡-S-en-sâ C-cp-fnÂ P-U-Xp-eyam-b ò-I-c-aq-I-X ap-än-̄ -g-̈ n-

cn-¡p¶p. hn-kv-Xr-Xam-b H-cp Np-S-̧ -d-¼m-bn tXm¶pw A-d-_n-¡SÂ. A-Xn-sâ

I-̧ Â-s]m- -́IÄ-¡p-ÅnÂ Icsb Du-än-¡p-Sn-¡m³ {]m-]v-Xn-bp-Å c-£-kp-IÄ X-¡w

]mÀ-¯v H-fn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv. A-h-bp-sS Xp-dp-an-gn-IÄ Xnf-§n \nÂ-¡p¶p. \mSn-s\ \-in-̧ n-¡m-

\m-bn cw-K-{]-th-i-¯n-s\m-cp-§p-¶ c-£-Êp-IÄ A-[n-\nth-i i-àn-I-sfbpw

A-h-bp-sS Xn-f-¡-ap-Å Xp-dp-I-®p-IÄ A-h-bp-sS em-̀ -s¡m-Xn-sbbpw A-\m-hr-X-am-

¡p¶p.

3. "I-\-¯-Iq-ä³ Im-ep-IÄ

\o-«n-b-aÀ-̄ n \-S¡pw cm£-kþ

\-h-bq-än h-Sn-̈ ar-tX-¯p-Ignþ

s¨m-Sp-hnÂ hn-kÀ-Ön-¡p-¶p

Ir-an-I-f-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw

A-Xn-sem-¶o Rm-\pw" Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?

D. `qan-temI-s¯ ]m-Xm-f-ambpw `q-an-bn-se {]-[m-\-Po-hn-hÀ-Kam-b a-\p-jy-sc Ir-an-I-fmbpw

Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡m-Snsâ ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ apg-¡w'. kq-tcymZ-

btam kq-cym-kv-X-a-tbm A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sm-̄ ]m-Xm-f-am-bn `q-an-bn-se \-K-c-tZ-i-§Ä am-dn-bn-

cn-¡p¶p. cm-̧ -I-ep-IÄ-¡v H-tc `m-hhpw Om-b-bp-am-Wv \-K-c-¯nÂ. hy-h-km-b-im-e-IÄ

\n-d-ª \-K-c-̄ nÂ BÀ-̄ n-]n-Sn-¨ a-Õ-c-§-fm-Wv {][m-\ A-\p-`-h-§Ä A-h-bm-Is«,

G-sd a-Sp-̧ p-f-hm-¡p-¶-Xpw. H-cp hen-b ]-«-bnÂ (Belt) {I-ao-I-cn-̈ B-bn-cw D-cp-fp-IÄ

N-{I-§-fp-sS ]Ãp-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-¯mÂ I-d-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ ^m-Î-dn-bn-se I-hn A-

h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. Iq-In C-c-¼n-bmÀ-¯p Xn-anÀ-¡p-Ibpw ]p-d-̄ p-hn-Sp-¶ ]p-I-

bmÂ aq-Sn-t¸m-hp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ ^m-Î-dn-sb \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS kz-̀ m-hw Ir-Xy-ambpw

h-c-¨n-Sp-¶ hm-Kv-a-b-Nn-{X-am-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS B-teJ-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv. Nq-j-W kw-kv-Im-

c-̄ n-sâ tI-{µ-§fm-b ^m-Î-dn-I-fn-te-¡v a-\p-jyÀ C-c-¨mÀ-̄ p-h-cp-¶ Imgv-N I-hn-sX

kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S-§-fp-sS C-c-̈ n-g-ªp-Å h-c-hmWv.

h-¶-h-cp-sS hn-bÀ¸pw tNm-cbpw Io-ep-sam-s¡ ]Â-N-{I-§-fn-en-gp-Ip-¶ Im-gv-¨-bm-Wn-

hnsS. sXm-gnÂ im-e-I-fnÂ F-¯p-¶-h-cp-sS A-[zm-\-an-I-hn-sâ ]-c-am-h-[n-¡-̧ p-dhpw

Npj-Ww sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶pv. X-sâ I-\-¯-Iq-ä³ Im-ep-IÄ \o-«n-b-aÀ-¯n \-S-¡p-¶



I-t¼m-f cm-£-k³ A¯-cw sXm-gn-em-fnI-sf ]-c-amh-[n ap-X-se-Sp-¡p¶p. A-ar-tX¯p-

t]m-se Ah-sc h-en-¨q-än-Ip-Sn-¡p-Sn-̈ v H-Sp-hnÂ hn-kÀ-Öy-am-bn ]p-dw-X-Åp¶p. ^mÎ-dn

]p-d-́ -Åp-¶ am-en-\y-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ n-em-Wv A-[zm-\-tijn Du-än-sb-Sp-¡-s¸-« sXm-gn-em-

fnI-sf I-hn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-sX-¶ h-kvXp-X B-kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s¯ sR-«n-¡p¶p. ^m-Î-dn-

bnÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶ A-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ Xm\pw D-v F-¶v

I-hn Im-Wn-¨p X-cp¶p.

----- -4. "Io-i-bnÂ \n-t¶-Xm\pw sh-Ån-¯p-«p-IÄ

Nn-d-ImÀ-¶p ]d-¶p a-d-ªp."þ k-µÀ-̀ w hy-à-am-¡pI.

D. ^m-Î-dn-bnÂ \n-¶v tPm-en I-gn-ªv £o-Wn-X-\m-bn Xn-cn-̈ p-h-cp-¶ I-hn D-S-ª t]-in-I-fn-

se th-Z-\-am-dm-\pw X-fÀ-¶ \m-Un-R-c-¼p-IÄ ap-dp-Im\pw a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ I-b-dp¶p.

B Iq-ä³ Kp-l-bp-sS H-cp tIm-Wn-en-cp-¶v H-cp I-hnÄ tam-́ n F-gp-t¶Â-¡p¶p. ap-[p-cn-

¡p-¶ Zpx-JwþA-ar-XwþF-¶m-Wv I-hn Xm³ ]m-\w sNbv-X a-Zy-s¯ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

G-Xm\pw sh-Ån-¯p-«p-IÄ Io-i-bnÂ \n¶pw Nn-d-Iph-̈ v ]d-¶p ad-ªp F-¶v A-t±-l-

¯n-\p tXm-¶p-¶p. a-Zytk-h I-gn-ªh-sâ t_m-[-Xe-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-bn I-hn A-h-X-cn-

¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w.

5. X-sâ Iu-am-c Ime-s¯ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. \m-Kcn-I a-\p-jy-cp-sS Po-hn-X-ss\-cm-iy-§Ä L-«w-L-«-am-bn A-\mh-cw sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Imb-

Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ. \K-cw ]m-Xm-f-k-am-\-am-sW-¶v A-\p-̀ -h-

s¸-Sp-̄ m³ D-Nn-Xam-b L-S-\-bpw _nw-_-§-fp-am-Wv F³.F³.I-¡m-Sv X-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ

D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-Xm-f-temI-s¯ hÀ-¯-am-\-Ime-s¯ ap-jn-̧ p-f-hm-¡p-

¶ A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä hn-h-cn-̈ -Xn-\v ti-jw I-hn X-sâ K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-IÄ ]-¦p-sh-¡p¶p.

Iu-Xp-I-¯mÂ hn-S-cp-Ibpw Ip-X-dp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ lr-Z-b-hp-am-bn C-t¸mÄ Xm-a-kn-¡p-

¶ Iq-ä³ sI-«n-S-̄ n-sâ c-mw \n-e-bnÂ \n-¶v ]n-Xm-hn-sâ ssI-hn-c-enÂ ]n-Sn-̈ p Xq-§n

At±lw ]-«W-s¯ I--XmWv. sX-cp-hp-IÄ tXmdpw H-Sp-§m-sX ]-e-hÀ-®-¯nepw h-Sn-

hn-ep-am-bn ]-eX-cw A-Ûp-Xw H-gp-Ip¶p. A-gIpw ]p-Xp-abpw ssI-Im-en-«p Ip-S-ªp Nn-cn-

¡p¶p. sI-«n-S-¯n-\p Xm-sg, X-\n-¡-dn-bm-¯ A-Ûp-X-I-cam-b K-Ô-§-fpw B-kzm-Z-§fpw

]p-Xp-a-tbm-sS B-\-I-fn-¨v C-c-¼p¶p. C¯-cw Im-gv-N-IÄ A-¶v I-hn-bp-sS Iuam-c Ime-

s¯ B-Ëm-Zn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-tXm-sSm-¸w X-sâ {Km-a-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å Nn-e Nn-´-

IÄ I-hn-bp-sS a-\-Ên-epv. ]«-Ww C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]pf-Iw sIm-Ån-¨-t¸mÄ Zq-sc-bp-Å

X-sâ {Km-aw Ip¶pw Ip-gnbpw sN-fnbpw IpSp-a h-fÀ¯n-b ]-g-a-Ifpw sh-bnepw N-cepw

H-s¡-bm-bn sX-fn-ª X-sâ {Km-aw H-cp hn-Uv-Vn-If-t¡ aq-I-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. C-§-

s\-sbm-s¡ B-sW-¦nepw ]-«-W-¯nÂ Xm³ sIm-Xp-Ip-h-e-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ I-b-dn-¡n-S¡-th

Zq-sc C-cp-fn³ a-Sn-bnÂ a-b-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ {Km-a-̄ nÂ Im-hÂ In-S-¡p-¶ am-S-§-fnÂ \n-

¶q-dn Nn-täm-f§-sf C-f-¡n-¡-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fpw, A-½n-ª-̧ m-sem-gp-In-Sp-¶ sIm-̈ p

A-\pP-sâ C-fw-Np-nÂ ]q-̧ p-©n-cn hn-cn-b-¯-¡-h-®-ap-Å A-½-bp-sS Xm-cm«pw tI-«m-

Wv A-bmÄ a-b-§p-¶Xv.

6. "HmÀ-t¯-\n-h-\p-ä kp-lr-s¯¶pw

kv-t\-lw sIm-nh-s\ P-bn-¨p-I-gn-ª-h-s\¶pw"þ C§-s\ tXm-¶m³ Imc-Ww F-´v?



D. \-K-c-hm-kn-bm-b I-hn-bp-sS bu-h-\-Im-e Nn- -́I-fm-Wn-Xv. Iu-am-c-Im-ew hn-«v bu-Æ-\-

¯nÂ Im-ep-d-̈ -t¸mÄ I-̄ p-¶ ]q-¯n-cn IW-¡v A-t±-lw sX-fn-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p.

]-̄ n-bnÂ am-Wn-IyIÃv G-ń No-dn-̧ m-bp-¶ kÀ-̧ -s¯-t¸m-se ]«-Ww ssa-Xm-\-§-fnÂ

Im-en-Â ]-´v tImÀ-¯v A-bmÄ ]-d-¡p¶p. an-Yp-\-¡-SÂ KÀ-Pn-¡pw-t]m-se lÀ-tjmZv-

tLm-jw X-\n-¡m-bn D-b-cp¶p. \-K-c-̄ n-se I-h-e-I-fnÂ ap-gp-h³ a-[p-cm-Z-c-hÀ-jw NqSn-

b I-®p-IÄ am-{X-am-Wv A-bmÄ I-Xv. A¶v Cu \-K-c-̄ n-sâ tXm-fnÂ ssI-¿n-«p-sIm-

v D-t·-j-t¯m-sS A-bmÄ D-em-¯p¶p. \K-cw F-¶ kp-lr-¯n-sâ IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª

\-J-§Ä X-\n-¡p-th-n B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ C-cI-sf tImÀ-¯p-h-en-¨p-X-cp-¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv

\K-cw X-sâ D-ä kp-lr-¯m-sW¶pw kv-t\-lw sIm-v \-Kc-s¯ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-

¡p-¶ Xm-s\¶pw bp-hm-hn-\v tXm-¶n-bXv. ]-t£ Im-ew am-dn-b-t¸mÄ I-Ybpw am-dp-I-bm-

Wv D-m-bXv. s\-än-bn-se D-dp-amÂ sI-«n I-hn-ªv Nn-¶n-̈ n-X-dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶ X-e-ap-Snbpw

]´p-tImÀ-¯-Im-ep-am-bn h-c-b³ _-\n-b-\p-am-bn B bp-hm-hv C-¶v \-K-c-¯n-se h-gn-b-cn-

In-se kv-äpUn-tbm-bp-sS Np-a-cnÂ H-cp Nn{Xw am-{X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. am-{XaÃ, \-K-c-

¯n-sâ IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-J-§Ä C-¶v A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ t]-in-I-fnÂ ]q-gv-¶v In-S-¡p-

Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \-K-c-hv-X-Ic-Ww XoÀ-¯v B-IÀ-j-W-¯n-sâ B-tem-N-\-I-fnÃm-sX

kzo-I-cn-̈ h-¶v ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xn-sâ b-YmÀ-° kz-`m-hw I-pw A-\p-̀ -hn¨pw I-gn-bm³ C-S-h-

¶-Xn-sâ ò-I-c-Nn-{X-am-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

7. "F-ń,¶m-sc ¡m¬-aq \msf?

Ir-an-IÄ k-a-kv-Xw Ir-anIÄ" þ Cu A-h-Ú-bv-¡v Im-c-W-sa´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

8. 'FÃmw I-pw tI-«pw

A-Ô-]n]m-k R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ-¯o-a-g-s]-bvXpw

sX-cp-hp-JnÂ Np-än \-S-t¶³

R-cn-¨-aÀ-¯n-±m-lw XoÀ-t¯³

a-Xn-hcp-thmfw, a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw!" þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw km-c-kyhpw hy-à-am¡p-I.

D. Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-hpw Im-]-Syhpw \n-d-ª \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-se _meyw sXm-«p a-c-Whpw

]p-\À-P-·-hpw h-sc-bp-Å Im-gv-N-IÄ ]-¦p-sh-¡p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-se ap-g¡w' F-¶

I-hn-X-bnÂ B-[p\n-I I-hn F³.F³. I-¡mSv. _m-ey-bu-Æ-\-Im-e-§-fn-se \-K-c-¯n-se

Po-hn-Xm-\p`-hw ]-¦p-sh-¨v A-t±-lw ]mXm-f Xp-eyam-b \-K-c-¯n-se ]u-c-Po-hn-X-̄ n-¡p-dn-

¨v hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. ^m-Î-dn-bn-se sXm-gn-Â I-gn-ªv H-cp I-hnÄ I-Åpw tam-

ń In-S-̧ -d-]qIn-b A-t±-lw K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fn-te-¡v ho-gp¶p. B kv-a-c-W-IÄ

]t£, A-t±l-s¯ Iq-Sp-XÂ \n-cm-i\pw A-kz-Ø-\p-am-¡p¶p. \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw k-½m-\n-̈

A-d¸pw ap-jn¸pw A-t±l-s¯ hopw a-Zy-im-e-bn-te-¡v F-¯n-¡p¶p. H-cp hen-b Kp-l-

bm-bn tXm¶n-b a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ \n¶pw B-fp-I-sfÃmw a-S-§n-t¸m-Im³ t\-cw ]-c-kv]-cw

A-̀ n-hmZyw sN-¿p¶p.

"\-a-kvsX, \m-sf-¡m-Wmw, KpUv-ss\-äv

KpUv-ss\äv, KpUv-ss\-äv \msf. . . ."



C-Xp-tI-«v tI-t« tZjyw h-¶ A-t±-lw Ah-Ú-tbm-sS tNm-Zn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv "F-ń\v?

B-sc ImW-Ww \msf, kÀ-Æ B-fp-Ifpw Ir-an-I-fm-Wv Ir-anIÄ" ]-c-kv]-cw ImWmt\m

B-iw-kn¡mt\m sIm-Åm-¯-h-cm-bn \K-cw k-I-e-tcbpw am-än-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ \n-¶n-d§n-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-Un R-c-¼pI-sf ]p-Xn-sbm-cp Zm-lhpw tam-

lhpw hn-d-sIm-Ån-¡p-¶pv. sX-cp-hn-sâ I-®p-IÄ H-t¶m-¶m-bn s]m-en-bp-Ibpw Ir-an-

IÄ iq-\y-X-bnÂ A-I-¶-en-bp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶ B k-ab-¯v A-bmÄ am-{X-am-Wv a§n-b

Xn-®-I-fnepw A-fn-ª Ip-̧ -s¯m-«n-¡-cn-Inepw XS-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv. hn-e-t]-inbpw sX-

dn-]-dªpw hn-äpw c-p-hn-i-̧ p-IÄ X-½nÂ C-W-tNÀ¶pw C-c-¡m³ th-n am{Xw InS-

¶p sX-cp-hp-IÄ s]-cp-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS C-cpÄ \n-d-ª ap-Jw Ir-Xy-

am-bn Im-Wn-̈ p X-cn-I-bm-Wv I-hn C-hnsS AaÀ-¯n ap«n-b tX-§-ep-IÄ \n-g-ep-I-fnÂ

\n¶pw s]m-§p-¶Xpw I-Sn-̈ -aÀ¯n-b im-k-\-IÄ se-bn-\p-I-fnÂ apc-v A-I-ep-¶Xpw

t]-cnÃm-¯ P-U-§Ä I-SÂ-Np-p-IÄ Im-dn-¯p-̧ n-¡-f-bp-¶Xpw A-Sp-¡pw A-kz-Ø-X-

hÀ-²n-̧ n-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-I-fm-Wv C-cp-«nÂ A-bmÄ A-bmÄ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv. \n-d-ª

iq\y-X am{Xw \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶ I-h-e-I-fnÂ I-\-¯ Im-epIÄ Du-¶n I-S¶p-t]m-Ip-¶

c-£-Ên-sâ Iq-ä³ Im-e-S-bm-f-§-fnÂ I-«-t¨m-c X-fw sI-«n-¡n-S-¡p-¶p. (]-«-h-W-hm-knI-

sf A-]m-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ C¯-cw c-£-Êp-I-fp-sS km-¶n[yw I-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-se \n-

Xy-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv).

C-̄ -c-¯nÂ D-Å k-I-eXpw I-pw-tI«pw A-\p-̀ -hn-¡m\pw A-Ô-am-bXpw Zm-lmÀ-¯-

am-b-Xpam-b R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ Xo-a-g-IÄ s]-¿n-¨pw sX-cp-hp-I-fn-eq-sS Np-än-\-S-¡p-I-bm-Wv

I-hn sN-¿p-¶Xv. a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw X-sâ Zm-lw sR-cn-̈ -aÀ-̄ n XoÀ¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv

A-bmÄ sN-¿m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b Im-cy-§Ä Npäpw B-hÀ-¯n-̈ v

\-S-¡p¶-Xv IWmt\m A-\p-̀ -hn¡mt\m hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv ]-«-W-]uc-sâ Po-hn-X-sa-¶

bm-YmÀ°yw I-¡m-Sv k-aÀ-°-ambn Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

9. "IqÀ-¯p h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-̄ n-semþ

c-̧ -¡-jv-Ww tImÀ-¯-W-bp-I-bmhmw"þ B-cm-Wv h-cp-¶Xv? A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-sâD-t±iyw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. "\m-sf-bp-sa³ t]-in-bpS-̈ p

hn-bÀ-̧ nÂ Nm-en-̈ p-®-W-a-tÃm!" þ h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ']m-X-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se hmÀ-²Iyw F-¶ Im-hy-̀ m-K-̄ m-Wv k-µÀ`w.

\-K-c-Po-hn-X-¯n-se A-\p-̀ -h§-sf L-«w-L-«-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶ I-¡mSv 'hmÀ-²-Iyw'

F-¶ `mK-̄ v A-h-i\m-b a-\p-jy-sâ Nn- -́I-fm-Wv ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. \K-cw k-½m-\n-¨

ZpÀK-Ôw ap-gp-h\pw X-sâ i-co-c-̄ nÂ C-gp-In-t¨-À-¶n-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-bm-fnÂ A-d-̧ p-f-hm-

¡p¶p. \-K-c-¯n-sâ ]p-®p-IÄ ap-gp-h-\pw X-sâ B-ßm-hnÂ \p-c-ªp-b-cp¶-Xv A-bm-

fnÂ sh-dp-̧ v D-f-hm-¡p¶p. Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw A-bm-fnÂ C-Sn-¯o-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p¶p.

B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn¨m-tem-Nn-¡p-¶p A-bmÄ. s]m-«mkyw k-b-t\-Uv ssI-¿n-e-aÀ¯n,

]Ãp-I-Sn¨v, C-a-IÄ ap-dp-¡n-bS-̈ v X-sâ Io-d-̧ m-bnÂ A-bmÄ In-S-¡p¶p. s]-s«-¶v A-bm-

fp-sS hr-²am-b A-S-ª I-¬-t]m-f-I-fnepw Iq¼n-b Im-Xp-I-fnepw I-c-fnepw ]-cn-Nn-Xam-

b c-£-Ên-sâ ImÂ-sh-̧ p-IÄ C-Sn-sh«p-t]m-se ]-Xn-¡p¶p. IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-



¯nÂ H-cp A-̧ -¡-jv-WwþH-cp C-c-sbþtImÀ-̄ m-Wv c£-Êv (\m-K-cn-I-X-sIm-v k-kp-Jw

hm-gp-I-bpw a-\p-jy-sc Po-h-È-h-am-bn am-äp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ Ip-¯-I-bm-Wv CorporateCu c-£Êv) I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶p. \m-sfbpw X-sâ t]-in D-S-̈ v (A-²zm-\w Nqj-Ww sN-bvXv)

X-sâ hn-bÀ-̧ n-sâ Xp-d-¶ ]p-d-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS ò-I-cam-b H-cp ssI D-Ån-te-¡n-«v c-£Êv.

AS-ªp In-S-¡p-¶ h{àw ssI-hn-cÂ-\-J-̄ mÂ ]n-fÀ-¯n sIm-p-h-¶ A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww

D-ÅnÂ Xn-cp-In c£-Êv ]n³-hm-§p¶p.

11. "\-c-I-¯n-s¶m-cp ssI-¸m-S-I-se-bn-cn-̧ q kÀ-Kw!" þ Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

12. "A-hn-sS-Êq-cy-\p-Zn-¡pw,

\-\-ª ]-¨n-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f-§pw" þ k-µÀ-̀ w F-gp-XpI.

D. \-K-c-Po-hnX-s¯ sNmÃn-bp-Å A-d¸pw sh-dp¸pw k-ln-¨p I-gn-bm³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-« H-cp-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ _m-ey-Im-ew sXm-«p-Å A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS F³.F³. I-¡mSv. \K-cw \ÂIn-b {Iq-chpw Pp-Kp-]v-km-]-c-hpam-b A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä ]-«-W-hm-kn-sb ss\-cm-iy-¯nÂ B-gp-¯p¶p. kq-cy-\p-Zn-¡p-Itbm A-kv-X-an-¡p-Itbm sN-¿m-̄ ]m-Xm-f-̄ n-\-̧ p-d-̄ v kzÀ-K-ap-s-¶v A-bmÄXn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p. X-sâ \-c-I-¯nÂ \n-¶v H-cp ssI-̧ m-S-I-se-bp-Å {Km-a-am-Wv B kzÀ-¤w.aq-¶p-h-i¯pw Ip-¶p-I-fmÂ Np-ä-s¸-«Xpw H-cp hmÂ-¡-®m-Sn t]m-se a-t\m-l-c-hp-am-WvB {Kmaw. A-hn-sS kq-cy³ D-Zn-¡p-¡pw. \-\-ª ]-̈ C-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f-§pw.D-̈ -Þ³ D¨-X-ssI-h-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. G-sdc-a-Wo-bhpw im-́ -hp-am-Wv A-hn-sS kÀÆw.

13. "F-¦n-ep-sa³ {]n-b-I-cnbmw \mtS,

\n-s¶ sh-dp-¡p-¶q Rm-\o

]m-Xm-f-t¯-¡m-tfsd" þ I-hn C§-s\ ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. \-K-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \n-cm-i-\n-d-ª Po-hn-X-am-Wv X-sâ {Km-a-¯nÂ C¶pw DÅ-XvF-¶v I-hn Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p. ]-«n-Wnbpw {]-bm-k-§fpw {Km-a-Po-hnX-s¯ Zp-Ê-l-am-¡p¶p.{Km-a-¯nÂ X-IÀ-¶ ho-gmdm-b ho-«n-se X-Wp-¯v a-c-hn-̈ (Xo I-̄ m-¯) A-Sp-̧ n-sâNp-äp-am-bn hm-Sn A-SÀ-¶ Ip-cp-¶n-e-IÄ X-sâ A½ ssZ-h-s¯-hn-fn-¨p I-c-I-bä-tWF¶v. C¯-cw Zp-cn-X-§Ä D-Ån-S-t¯m-fw Im-ew {Km-a-Po-hn-Xw \-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ Po-hn-XwZp-Ê-l-am-¡p-¶p F-¶ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-hm-Wv I-hn-sb C-¯-c-¯nÂ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ t{]-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

14. X-\n-¡v e-̀ n-¨ A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww BÀ-s¡m-s¡-bm-Wv I-hn ]-¦p-sh¨Xv?

D. c£-Êv sIm-ph-¶v hm-bnÂ Xn-cpIn-b A-¸-¡-jv-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v Hmtcm ]-¦v ho-XwX-sâ A-Sp-̄ v InS-¶v a-b-§p-¶ s]¬-tIm-e-¯n-\pw Ip-ªn\pw \Â-Ip¶p. a-säm-cp]-¦v {Km-¯nÂ {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ¡pw \-K-c c-£-Ê-n\pw \Â-Im³ I-hn X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶p.

15. "h-cn-sIÃm-h-cp-a,saÃm-h-cp,saÃm-hcpw!"þ B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn £-Wn-I-Ivp-¶Xv. F-́ n-\m-WvFÃm-h-tcmSpw h-cm-\m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

16. A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \o-«n-s¡m-v I-hn {Km-ao-W-tcm-Sv ]-d-bp¶-Xv F´v?



D. \-K-c-¯nÂ hm-gp-¶ c£-Êv sIm-ph-¶v hm-bnÂ Xn-cpIn-b A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww I-hnIp-ªn\pw A-½-bv¡pw ]-Ip-¯p-\Â-Ip-¶p. A-XnÂ \n¶pw H-cp ]-¦v {Km-ao-WÀ¡pwsIm-Sp-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-Ip¶p. kz-́ w \-s«Ãq-cn F-Sp-̄ v D-bÀ-̄ n D-m¡n-b X-sâ Iq-c-bnÂ \n-¶nd-§n {Km-ao-W-cn-te-¡v A-t±-lw Cd-§n sNÃp¶p. "kp-µ-c-am-sW-¦nepw \-c-I-t¯-¡mÄ ò-I-c-am-bn h-©-\ D-Å- C-S-am-Wv C-¶v {Kmaw. A-hn-sS hn-«v thKw Cu ]m-Xm-f-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n-t¨-cpI. Cu Iq-c-bnÂ cm-£-Ê³ sIm-p-X-cp-¶ A-̧ -¡-jv-WwsIm-p \n§-sf FÃm-h-sc-bpw Rm³ ]p-eÀ-¯n-s¡m-Åmw. FÃm-hcpw th-Kw hcnI".C-Xm-Wv A-¸-¡-jv-Ww \o-«n A-bmÄ hn-fn-̈ p-]-d-bp-¶Xv.

17. "\-Jw-Zw-{ã-§-sf³ t]-in-þ

em-gv-̄ n-b-aÀ-̄ n-̧ p-Wcp-I ap-dpsIþ

F-{X kp-J-{]-Z-a-hn-S-s¯-¡p-Sn-e-kz-mÀ-°-X þ Cu h-cn-I-fn-e-S§n-b Bi-bw F´v?

D. \-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ t¾-¨hpw ò-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p {Km-aw F-¶ th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-b Xn-cn-̈ -dn-hm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv ']m-Xm-f-̄ n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-̀ mK-¯v]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. ò-I-cam-b h-©-\-bm-Wv {Km-a-§-fn-ep-ÅXv. Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ\-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ A-]-I-S-Icw. C-Xp a-\-Ên-em¡n-b \m-K-cn-I³ X-sâ Iq-c-bnÂ \n-XyhpwA-̧ -¡-jv-W-sa-¯n-¡p-¶ c-£-Ên-s\ hm-gv-¯p¶p. tX-fp-Ifpw I-gp-I-·mcpw Iq-fn-]nn-im-Np-¡-fp-sam-s¡ D-Å X-sâ ]-cn-hm-c-§-fp-am-bn X-¶n-te-¡v A-W-bm³ I-hn kzmK-XwsN-¿p¶p. \-Jhpw ]Ãpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v X-sâ t]-in-bnÂ A-aÀ-¯n-̧ p-W-cp-hm³ cm-£Ê-s\ A-t±-lw £-Wn-¡p¶p. Ip-Sn-e-Xbpw kzmÀ-°-Xbpw \n-d-ª cm-£k-sâ IrXywX-\n-¡v G-sd kp-J-{]-Z-am-sW-¶v A-bmÄ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. {Kmao-W Po-hnX-s¯ ]-cn-lm-k-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv.

D-]-\y-kn¡pI

18. F³.F³ I-¡m-Sn-sâ Imhy-ssi-ensb "]m-Xm-f-̄ n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hnX-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

19. "]m-X-f-¯n-sâ ap-g-¡w' ap-t¶m-«p-h-bv-¡p-¶ {]-ta-bw F´v?

20. F³.F³. I-¡m-Sv \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-̀ mhs¯ "]m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂA-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶-Xv F-§s\?

am\-km-ćw

_m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sv

1. am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se `m-jI-s\ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶ t]cv?

D. ]-c-kz-lm-cn

2. _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ P-·-Øew?

D. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw PnÃ-bn-se ]-d-hqÀ (1957)

3. _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ B-ßmw-i-ap-Å K-Zy-IrXn?

D. Nn-Xw-_-c-kva-cW

4. am-\-km´-cw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-̈ hÀjw?

D. 1994



5. ]-c-kz-lmcnþ AÀ-°-sa´v?

D. A-\y-sâ kz-¯v sIm-Å-b-Sn-¡p-¶-h³

6 . I-hn-bp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ A-Iw \-an-̈ \-«-hn-s¯´v?

D. Cu-iz-c-\m-aw

7. Zpx-J-k-l-\-¯n-\m-bn I-hn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ Øew?

D. sIm-ssS-¡-\mÂ

8. arXyp {]-ta-b-am-bn h-cp-¶ _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-XIÄ?

D. F-hn-sS tPm¬, kv-täm¡v-tlm-an-se tl-a-´w, _m-[, Xm-X-hm-Iyw, am-\-km´-cw

9. ]-c]o-V sN-¿-cp-sX-¶v Ip-«n-¡me-¯v I-hn-sb D-]-tZ-in-̈ -Xmcv?

D. A-½

10. kp-c-Kw-K-bv-¡p t]mepw ip-²-am-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯-sX´v?

D. \n-W-]-¦n-eam-b I-hn-bp-sS ssI-IÄ

11. th-Z-\ am-cn-bm-bv s]-bv-X-t¸mÄ a-\-ÊnÂ s]m-«n-ap-f-¨ \m-a-sa´v?

D. ssZ-h-\m-aw

12. am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ A-½-sb-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å HmÀ-½-IÄ F-s´Ãmw?

D. sN-dp-̧ -Im-e-§-fnÂ A-½ \ÂIn-b D-]-tZ-i-§Ä ]-c]o-V sN-¿p¶-Xv ]m-]-amWv. Cu-iz-c-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn Po-hn-¡Ww. aI-sâ Ip-¯-gn-ª Po-hn-Xw I-v Po-hn-Xw \o-dn-bm-WvA-½ a-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

13. knw-l-in-ev-]-hpw, A-iz-Nn-{Xhpw F-ń-s\-bm-Wv {]-Xo-I-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. B-k-àn-bp-sS B-[m-cam-b ar-Ko-b-X kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ knw-l-in-ev]w. B-k-àn-]q-c-W-¯n-\m-bn Ip-Xn-¨p Nm-Sp-¶ C-{µn-b {]-Xo-I-am-Wv A- iz-Nn-{Xw.

14. \m-bI-\v ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w D-m-Ip-¶-sX-t¸mÄ?

D. ar-Ko-b-hm-k-\-I-fnÂ ap-gp-In \m-b-I³ H-Sp-hnÂ sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bn \-c-I-th-Z-\-b-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ \n-an-j-§-fnÂ 'ssZ-hta' F-¶ hn-fn D-b-cp-¶-tXm-sS ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\ Im-ewB-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶p.

15. ]m-]-̀ q-bn-jvTam-b Po-hn-X-̄ n-\v I-hn F§-s\ ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp¶p?

D. Cu-iz-c-N-́ -bv-¡p am-{X-ta Zp-cn-Xw CÃm-Xm-¡m³ I-gn-bq F-¶v A-bmÄ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p.X-sâ sX-äp-IÄ G-äp-]d-ªv A-bmÄ a-t\m-Zp-cn-X-¯n-\v ]-cn-lm-c-ambn Cu-iz-\nÂA`-bw {]m-]n-¡p¶p.

16. I-hn X-sâ am-\-km-́ c-s¯ G-Xv ]p-cm-W-I-Y-bp-am-bm-Wv _-Ôn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. ]-I-bp-sS N-Sp-eam-b A-ã-I-em-i-̄ n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ `-bw Z-Þ-Zm-Þ-h-am-Sn A-S§n-b\-c-Im-kp-c-hn-[-¯n-se \-{I-Xpn-tbmSv.

17. A-bm-fp-sS a\-kv s]-bv-sXm-gn-ª am-\w t]m-se sX-fn-ªp. Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. ]m-]-]-¦n-eam-b X-sâ Po-hn-Xw G-äp-]-d-ªv A-bmÄ X-sâ a-t\m-Zp-cn-X-̄ n-\v ]-cn-lm-c-ambn Cu-iz-c-\nÂ A`-bw {]m-]n-¨v c-£-t\-Sp¶p. A-Xp-sImv Cu-izc-sâ \o-Xn-]oT-



¯nÂ i-c-Whpw in-£bpw Im-̄ p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ A-bm-fp-sS a\-Êv s]-bv-sXm-gn-ª am-\wt]m-se sX-fn-ª-Xv.

18. B-ß-_-en-bn-eq-sS-bpw, k-l-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw ip-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« X-sâ a\-Êv F-§-s\-bm-h-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv?

D. kq-cy-tX-P-Êm³ Zo-]v-Xam-b B-Im-iw t]m-se sX-fn-a-bm-W-bmÄ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv.

19. "am-\-km- -́cw' ioÀ-j-¯nsâ Hu-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.

20. am-\-km´-cw Ihn-X A-\p-hm-N-I\pw B-ß-]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw B-ß-ip-²o-I-c-W-¯n\pw C-Sw \Â-Ip¶p. NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I.

21. D-̄ m-cm-[p\n-I I-hn-Xm-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-XI-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]T-\w X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

22. sh-fn-¨w I-h-sâ k-l-\-k-a-c-am-Wv am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X. hn-Nn´-\w sN-¿p-I?

23. H-Sp-hnÂ sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bv a-I³

I-gp-th-dp¶-Xp Im¬-I-bnÃhÄþ F-´p-sIm-v. hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I?

24. ]-c-kz-lm-cn-bp-sS A-hØ-sb hy-Rv-Pn-̧ n-¡m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ _nw-_-§-fpsSHm-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I?

25. i-X-̀ m-kv-I-c-Zo-]v-Xn Zo-]v-Xamw

KK-\w t]m-se sX-fn-ªp am\-kw

\n-e-sIm-ÅW-ta sIm-e-¡p-cp

¡n-dp-Ip-t¼m-gp-sa-\n-¡p ssZ-h-ta þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw B-i-bhpw hn-i-Z-am-¡pI

arXyp]q-P

sI. A-¿-¸-̧ -Wn-¡À

1. ar-Xyp-]q-P-bp-sS tI-{µ-_nw-_-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

D. tKm]n, I-Wz³, iw-Jp-apJ-s¯ kz-]v-\-Pohn, `qan-tbm-Sn-c-¡p-¶ Zm-i-cYn.

2. `m-hn-sbm-cp `q-X-am-bv t\m-¡p-¶p þ AÀ-°w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

D. Cu h-cn-¡v c-À-°w I-ev-]n-¡mw. `m-hn-bnÂ B-sI-bpÅ-Xv `q-X-Im-e-kv-ar-Xn-I-fmWv,`m-hn ac-Ww am-{X-am-W-tÃm. a-c-W-¯nÂ \mw tIh-ew `q-X-Im-e-am-bn am-dp¶p. `m-hn H-cpZpÀ-̀ q-X-am-bn Xp-dn¨p-t\m-¡p-¶p F¶pw AÀ-° kqN-\.

3. ar-Xyp-hn-s\ kw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]-Z-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. a-cp-Km-an\n, L-\-iym-a-cq-]nWn, tl-a- -́bm-an\n, i-c-Xvkz-]v-\-Im-an-\n

4. FÃm Po-hnbpw B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ A-hkm-\ hn-{i-aw F-´mWv?

D. ac-Ww

5. ar-Xyp-hn-s\ G-sXm-s¡ `m-h-¯n-em-Wv I-hn ZÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv?

D. Im-ap-In-bm-bpw, tZ-h-X-bmbpw

6. ko-X-bp-sS kzÀKm-tcm-l-W k-ab-̄ v Zm-ic-Yn F-´m-Wv {]mÀ-°n-̈ Xv?

D. H-cp ZpÀ-̀ q-Xw IW-s¡ \-à-c-©-tc-{µ³ F-sâ lr-Z-b-̄ nÂ a-c-W-\r-¯w N-hn«n. `q-an-



tZ-hn \n-sâ D-Z-c hocyw ]-IÀ-¶p F-sâ koX-sb F-\n-¡p Xn-cn-̈ p X-cnI.

7. th-Z-]p-cm-W-§-fp-sS Xn-cn-̈ p-hc-hv I-hn B-{K-ln-¡p¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

8. `m-cXo-b k-a-Im-en-Im-hØ-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. {]-Xym-i-bp-sS t\cn-b Inc-Ww t]mepw sX-fn-ªp Im-Wm-¯ Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ`q-XIm-e N-cn{Xw B-ßm-hn-\v t¢-i-ap-m-¡p¶p. ssZ- h-̄ n-sâ N-Xnbpw kÀ-¸-̄ n-sâN-Xnbpw s]-®n-sâ N-Xn-bp-am-Wv a-\p-jy³ B-cw-̀ -¯nÂ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv. ]pXn-b Im-e-¯nÂ kÀ-Æ-cpw N-Xn-¡p-sa¶pw I-S¶p-t]m-b Im-ehpw A-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶ i-àn-Ifpw FÃmw Xn-cn-̈ p-h-cpw. cm-£-k-\n-{K-l-§fpw Ip-Spw-_-Z-l-\-§fpw {`m- -́am-b,{X-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶ F-enbpw ]q-̈ bpw I-fnbpw H-s¡-bp-m-hpw. X-\n-bm-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä H¶pwth-s-¶m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

9. A-ń-¡v ti-jw iw-Jv-apJ-̄ v ]-Sn-ªm-d³ I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ I- Zo-]-¯n-sâ kq-N-\F-́ mWv?

D. Pohn-X {]-Xo-£-bp-tS-Xm-Wv I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ I- Zo]w.

10. I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-X-{´Km-b-I³, [À-½-{]-Nm-cI³, kv-t\-l-{]-Nm-c-I³F-¶n-h-cp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X F´v?

D. kzm-X-{´ Km-b-I³ bp-²-s¯bpw £m-a-s¯bpw Ip-dn-̈ v I-hn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn hn-äp Im-im-¡nam-äp¶p. hn\-bw \-b-am¡n-b [À-½-{]-Nm-c-I³ X-sâ ta³-ap-n-sâ Aä-¯v Ik-hv Nn-cnXp-¶n-t¨À-¡p¶p. B-fpI-sf Nn-cn-¨p ab-¡n B-Uw-_-c Po-hnX-s¯ X-¶n-te-¡v Xp-¶n-t¨À-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶p. i-co-cw A-\n-Xy-am-Wv \-iz-c-am-Wv A-Xn-\mÂ X-\n-¡p kp-Jn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv kv-t\-l-{]-hm-NI-sâ B-ZÀiw.

11. ]u-cm-Wn-I-bp-sSbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw k-a-\z-b-am-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

12. Po-hnX-s¯ A-Xn-bm-bn kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-s\ A-Xn-\-\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯ Im-e-s¯bpw tem-I-s¯bpw A-án ]-co-£-bv-¡p hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P-bnÂ.\n-co-£n¡pI.

13. ar-Xyp-]q-P-bnÂ NÀ-¨-bv-s¡-Sp-¡p-¶ k-a-Imen-I {]-iv-\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

ho«n-te-¡p-Å h-gn

Un. hn-\-b-N-{µ³

1. I-hn-sb ho-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn-̈ p-hn-fn-¡p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. Xp-¼-bpw, Im-«p-In-fn-bpw, I-S-̄ p-h-Å-§-fp-am-Wv I-hn-sb ho-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn-̈ p-hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv.

2. I-hn-X-bnÂ A-½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-iw F´v?

D. A-½-bnÃm-̄ -hÀ-t¡-Xp hoSv?

CÃ hoSv, F-§p-ta hoSvþ ho-Sv F-¶ k-¦-ev-]w A-½-bp-am-bm-Wv _-Ô-s¸-«p In-S-¡p-¶Xv.ho-Sv F-¶v Nn-ń-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Hm-tcm-cp-¯-cp- sS-bpw D-ÅnÂ \n-d-bp¶-Xv A-½-bp-tS-Xm-Ipw. ho-«n-te-¡v I-b-dn-s¨Ãp-t¼m-gpw, C-d-§p-t¼mgpw \-½-tfm-sSm-̧ -ap-Å km-an-]y-am-WvA-½. A-½-bnÃm-¯ ho-Sv iq-\y-X-bm-Wv A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A-½-bnÃm-¯-hÀ-t¡-Xp- ho-SvF-¶v I-hn tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-hm-knbm-b aI-s\ Im-¯v -]-Sn¸p-c Xn-®-bnÂIm-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ Cu `m-h-̄ n-sâ aqÀ-¯o cq-]-amWv.



3. ho-«nÂ \n-¶v h-cp-¶ I-hn-bp-sS s]-«n-bn-se hn-`-h-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. Du-cn-se ]ªw, D-Z-b-Kn-cn-bn-se Ip-¶n-a-WnIÄ, hn-̂ -eam-b kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS ho-c-Km-Y-I-fpw, hmSn-b ]q-¡-fp-sS \m-en-X-fpIÄ, H-tc-\n-d-¯n-ep-Å A-©m-dp XqhÂ, Kw-K-bnÂ\n-¶v ap-§n-sb-Sp-¯ \q-sä-«p in-eIÄ, A-½q-½ \-evIn-b k-Ôym-\maw, A-̧ q-̧ ³\-evIn-b cm-amb-Ww In-fn-̧ m«v, A-½ \-evIn-b sh-Ån-¡m-ekpw hn-izm-khpw {]mÀ-°-\m-a-{´-hp-am-Wv s]-«n-bn-se hn-̀ -h§Ä.

IY\w

sI.Pn i-¦-c-¸nÅ

1. I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS \-½n-te-¡v H-gn-I-sb-¯p¶-Xv F´v?

D. ss]-Xr-Iw

2. C-Xnlm-k K-l-\-X-b-dn-bp-¶ X-¯IÄþ G-Xv C-Xn-lm-k-am-Wv C-hn-sS ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv?

D. cm-am-bWw.

3. ss]Xr-I Ø-e§-sf ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d-bn-te-¡v F-§-s\-bm-Wv ]qÀ-Æn-IÀ F-¯n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS

4. I-Y ]-d-b-en-eq-sS hn-\na-bw sN-¿p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. ss]-Xr-I-hpw, kw-kv-Im-chpw

5. I-Y-I-fnÃm-¯ \m-hp-I-fn-Â \n-¶v D-XnÀ-¶v ho-gp-¶-sX-´v?

D. \p-W[mc

6. \-K-c-Po-hnX-s¯ I-hn F-§-s\-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. I-Y-bnÃm-bv-a-bnÂ Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv \-K-c-hm-kn-IÄ. \-KÀ am-̂ n-bm-c-Wy-§-fmWv.

7. \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶ am-\kn-I hn-Im-c-sa´v?

D. ]-c-kv-]-c kv-t\lw

8. ]qÀ-Æn-I-]p-Wy-s¯ I-hn-X-bn-em-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. th-«-¡msc-t]m-se A-dn-hn-te-bv-¡v h-gn-IÄ ]m-In-b-h-cpw, hym-k-t\-¡mÄ h-b-Êm-b-h-cpw, t]-Sn-bnÃmsX, th-cp-W-§m-sX {]-Xym-i-bmÂ ]q ap-S-§m-sX Zn-¡p-IÄ tImÀ-¯p-b-c-§Ä a-X-am¡n-b B-\-µ \r-¯-am-Sp-¶ a-lÀ-jn-Ifpw k-l-{k-ioÀ-j-·mcpw Nn-cw-Po-hn-I-fp-am-Wv ]qÀ-Æn-IÀ.

9. s]-®n-s\ I«p-t]mw Xo-{h-hm-Zw

s]-®n-s\ Im-«n-se-dnªp-t]mw [À-½-hmZwþ C-hn-sS ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ [À-½-hpw, Xo-{h-hm-Zhpw F´v?

D. cm-am-b-W-¯n-se [À-½-hm-Z-hpw, Xo-{h-hm-Z-hp-am-WnXv. cm-h-W³ koX-sb I-«p-sImp-t]m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv Xo-{h-hmZw. cm-a³ ko-X-bp-sS Nm-cn-{X- ip-²n-bnÂ kw-i-bn-¨v KÀ-̀ n-Wnbm-b koX-sb Im-«nÂ D-t]-£n-̈ -Xm-Wv [À-½-hm-Zw.

10. I-Y-IÄ ]-d-bm-\nÃm¯ temI-s¯ F-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. \-½-fnÂ \n-¶v Ip-«n-Ifpw ]qÀ-Æn-Icpw A-I-ep-¶p. a-\p-jyÀ ]-c-kv]-cw A-I-e-\p¶p. a-®n-seaÀ-Xy-kXyw X-s¶ A-I-ep-¶p.



D-]-\ym-kw X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

11. IY-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v B-kzm-Z-\ Ip-dn-̧ v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

13. ss]-Xr-I-X-s¯bpw kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw IY-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶-XvF-§-s\ F-¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

taL-cq-]³

B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½

1 1996 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-äq-cn-sâ IrXn?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS Ir-Xn-IÄ

2. "B-äqÀ' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ I-hn-bp-sS ]qÀ-Wam-b t]-sc´v?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½

3. 2001 Â tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an ]p-c-kv-Icmw t\Sn-b B-äq-cn-sâ IrXn?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS Ir-XnIÄ

4. ta-L-cq]-\v F-gp-Xm³ ]q-gn-hn-cn-̈ Xv?

D. `m-çp-g

5. "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ Ihn-X F-gp-X-s¸«-Xv G-Xv hÀjw?

D. 1966

6 "kw-{I-aWw' F-¶ Ihn-X B-cp-tSXv?

D. B-äqÀ

7. "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS B-äqÀ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶ Ihn?

D. ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ

8. "\o-bn-¶m ta-L-cq]-sâ

tKm-{X-̄ nÂ _m-¡n-bm-b-h³

GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tIþ

«-ebpw {`-ã-Im-apI³" þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn¡p-I.

D. B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½ X-sâ 'ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS kz-̀ m-h-Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww hf-sc k-aÀ-°-am-bn km-[y-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. I-hn-X-bp-sS ioÀj-Iw X-s¶ ta-L-cq-]³ F-¶mWv. ta-L-¯n-sâ cq-]w am-{X-aÃkz-̀ m-hp-ap-Å H-cp a-ebm-f I-hn-sb-bmWv Cu Ihn-X e£yw sh-bv-¡p-¶Xv. ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Im-hy-hy-àn-Xz-̄ n-sâ kp-µ-cam-b H-cp Nn-{X-am-WvB-äqÀ ]-IÀ-̄ p-¶Xv. Im-fnZm-k I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ta-L-k-tµ-i-̄ n-se ZqXp-t]m-b ta-L-cq-]-t\m-Sm-Wv B-äqÀ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc D-]-an-¡p-¶Xv. \n-Xy-I-\yI-sb tX-Sn {]-bm-Ww\-S¯n-b I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tI-«v A-e-ª {`-jv-{S Im-ap-I³ ]n.bp-sSPo-hn-X-Nn-{X-¯n-sâ t\À-¡m-gv-N-bmWv "ta-L-cq-]-'\nÂ.

9. "A-ÔÀ \n³ Xp¼n-tbm, sImt¼m

]-Å-tbm, sXm-«n-S-ªn-Smw



F-\n-¡p sIm-Xn \n³ hm-en³

tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp ta-Xncw'þ km-ckyw hy-à-am-¡pI.

D. "ta-L-cq-]³' F-¶ B-äq-cn-sâ Ihn-X A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶ h-cn-I-fm-Wv C-h. a-e-bm-f-Im-hy

N-cn-{X-¯nÂ G-sd sX-än-²-cn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ. `-à-Ihn,

`m-cXo-b Ihn, ]-cn-Øn-Xn Ihn, I-em-]-Ihn, bm-Ym-Øn-I\m-b I-hn F-¶n§-s\ ]-

eÀ¡pw ]-e-Xm-Wv ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ. H-cp I-hn-sb hy-Xy-kv-X-am-\-§-fnÂ

(Dimension) a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶-Xv B-kzm-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bp-sS hn-Im-k-amWv. F-

¶mÂ Nn-e Kp-V-Xm-Xv-]-cy-§-fm-Wv C¯-cw ]-£w ]n-Sn-¡-en-\p \n-Zm-\-sa-¦nÂ A-Xv I-hn-

sb Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-se ho-gv-N-bmWv. 'A-Ô-·mÀ B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se'

F-¶ sNmÃn-s\ A-\zÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se ]n. F-¶ I-hn-sb A-Ô-am-bn k-ao-]n-¡p-I-

bm-Wv ]-ecpw sN-bv-XXv. C-¡mcyw k-aÀ-°-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv B-äqÀ C-hn-sS.

B-äqÀ F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Xm-Xv-]cyw ta-L-cq-]\m-b B-\-bp-sS hme-sn tcm-aw sIm-p

XoÀ-¯ H-cp tam-Xn-c-amWv. {]n-Xobpw ssØ-cyhpw D-m-Im³ B-\-hmÂ ta-m-Xn-cw k-lm-

b-I-c-am-Ip-sa-¶ \m-S³ k-¦-ev-]-am-Wv B-äqÀ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv.

10. B-äq-cnsâ "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v B-kzmZ-\w X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

D. a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS h-àm-¡-fnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv

B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ½. 'B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ' F-¶ Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-¯n-emWv

'ta-L-cq-c³' F-¶ Ihn-X D-Å-Xv. 1966 Â c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-X-bm-WnXv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se

{i-t²-b\m-b I-hn ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS a-t\m-l-cam-b Nn-{Xm-Wv ta-L-cq]³.

Im-fnZm-k I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-\m-hn-em-k-¯n-sâ D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-Wam-b ta-L-k-tµ-i-¯n-se

ta-L-ZqX-\v B-\-bp-sS cq-]w \Â-In A-XnÂ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc Im-Wn-̈ p X-cm³

{i-an-¡p-I-bmWv, B-äqÀ. ta-L-cq-]³ ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS hy-àn-Xz-s¯ Ir-Xy-am-

bn Zr-ãm- -́s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn hm-b-\-¡m-c-\p A-\p-̀ -hn-¡m-\m-hpw.

k-ly-]À-Æ-X-t¯-¡mÄ X-e-s¸m-¡hpw \n-fm-\-Zn-tb-¡mÄ BÀ-{Z-Xbpw C-W-§n-\nÂ-¡p-

¶p ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ. ]À-Æ-X-¯nsâ Hu-¶n-Xyhpw ]p-g-bp-sS BÀ-{Z-Xbpw H-cm-fn-ep-mhp-

I kzm-̀ m-hn-IaÃ. i-àhpw Zr-V-hp-am-bn D-bÀ-¶p \n-ev-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w ar-X-ehpw BÀ-

{Z-hp-am-bn H-gp-In \o-§p-I-km-[yaÃ. ]-t£ k-Xv-]p-{X-·m-cnÂ ss]-Xr-Iw C-¯-c-̄ nÂ

C-W-§n-\nÂ-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn B-Ýcyw sIm-Åp-¶p. a-e-bmf-s¯ B-thm-fw I-hn-X-bnÂ

DÄ-t¨À-¡m³ sh-¼Â sIm- ]n.Ip-ªn-c-am³ \m-b-cnÂ ss]Xr-I kz-̀ m-h-§-fp-s-¶

Imcyw B-äq-À kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

Im-tW- Im-gv-N-I-sfm-cp-¡n I-hn-¡p ap-¶nÂ B-Im-iw hÀ-W-]p-kv-X-I Xpd-¶p sh-

¡p¶p. I-hn-¡v F-gp-Xm-\m-bn `m-c-X-̧ p-g-bm-Wv ]q-gn hn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Ir-Xn kz-bw ]n.

bv-¡m-bn {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p F-¶ B-äq-cn-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-bw {i-t²-b-amWv. `m-c-X-̧ p-g-bp-am-bn

]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ-¡p-Å lr-Z-b_-Ôw hf-sc Ip-d-ª h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-

¡-s¸-Sp¶p. X-s¶¯-s¶ Xn-cn-ªp \-S-¶ ]n. F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Im-ev-]m-Sp-IÄ `m-c-X-̧ p-g-

bp-sS Xo-c§-sf ]pf-Iw sIm-Ån-¨n-cn-¡Ww.

I-hn-¡p [-cn-¡m³ Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-bm-Wv Ip-̧ m-bw Xp-¶Xv. A-Xm-Is«, a-ªp-sIm-m-Wv ]-«v



(Silk) A-Wn-ª s]m-¶p-\n-d-ap-Å {]-̀ m-X-§Ä ]-Sn-¡Â h-¶p Iq-In hn-fn-¡p¶p. D-b-c-

§-fnÂ ta-L-§-fp-sam-¯v ta-bp-¶ th-f-I-fnÂ C-Sp-§n-bXpw \n-c-̧ m-b-Xpw \S-¶p \S-¶p

tX-ª-Xp-am-bn ]m-X-IÄ hn-«m-Wv ta-L-cq-]³ k-©-cn-̈ Xv. kz-ám-b H-cp ]m-X I-hn

X-sâ K-a-\-¯n-\m-bn \nÀ-½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

H-cp-]m-Sv hn-aÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-§fpw G-äp-hm§n-b I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-ªn-cm-a³

\mbÀ. {]-kv-Xp-X-hn-aÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-§fpw ]p-I-gv-¯-em-bmepw C-I-gv-̄ -em-

bmepw I-hn Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv I-n-cp-¶-Xv F-¶v B-äqÀ F-gp-Xp¶p. s]m³-tIm-ew tI-äp-

hm-\m-bn H-cn-¡epw Hu-¶n-Xy-ap-Å a-kvX-Iw Xm-gv-¯n-s¡m-Sp¡ptbm C-cp-¼p-Iq-¨p-I-fmÂ

_-Ôn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-bn X-sâ ]m-Z§-sf \o-«n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Itbm sN-bv-XnÃ ta-L-cq]³. tXm-

fn-te-än \-S-¡m\pw Im-e-Sn-I-fmÂ N-hn-«n-t¯-¡m-\p-ap-Å A-hk-cw Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-

sS Po-hn-X-¯nÂ H-̄ n-cn-bp-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw A-Xn-\m-bn \n¶pw sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v

B-äqÀ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. B-t£-]-§-fnÂ X-f-cp-Itbm {]-iw-k-I-fnÂ kz-bw a-d-¡p-

Itbm sN-bv-XnÃ ]n. C-¡m-cyhpw B-äqÀ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv C-§-s\-bmWv.

"D-¶w sX-äm¯ tXm-¡n¶pþ

ambo-e \n-s¶ ho-gv-¯p-hm³

tI-a·m-tcm-a-\n-̈ mepw

sN-hnh-«w ]n-Sn-¨p \o'

ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-bp-sS cq-]hpw `m-hhpw am-{X-aÃ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b Xp-SÀ-

¨bpw Iq-Sn A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ B-äqÀ B-{K-ln-¡p¶p. Im-fnZm-k a-lm-I-hn-bp-sS

hn-Jym-X-I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b ta-L-cq]-sâ tKm-{X-¯nÂ A-h-ti-jn-̧ n-¡-«-h-\m-Wv Ah³.

"GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tIþ

«-ebpw {`-ã-Im-apI³"

Xn-cp-¶mhm-b a-WÂ-]pd-̄ v \n-Xy-I-\y-Ibpw Im-ap-In-bpam-b Im-hy-tZ-hX-sb

tX-Sn-b-e-ª ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ A-h-Zq-X P·-s¯ A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶p.

B-äq-cn-sâ {]-tbm-Kw : A-Wp-[q-cn-{]k-Ww \-S-¡p-¶ A-hn-ip-² Zn-\-§Ä I-hn

I-gn-ª-t]m-¶ Im-e-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p¶p. Im-e-¯n-sâ A-hn-ip-²-X-bnÂ

t]mepw ]qÀ-ÆIm-e kp-Ir-X-̄ n-sâ I-b-§-fnÂ ap-§n-¡n-S-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-h-\mWv Cu

ta-L-cq-]³.

"\o Ir-jv-Wm in-e-X³ Xmfw!

hn®n-tem-ep-¶ \oena !

B-gn-X³ \n-Xyamw tX-§Â!

]uÀ-®-an-¡p-Å ]qÀ®-X!

{]-Ir-Xn- ku-µ-cy-̄ n-sâ ]-cn-]q-À-®-X-bm-Wv B-äqÀ ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ ZÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv.

]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-sc-¶ {]-Ir-Xyp-]m-k-I\m-b I-hn-sb ]-IÀ-¯m-hp-¶ D-Nn-Xam-b

_nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fm-Wv B-äqÀ D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.



"A-ÔÀ \n³ Xp¼n-tbm-sImt¼m

]-Åtbm sXm-«n-S-ªnSmw

F-\n-¡p sIm-Xn \n³hm-en³

tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xncw"

ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-sb B-kzm-Z-I-hr-µw k-ao-]n-̈ Xpw a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bXpw ap-¼v

A-ÔÀ B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F-¶v I-hn k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶p. I-hn-sb ss[-cy-¯n-

\pw ssØ-cy-̄ n-\p-ap-Å DuÀ-P-tI-{µ-am-bm-Wv B-äqÀ ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. X-e-s¸m-¡hpw

BÀ-{Z-Xbpw k-a-\z-bn-̈ k-Xv-]p-{X-sâ hm-en-sâ tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xn-cw A-Xp-am-{X-

am-Wv B-äqÀ sIm-Xn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc kw-_-Ôn-¨ k-¦oÀ-W-X \n-d-ª \n-ch-[n k-a-kyI-sf

hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p B-äqÀ ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ. e-fn-Xam-b ]-Zm-h-en-bp-sS k-

lm-b-t¯m-sS Nn-t´m-±o-]-Iam-b Nn-{X-§-fm-Wv B-äqÀ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc kw-_-

Ôn¨v Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ DÄ-t¨À-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

\oXn-bp-sS hr-£w

k-̈ n-Zm-\µ³

1. "\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ Ihn-X {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?

D. 1981 (Un-kw_À)

2. B-cp-sS kv-a-c-WmÀ-°-am-Wv Im-äm-Sna-cw \-S-W-sa-¶v I-hn B-lzm-\w sN-bv-XXv?

D. {`m-́ p-]n-Sn-̈ p a-cn-̈ A-½q-½-bp-sS kv-a-c-WmÀ°w

3. sh-Åw In-«m-sX a-cn-̈ AÑsâ HmÀ-½-bv-¡v G-Xp aX-cw \-S-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bp-

¶Xv?

D. sN-dp-\mcIw

4. A-tim-Iss¯ \-S-W-sa-¶v I-hn kq-Nn-̧ n¨-Xv BÀ-¡v th-n-bmWv?

D. B-ßl-Xy A-]-l-cn-̈ Hm-t¸mÄ¡v.

5. sh-t«-äp hm-Sp-¶ \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£-t¯m-Sv I-hn F-́ m-Wv A-̀ yÀ-°n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. `-c-W-Iq-S ò-I-c-X-bnÂ A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃm-sX sIm-¶p X-Å-s¸-Sp-

Ibpw sNbv-X H-̄ n-cn bp-hm-¡-sf kv-a-cn-¡m³ D-Å B-lzm-\-am-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\µsâ

'\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X. I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J-Þ-¯nÂ sh-t«-äp hm-Sp-¶ \o-

Xn-bp-sS hr-£-t¯m-Sv I-hn-¡v A-̀ yÀ-°n-¡m-\pÅ-Xv C-XmWv.

"H-cn-e-bnÂ H-cp-h-cn-sb-¦n-ep-sa-gp-Xn

Im-änÂ Xm-sg-bn-Sq

ò-cp-hn-sâ \n-È-Ðam-b B-Im-iw

H-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS inÂ-¡m-cw sIm-p t`-Zn¡q"



{]-Xn-tj-[-̄ n-sâ H-cp h-cn-sb-¦nepw ]o-Un-XÀ-¡m-bn Ip-¯n-¡p-dn-¡m³ km-[n-¡Ww.

\n-Êw-K-X-bpw \n-i-Ð-Xbpw io-e-am¡n-b ò-cp-¡-tfm-Sp {]-Xn-I-cn-¡m-\pw I-hn \nÀ-t±-in-

¡p¶p. i-à-am-sbm-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS inÂ-¡m-cw sIm-v ò-cp-hn-sâ \n-È-Ðam-b

B-Im-iw t`-Zn-¡m-\m-Wv I-hn-bpsS A-̀ yÀ°\.

6. "]-Ån-apä-s¯ {In-kv-Xpa-kv a-c-¯nÂ

H-cp ]q-t]m-ep-anÃtÃm

tImS-Xn apä-s¯ Ip-cn-in-sâ

]-̈ -bn-e-IÄ I-cn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-tÃm" þ Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

D. hn-¹-h-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀ-s¸-« [o-c-X-bp-Å bp-hm¡-sf {Iq-c-am-bn D-·qe-\w

sN-¿m³ {i-an-¨ `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw \n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-tbbpw hn-aÀ-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv

'\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eqsS, k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³. {`m-´p-]n-Sn-̈ p a-cn-̈

A-½q-½-bpsS HmÀ-½-bv-¡v Im-äm-Sn a-chpw sh-Åw In-«m-sX a-cn-¨ AÑsâ HmÀ-½-bv-¡v

sN-dp-\m-c-Ihpw B-ßl-Xy A-]-l-cn-̈ Hm-t¸mÄ-¡v A-tim-I-ss¯-bpw \-Sm-\m-Wv I-hn-

bp-sS B-lzm\w. c-à-k-£n-bp-sS tNm-c \Â-In h-fÀ¯n-b \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w F-hn-sS

\-S-W-sa-¶ B-tem-N-\ I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J-Þw B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv. \o-Xnbpw k-am-[m-

\hpw ]q-̄ p-e-bp-sa-¶v \mw {]-Xo-£n-¡p¶-Xv tZ-hm-e-b-ap-ä-¯mWv. tem-I-\o-Xn¡pw

im-́ n-¡p-am-bn Ip-cn-tidn-b tb-ip-tZh-s\ hm-gv-¯p-¶ ]-Ån-apä-s¯ {In-kv-Xpa-kv

a-c-¯nÂ H-cp ]q-t]mepw hn-cn-ªp Im-Wm¯-Xv I-hn-sb hym-Ip-e-\m-¡p¶p. \n-b-ahpw

\ym-bhpw [À-½hpw AÀ-lÀ-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-tI-Xv tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv. F-¶mÂ tImS-Xn

apä-s¯ Ip-cn-in-sâ ]-¨-bn-e-IÄ I-cn-ªp-W-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Imgv-N I-hn-sb th-Z-\n-̧ n-

¡p¶p. C-\n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w \-«p-h-fÀ¯p-I F-¶ B-i-¦ I-hn

ap-t¶m-«p sh-bv-¡p¶p.

7. "H-cn-¡Â Iq-Sn h-©n-¡-s¸-« k-tlmZ-cm

\n-s¶ sIm-¶ \nb-aw C-Xm

hn-ip²-sâ h-kv-{X-a-Wn-ªv

]m-]n-IÄ-¡p am-̧ p \Â-Ip¶p" Bi-bw F-gpXpI

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

8. "\ym-bm-[n-]³ ssI I-gp-Ip-¶p

\o a-cn-̈ -Xn-\v A-hÀ-¡v sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃ

]t£, \o Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-\v

R-§Ä-¡p sX-fn-hp-I-fpv" þ k-µÀ-̀ w hy-à-am-¡pI

D. k-̈ n-Zm-\µ-sâ '\o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w' F-¶ I-hn-X A-Im-e-¯nÂ s]m-enªp-t]m-b hn-¹-

h-\-£-{X-§-fp-sS kv-a-c-W-I-sf tXm-n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw A-h-tcmSv sF-Iy-s¸-Sm³ B-lzm-

\w ap-g-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. {Iq-c-am-bn \-in-̧ n-¡-s¸-« k-tlm-Z-c-§Ä `-c-W-hy-h-Ø-IÄ-

¡p ap-¼nÂ c-m-aXpw h-©n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Zriyw k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³ A-\p-̀ -h-t`-Zy-am-¡n-¯-

cp¶p. sIm-Sn-b-]o-U-\hpw Zm-cp-Wm-ýhpw \n-an-¯w {]-kvXp-X hn-¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ B-Zy-

taX-s¶ \-½p-sS \o-Xn-\ym-b, \n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-I-fmÂ h-©n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-sc sIm-



¶ \n-b-a-§Ä hn-ip-²-cp-sS h-kv-{X-§-f-Wn-ªv ]m-]n-IÄ-¡v am-t¸m-Ip-¶p F-¶-tXm-sS

sImÃ-s¸-«-hÀ hopw h-©n-X-cm-Ip-¶p A-h-Ø-bm-Wp-ÅXv. A-cp¬, iin,

D-Zb³, tPm-bv am-Xyp, {]-ho¬, t{]w-Nµv, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ a-cn-¨-Xn-\p sX-fn-

hp-I-fn-ssÃ-¶p Nq-n-¡m-Wn-̈ v \ym-bm-[n-]-·mÀ ssI-I-gp-Ip¶p. AhÀ Hm-tcm-cp-¯cpw

Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-\v a-Xnbm-b sX-fn-hp-I-Ä X-§-fp-sS ]-¡-ep-v F-¶v

Ihn. X-§Ä Po-hn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶n-S-t¯m-fw Im-ew Ah-sc a-d-¡m-\m-In-sÃ¶pw A-h-cp-sS

sIm-e-bm-fn-IÄ knw-lm-k-\-§-fnepw I-hNn-X hm-l-\-§-fnepw kz-Ø-cm-bn I-gn-ªv-Iq-Sn-

sÃ¶pw I-hn D-WÀ-¯p¶p.

9. c-à-km-£n-I-fp-sS sIm-̈ pa-¡-tfm-Sp I-hn-bp-sS B-lzm-\w F-́ mWv?A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. "]-dbq, R-§Ä am-̧ p X-cnÃ,

X-S-¦Â ]m-f-b-§fpw Nm-c-h-e-b-§-fp-anÃm¯

Im-ew hcp-thm-fw

R-§-fp-sS ]-c-¼-c-IÄ Io-g-S-§p-I-bnÃ"þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn-¡pI.

D. hn-¹-h-[o-c-·mcm-b H-cp ]-äw bp-hm-¡-fp-sS kv-a-c-WI-sf ]n-·p-d-¡m-cp-sS a-\-Ên-te-¡v a-S-

¡n-s¡m-p-h-cm-\p-Å {i-a-am-Wv k-̈ n-Zm-\µsâ '\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X. a-cn¨p-

t]m-b-Xn-\p sX-fn-hp-I-fn-sÃ-¶ \o-Xn-\ym-b Øm-]-\-§-fp-sSbpw A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sSbpw ssI-

a-eÀ-¯-epI-sf I-hn ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. an-Sp-¡cm-b {]-kvXp-X bp-hm-¡Ä Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-

\v B-thm-fw sX-fn-hp-IÄ X-§-fp-sS ]-¡Â Dv. Ah-sc {Iq-c-am-bn a-c-W-¯n-\n-«p-sIm-

Sp¯-h-tcm-Sv k-Ôn-bm-Im³ ]n-·p-d-¡mÀ-¡v B-hnÃ. I-gp-a-c-§-fp-sS cm-{Xn-IÄ sI-«n-¯m-

gv-¯-s¸-« i-h-§-sf-bpw D-·m-Z-¯n-sâ ]uÀ-®-an-bnepw B-ß-l-Xy-bp-sS A-am-hm-kn-

bnepw A`-bw tXSn-b bu-h-\-§-sfbpw a-d-¡m³ ]n³-Km-an-IÄ-¡m-hnÃ. A-hÀ am-̧ p-

\Â-In-sÃ-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¡m³ I-hn \nÀ-t±-in-¡p¶p. X-S-¦Â ]m-f-b-§fpw Nm-c-h-e-b-§-fp-

anÃm-¯ Im-ew h-cpw h-sc hn-¹-h-[o-c-·m-cp-sS ]c-¼-c A-h-km-\n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v I-hn A-

dn-bn-¡p¶p.

11. c-à-km-£n-I-fp-sS B-ß-im-ń-¡m-bn I-hn I-s¯n-bacw? .

D. ]m-e-a-cw

12. F-́ n-\m-Wv a-cw \-S-W-sa-¶v k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³ ]-d-bp-¶Xv?

D. C-{Xbpw Im-ew \-½Ä A-dn-ª \o-Xn-bp-sS a-[p-cw \nd-ª HmÀ-½-bv-¡v thn.

13. F-cp-¡n³ sN-Sn \-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ D-t±iyw F´v?

D. Np-S-e-¨m-cw ]q-in \r-¯w sh-bv-¡p-¶p F-¶p tXm-¶n-¡p-¶ F-cp-¡n³ sN-Sn \-S-W-sa-¶v

I-hn-X-bp-sS A-ý-̀ mK-¯v I-hn- \nÀ-t±-in-¡p¶p. Hmtcm \n-an-j-hpw iv-a-im-\-am-bn am-dn-

s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ \-½p-sS `q-an-bp-sS-bpw kz-a-\-Ên-sâbpw kv-a-c-W-bv-¡m-bm-Wv F-cp-¡n³

sN-Sn F-¶v I-hn A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.



tImgn

I-S-½-\n«

1. "I-®n-s]m-«m-sX s]-®p Im-̄ p-kq-£n-¡p-¶ iàn' F-¶v I-S-½-\n-« hn-ti-jn-̧ n-̈Imcyw F´v?

D. k´m-t\m-Xv-]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b

2. ]-s¯ Ime-s¯ I-f¸p-c apä-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ X-Å-t¡m-gn-bpsS HmÀ-½-IÄ

F-s´Ãmw?

D. X-sâ K-XIm-e A-\p-̀ -h-§-fp-w B-{K-l-§fpw X-Å-t¡m-gn X-sâ Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v hn-h-cn-

¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. X-§Ä \nÂ-¡p-¶ ap-äw ]-v G-sd {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ D-Å I-f-̧ p-c-ap-ä-am-

bn-cp¶p. sN-pw tNepw hn-SÀ-¶v I-fn-bmSn-b apäw. Im-ä-̄ m-Sp-¶ D-XnÀ-a-Wn-¡-ä-IÄ

Iq-¼m-c-am-¡n-Iq-«n-bn-«n-cp-¶ apäw. \m-hnÂ In-§n (In-©-\ hÀ-̄ -am-\-§-fmÂ ap-J-cn-X-am-

b) sI«n-b Iq-«-§fpw \mepw Iq-«o-¨-h-̈ p-ap-dp-¡n-b-hp-cw (sh-än-e, AS-¡, ]p-I-bn-e, Np-

®m-¼v Iq-«n-ap-dp-¡n-bhÀ) I-®p-I-fnÂ {]W-bw D-Å-hcpw H-s¡-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p B ap-

ä¯v. Im-en-sâ Io-gnÂ D-XnÀ-¶p-ho-gp-¶ I-XnÀ-a-Wn-I-fmÂ k-¼-¶am-b Xq-apäw. Ahn-S X-

¯n X-¯n-¡-fn-¡m\pw \nd-sb sIm-¯n-s¡m-¡p Xp-d-¶v Nn-cn-¡m\pw A-¶v I-gn-ªn-

cp¶p. A-hn-sS-bp-Å ¹m-hn³ tNm-«n-se-̧ q-gn-bnÂ \o-«n-̧ m-Sn-s¡m-v C-¯n-cn t\-cw a-b-

§p-Ibpw sN-¿m-am-bn-cp¶p.

4. "a-¡tf, Rm-s\m-c-½-bm-bv am-dn" þ B-cv F-t¸mÄ?

D. I-S-½-\n-«-bp-sS 'tImgn' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ Xm³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ Im-e-̄ nsâ HmÀ-½-Ifpw A-

\p-̀ -h-§fpw X-sâ Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Ip-I-bm-Wv A-½bmb tImgn. ap-«-IÄ-

¡v taÂ Nq-Sp-]-IÀ-¶v A-S-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw hn-cn-bp-¶ Im-ew Bhpw h-sc I-®-S-bv-¡m-sX

ap-«I-sf Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-bp-mbn. Im-änÂ H-cp I-cnbn-e A-\-§p-

t¼mgpw Iq-cn-cp-«nÂ H-cp F-en ]mªp-t]m-bmepw G-sd A-kz-Ø-bm-bn t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-

¶p B tImgn. F-¶n«pw I-®p-sX-än-b-t¸m-sgm-s¡ ]-e ap-«-Ifpw ]-ecpw X-«n-sb-Sp¯p.

Ip-td ap-«-IÄ D-Sªp-t]mbn. a-äp-Nne-Xp sI«n-t]mbn. FÃmw tIm-gn k-ln-¡p-I-bm-bn-

cp¶p. H-cp kp-{]-̀ m-X-t¯m-sSm-̧ w a-¡fpw s]m-«n-hn-cn-bp-Ibpw sIm-I-¡p-\o-«n Ip-ªp-

§Ä I-c-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-t¸mÄ Xm³ H-cp A-½-bm-bn am-dn-sb¶pw a-¡-fm-Wv X-sâ kÀ-Æ-

kzhpw F¶pw X-Å-t¡m-gn a¡-sf t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ {i-an-¡p¶p.

5. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS kz-´w I-Y-IÄ F-t¸mÄ B-cw-`n¡pw F-¶m-Wv X-Å-t¡m-gn A-dn-bn-¡p-

¶Xv?

D. hcpw Znh-kw Ip-«nI-sf X-Å-t¡m-gn sIm-̄ n AI-än kz-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-̀ n-¡m³ {]m-]v-X-

cm-¡pw. A-¶p ap-XÂ Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v A-h-cp-sS kz-́ w I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-̈ p-Xp-S-§m-\m-hp-sa-¶v

X-Å-t¡m-gn I-cp-Xp-¶p.

6. ]-g-b-I-f-̧ pc-¡v h-¶ am-äw F-§-s\-bmWv?

D. k-¼-¶hpw B-Ëm-Z-hpam-b K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fnÂ \n-¶v sa-sÃ sa-sÃ X-Å-t¡m-gn hÀ-

¯-am-\Im-e bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-¡v X-sâ a¡-sf B-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Im-hy-i-I-e-¯n-

sâ k-µÀ`w. [m-\y-a-Wn-I-fmÂ k-¼p-ãam-b I-f¸p-c ap-äw C-¶nÃ. Npäpw Nn-XÂ-̧ p-äp-am-



{Xw ap-äw aq-Sn h-fÀ-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. Np-äp-]mSpw sI-«n-bp-bÀ¯n-b apÄ-th-en-s¡-«p-I-fnÂ X-f-

¡-s¸-«-h-cm-WhÀ. hn-i-̧ -I-äp-¶-Xn-\mbv, N-¯p-No-ª i-h-§-sf-bm-Wv B-{i-bn-t¡-n

h-cp-¶Xv. \-½p-sS K-XIm-e ImÀjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-sâ Zo-]v-Xhpw a-[p-c-hpam-b kv-a-c-W-

I-fmWv Cu k-µÀ-̀ -¯nÂ I-S-½-\n-« ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. k-t´m-j-Ime-̄ v ]m-«p-]m-Sn-bp-Å

a-b-¡-¯n-sâ ssZÀLyw Iq-Sn-t¸m-b-Xn-sâ tJ-Zw X-Å-t¡m-gn A-\p-̀ -gn-¡p¶Xv Cu

k-µÀ-̀ -¯n-Â \n-¶p a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. ]n-¶o-Sv Dm-b {]-bm-k-§Ä-¡v Imc-Ww A-XmWv.

ImÀjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v ]-«-S-XoÀ¯-Xv \-½p-sS a-b-¡-amWv. I-f-̧ p-c-IÄ I-XnÀ-¡-ä-

IÄ-sIm-v \n-d-ª-t¸mgpw ho-c-I-Y-I-fpw A-²zm-\-¯n-sâ ]m-«pw- Nn-cnbpw \n-d-sªm-gp-

In-b-t¸mgpw B A-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n-¶v ]n- -́Å-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv kv-{Xo-IÄ F-¶ [z-\nbpw

Cu h-cn-I-fn-epv.

7. "tNm-c! AÃÃ tNm-̧ m-Wp Iptª,

t\-c-dn-ªmÂ \o \o-dn a-cn-¡pw" k-µÀ-̀ w hn-h-cn-¡pI.

D. HmÀ-½-Ifpw A-\p-̀ -h-§fpw X-Å-t¡m-gn-sb-s¡m-v Nn-e km-tcm-]-tZ-i-§Ä-¡v t{]-cn-̧ n-

¡p¶p. ap-«-bn«pw A-S-bn-cp¶pw Nn-¡n-̧ -c-¯n-s¡m-Sp¯pw Ip-ªp§-sf t]m-än h-fÀ¯n-

b A-½-t¡m-gn H-cp L-«-¯nÂ Ah-sc X-¶nÂ \n¶pw sIm-¯n-bI-än Im-e-¯n-sâ s]-cp-

h-gn-bnÂ X-\n-¨p-\nÂ-¡m³ {]m-]v-Xn-tb-Ip-hm³ {i-an-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\m-bn A-½-t¡m-gn

Xm³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ h-gn-I-fn-se k-t´m-j-k-´m-]§-sf Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-

Ip¶p. A-h k-Zp-]-tZ-i-§-fmWv. Nn-e \nÀ-t±-i-§fpw \n-b-{´-W-§-fp-am-Wv. D-]-tZ-i-

§Ä N-Xn-¡p-gn-bÃ, Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ h-gn-¯n-cn-hp-I-fm-sW-¶v kz-´w Po-hn-Xw sIm-v

A-½-t¡m-gn km-£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶p. A-hn-sS Im-Wp¶ B am-f-¯n-\-I-t¯-¡v F¯n-t\m-

¡-cp-sX¶pw A-Xn-te-¡v t]m-b X-sâ aq-̄ -a-¡Ä ]n-¶o-Sv aS-§n h-cn-I-bp-m-bn-sÃ¶pw

A-× D-WÀ-¯p¶p. A-hn-sS Im-Wp¶-Xv sIm-gn-ªpho-W ]q-¡-fÃ X-sâ \m-ep-a-¡-fp-

sS ]-dn-s¨-Sp-̄ ]q-S-I-fm-sW-¶v kXyw A½-sb s\m-¼-c-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶p. I-«p-dp-¼p-IÄ \-

¡p¶ tNm-̧ p-I-« k-Xy-¯nÂ F-´mWv? A-¡m-cy-sam¶pw X-sâ a-¡Ä A-dn-bm-\m-bn-«n-

sÃ¶pw A-dn-bm-\n-S-h-¶mÂ A-hÀ t_-Pm-dm-hp-sa¶pw A-½ kw-i-bn-¡p¶p. tNm-c-bm-

W-sX-¶p ]-d-bm³ Xp-S§n-b X-Å-t¡m-gn D-S³ A-¡mcyw \n-tj-[n-̈ v a-säm-cp-Imcyw

Ah-sc A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. ho-gv-¯m³ sI-Wn-sbm-cp-¡n Im-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ _-en

I-gn-¡-s¸-« aq-t¯m-cp-sS cq-]-§Ä Po-hn-X-¯nÂ ]n³-ap-d-¡mÀ-¡p-Å ]mT-§-fm-Wv.

]q-¡Ä ]q-S-bm-sW¶pw tNm-̧ p tNm-c-bm-sW¶pw ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ A-½-t¡m-gn-bp-

sS hm-¡p-I-fnÂ {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ _-en ap-J-§-fmWv.

8. "I-®p-th-W-an-cp-]p-d-sa-t¸mgpw

I-®p-th-Ww ap-I-fn-epw Xm-tgw

I-®n-se-t¸mgpw I-̄ n-Öz-en¡pþ

apÄ-¡-®p-th-W-a-W-bm-¯ I®v" þ hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ò-I-cam-b A-\p-̀ -h-§-fmÂ B-Ip-e-Nn-¯bm-b H-cp A-½-bp-sS A-h-Ø A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶ A-\p-]-aam-b H-cp I-hn-X-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jvW-sâ tImgn. kv{Xo Po-hn-X-



¯n-sâ _-en-ap-J-§Ä km-£y-s¸-Sp-¯n B-ß-i-àn-bp-sS A-II-®v sX-fn-bn-t¡--Xv

X-sâ Im-em-\p-kr-Xam-b B-h-iyI-X Cu Ihn-X t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. A-]-I-S-§Ä-¡p-

ao-sX Nn-d-Ip-d-bv-¡m-sX ]-d-¡-cp-Xv F-¶ tI-h-e D-]-tZ-iaÃ Cu Ihn-X ap-t¶m-«v sh-¡p-

¶Xv. A-½-bp-sS X-W-enÂ \n-¶v am-dn Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ s]m-Åp-¶ A-h-Ø-bn-te-¡v ]d-¶v

Nnd-Iv D-d-̧ n-t¡- \n-tbmKs¯ HmÀ-½n-̧ n-¡p-I-Iq-Sn-sN-¿p¶p. kz-́ w Po-hn-Xw kz-´w

Imcyw am-{X-am-sW-¶ kXyw Ip-«nI-sf t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-Å b-Ú-am-Wv tIm-gn \-S-

¯p-¶Xv. ]-g-abpw ]-g-¦-Y-bp-sam-s¡ ]-d-ªp-tI-« a-[p-c-Im-ew am-{XmWv. A-\p-̀ -h-§-fm-

Is«, G-sd `-bm-\-I-hpw th-Z-\m-P-\-I-hp-amWv. F-¶mÂ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v H-fn-t¨m-Sm-Xn-

cn-¡m\pw \n-d-ª Im-gv-N-tbm-sSbpw I-cp-X-tem-sSbpw k-ao-]n-¡m-\p-Å DuÀ-Öhpw

BÀ-P-hhpw a-¡Ä-¡v e-̀ y-am-t¡-W-AS-Xv X-sâ I-S-a-bm-sW-¶v A-½-t¡m-gn I-cp-Xp¶p.

am-\-s¯ a-Wn-ta-S-bnÂ hm-gp-¶ A-[n-Im-cn-I-fmÂ sIm-̄ n-̧ -dn-¡m³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ

FÃm X-c-̄ nepw X-§-sf-¡mÄ D-b-c-¯nÂ I-gn-bp-¶hÀ. In-fn-I-fp-sS ]m-«p-Ifpw ]qhpw

I-v Im-hp-I-fn-te-¡v ]d-¶p sNÃ-cpXv. Im-Sp-I-fnÂ ]-Xp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Im-S³ I-Sn-̈ p-]-

dn-t¨-¡pw. tXm-«n-se ssI-X-bv-¡-I¯pw sX-än-̧ q-¡Ä \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ]-SÀ-̧ n-\-

I¯pw ]m-¼p-Ifpw aäpw hm-gp-¶pv. kq-£n-̈ pw {i-²n¨pw th-Ww A-hn-sS-sbm-s¡ \-S-

¡m³. C-cp-]p-dhpw I-®p-m-hWw. ap-I-fnepw Xm-sgbpw I-®p Xpd-¶v ]n-Sn-¡Ww.

I-̄ n-Öv-en-¡p-¶, A-W-bm-̄ DÄ-¡-®v F-t¸mgpw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww F-¶v A-½ D-]-tZ-

in-¡p¶p. I-cp-Xepw B-ß-\n-b-{´-W-hp-am-Wv kz-bw c-£-sb-¶ [m-c-W- tIm-gn X-sâ

a-¡Ä-¡v G-Ip¶p. Imc-Ww kp-µ-cam-b ]-e-Xn-\p ]n-d-Inepw A-]-I-S-§Ä H-fn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv.

\o-f-anÃm-¯ X-§-fp-sS Nn-d-Ip-IÄ {]Xn-tcm-[¯nt\m {]-Xym-{I-a-W¯nt\m I-gn-hp-äXÃ.

F-¶mÂ DÄ-¡-®v F-¶ A-dnhpw Nn-́ bpw G-Xp A-XnÀ-̄ n-IÄ Xm-m\pw A-i-àÀ-

¡v A-h-k-c-sam-cp-¡p¶p. A-dnhpw Nn- -́bpw Nn-d-Im-bn h-f-cWw. A-t¸m-gp-m-Ip-¶ Nn-d-

I-Sn-IÄ hn¹-hw km-[y-am-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

Ahk-tcm-Nn-X³

sN½-\w Nmt¡m

1. "Ah-k-tcm-NnX³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se \m-bI-s\ a{ń G-Xp Øm-\¯-Wv A-h-tcm-[n-

¨Xv?

D. "_p-²-]T-\-tI-{µw' A-[y-£-Øm-\-¯v.

2. "Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-'\n-se \m-b-I³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b {K-Ù-¯n-sâ {]-ta-bw F´v?

D. _p-²-sâ Zm¼-Xy ZpxJw

3. "F-s´m-cp Zpã-sâ Zp-ã \o ZpÀ-hn-[n?"þ ZpÀ-hn-[n F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. _p-²]T-\ tI-{µ-̄ nÂ \m-em-p-XoÀ-¡pw ap-t¼ \m-«nÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-̧ v F-¯n F-¶

h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv A-[y-£³ ZpÀ-hn-[n-bm-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv.

4. `-c-W-ap¶-Wn am-dn-b-t¸mÄ X-s¶ ]n-cn-¨p hn-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ I-s¯n-b

D-]m-bw F´v?

D. ap¼-s¯ kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ Im-e-¯v Xm³ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-̈ '_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-ZpxJw' F-¶

Ir-Xn-¡v c-ma-Xv H-cp ]-Xn-̧ v ]p-d-̄ n-d-¡pI. A-XnÂ h-Ip-̧ n-sâ Np-a-X-e-bp-Å ]pXn-b

a-{ń-bp-sS \-sÃm-cp t^m-t«mbpw tNÀ-¯v Hcp "t^mÀ-thUv' F-gp-Xp-I. A§-s\ a-{ń-



sb kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v Øm-\w \n-e-\nÀ-̄ pI.

5. "Ah-k-tcm-N-X³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se I-Ym-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. `-c-W-am-ä-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn-̈ v ta-e-[n-Im-cnI-sf kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v A-[n-Im-chpw B-\p-Iq-ey-§fpw

\n-e-\nÀ-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-¶ A-ev-]-·m-sc A-]-l-kn-¡p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv sN½-\w Nm-t¡m-

bpsS 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³'. I-hn-X-bnÂ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X\m-b H-cp A-[ym-]-I-\m-Wv I-Ym-]m-

{Xw. A-bm-fp-sS t]-cp ]-d-bp¶-Xv `w-Kn-bÃ-¯-Xn-\mÂ I-hn A-Xp sN-¿p-¶nÃ. (A-sÃ-

¦nepw k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cm-fp-sS I-Y-bÃ CXv. km-am-\yam-b H-cp Im-gv-Nbpw A-\p-̀ -h-hp-

amWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' k-½m-\n-¡p-¶Xv. \-ap-¡n-S-bnÂ X-s¶ I-p-In-«m³ {]-bm-k-

anÃm-¯ B-fp-IÄ). 'Rm³' F-¶ `m-h-t¯m-sSm-̧ w ]-e-Pm-Xn an-Sp-¡p-Ifpw D-ÅhÀ. Im-gv-

N-bv-¡v kp-̀ -K\pw a-t\m-l-chpw B-IÀ-j-I-hpam-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§-fmÂ B-fpI-sf ]m-«n-

em-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶h³, kµÀ-t`m-Nn-Xw I-cªpw Nn-cn¨pw A-̀ n-\-bn-̈ v Imcyw t\-Sm³

]-äp-¶hÀ. t{im-Xm-hn-sâ ssI-]n-Sn¨pw sI-«n-¸n-Sn¨pw B-ßmÀ-°-Xbpw Iqdpw sX-fn-bn-

¡m³ A-dn-bp-¶h³, km-[y-am-bn-S-s¯m-s¡ B-thm-fw B-ß-{]-iw-k \-S-¯p-¶-h³, A-

Sp-̧ -apÅ-h-t\m-Sv A-Xp sX-fn-bn-¡m-\m-bn appw aäpw Xn-cp-¶n Ae-¡n \Â-Ip-¶-h³.

_m-[y-X-Ifpw a-äpw kr-ãn-̈ v I-gn-bm-hp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw A-Xnd-¡n I-fn-¡m³ A-dn-bp-¶h³.

kXyw ]-d-ªmÂ t]-cp ]-d-bm-Xn-cp-¶mÂ-t¸mepw FÃm-hÀ¡pw B-fm-cm-Wv F-¶v a-\-Ên-

em-¡m³ ]-äpw. 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ sN½-\w Nmt¡m {]m-Y-an-I-am-

bn ]-cn-N-bv-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv C-{]-Im-cw B-Wv.

6. Ah-k-tcm-NnX\v 'hymgw' ]n-d¶-Xv F-t¸m-gmWv?

D. X-sâ k-l-]mTn-bm-bn-cp-¶-h³ a-{ń-bm-bn h-¶ Im-ew ap-X-em-Wv Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v '

hym-gw' ]n-d-¶Xv.

- k-l-]mTnbm-b a-{ń-¡p-th-n Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ \nÀ-Æ-ln-̈ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. a-{ń-bp-sS a¡-sf hn-Zym-e-b-̄ n-te-¡v A-b-¡p-I, D-Zv-Lm-S-\-§Ä-¡v {]-kw-Kw F-gp-Xn-

\Â-Ip-I, a-{ń-¡v C-ã-ap-Å hn-̀ -h-§Ä F-hn- sSbmtWm DÅ-Xv A-hn-sS \n-¶v

F-̄ n-¨p sIm-Sp-¡p-I, X-c-¯n-s\m-̄ v cm-PIo-b kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw t{]mXv-tLm-j-W-§fpw

\-S-¯p-I. F-¶n- §-s\-bp-Å-Im-cy-§-fm-Wv a-{ń-¡m-bn Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ sN-bv-Xp-

sIm-Sp-¯-Xv.

7. "X³-k-l-]mTn-sb c-£n-¡p-hm³ a{ń

h³ ]-cn-]m-Sn-¡p-cq-]w sIm-Sp-¡-bmbv" þ F-́ m-bn-cp-¶p ]-cn-]mSn?

D. '_p-²]T-\ tI-{µ-¯n-se A-[y-£-\m-bn a{ń X-sâ k-l-]mTn-sb \n-b-an¨p. Imdpw

t^mWpw ]yqWpw B-^nkpw FÃmw X-sâ k-l- ]mTn-¡m-bn A-\p-h-Zn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p

A-t±-lw.

8. "_p-²-]T-\-tI-{µ-̄ nÂ A-[y-£-\m-Im³ am{Xw Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v tbmKy-X F-´v F-¶v

A-t\z-jn¨-h-tcm-Sv a{ń a-dp]-Sn \Â-Inb-Xv F´v?

D. A-bmÄ (k-l-]mTn) _p-²n-bp-Å-h-\m-sW-¶m-bn-cp-¶p a-{ń-bp-sS a-dp-]Sn.

9. "F¶pw an-\n-Ì-sdÃm-cp-sa-¶mÂ-_p¡nþ



se¶pw an-\n-ÌÀ an-\n-Ì-dm-bn ta-hnSpw!" Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. '_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw' {]-ta-b-am-¡n X-¿m-dm¡n-b ]p-kv-X-I-hp-am-bn a-{ń-sb-sN-¶p

I- I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ B-hiyw F-́ m-bn-cp¶p?

D. Xm³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v A-́ -Êp-Å Hcp 't^mÀ-th-Up'thWw. Ime-¯p

X-s¶ a-{ń-¡p-th-n \me-©p t]-Pp-h-cp-s¶m-cp B-ap-Jw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«pv. A-Xn-sâ

Iq-sS an-\n-ÌÀ Nn-cn-̈ p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]qÀ-®-Im-b-¯n-ep-Å H-cp t^m-t«mbpw sIm-Sp-¡-Ww.

Bcpw FÃm-¡m-ehpw an-\n-kv-äÀ B-bn-cn-¡nÃ. F-¶mÂ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ F-¡m-e¯pw

an-\n-ÌÀ an-\n-ÌÀ B-bn¯-s¶ \n-e-\nÂ-¡pw. C-Xm-Wv k-l-]mTn-bpw tIm¬-{K-Êp-Im-c-

\pam-b a-{ń-tbm-Sv Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv. c-p-sImÃw I-gn-ªv C-S-Xn-sâ

a-{ń-h-¶-t¸m-gpw C-tX-Imcyw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv. A-[n-

Im-chpw Øm-\-am-\-§fpw \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m³ Nn-eÀ \-S-¯p-¶ \m-Ww sI-« GÀ-̧ m-Sv AXp-

t]m-se A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN½-\w Nm-t¡m.

11. sN½-\w Nm-t¡m-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ ]mT-̀ m-Kw

ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI?

D. Ihn-X F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Hmtcm I-hn¡pw {]-tXy-I-e-£yhpw Im-c-Whpw D-m-Ipw. X-§-fp-

sS e£yw Ir-Xy-am-bpw kmÀ-°-I-ambpw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡m³ {]-Xn-̀ m-[-\cm-b I-hn-IÄ ]-e

amÀ-K-§fpw kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. tI-h-eam-b B-kzm-Z-\-am-Wv Ihn-X F-gp-¯n-

sâbpw ]m-cm-b-W-¯n-sâbpw ]-c-aam-b e-£y-sa-¦nepw hm-b-\-¡m-sc kw-k-Ir-X-Nn-¯-

cm-¡p-I, Nn-´bpw C-S-s]-Sepw D-Å-h-cm-¡p-I, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Iam-b Hu-¶nXyw Xn-cn-¨-dn-

ªv A-Xv \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m\pw h-fÀ-¯m\pw k-lm-bn¡p-I XpS-§n ]-e [À-½-§Ä AY-hm

^-e§Ä Cu {]-{In-b-tbm-sSm-̧ w \-S-¡p¶p.

k-a-Imen-I kw-̀ -h-hn-Im-k§-sf B-t£-]-lm-ky-̄ n-sâbpw Satire ip-²-lm-ky-̄ n-

sâbpw Wite) aäpw A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ an-Sp-¡p-Å I-hnbm-b sN½-\w

Nm-t¡m¡pw I-hn-X-sb-gp-̄ n-\p Ir-Xyam-b e-£y-apv. k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ I-Å-¯-c-§fpw

s]m-§-̈ -§fpw A-tX]-Sn ]-IÀ-̄ n kz-bw B-tem-N-\m-hn-j-b-am-¡m³ hm-b-\-¡m-sc

t{]m-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p Nm-t¡m-bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ. a-cw-sh«n, a-½n Xp-S§n-b lm-kym-ß-I c-N-\-

I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ h-bv-¡m-hp-¶ 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ Ihn-X \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶Xpw

a-säm-cp IÀ-¯-hyaÃ. k-aq-l-̄ nÂ Øm-\-am-\w \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m\pw \n-gÂ t]m-se A-Øn-

c-am-b-Xpam-b ù-Xn-I-kp-J-§Ä t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-am-bn \-½-fnÂ ]-ecpw Im-Wn-¡p-¶

]-cm-{I-a-§-fpw km-aÀ-°y-§fpw X-am-i-bm-bn A-]-lm-kyhpw B-t£-]-lm-ky-hp-am-bn

Im-Wn-¨p X-cn-I-bmWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-³' F-¶ I-hnX.

BfpI-sf A-h-k-cw t\m-¡n k-ao-]n-¡m-\-dn-bp-¶h-s\ a-äp-Å-hÀ H-cn-¡Â Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp-

sa-¶ Imcyw ]-ecpw a-d-¡p¶p. FÃm-¡m-ehpw A-\y-sc ]-än-¨p Po-hn-¡m-\m-Ip-sa-¶

au-Vy-Nn-´ A-lw-̀ m-h-t¯m-fw h-f-cp¶p. C¯cw "Rm³' F-¶ `m-hw B-thm-fw sIm-

p \-S-¡p-¶ A-[ym-]-I-\mWv Cu I-hn-X-bn-se Ah-k-tcm-N-Xn³. A-ev-]w kn-\n-abpw

t\m-h-ep-am-bn-¡-gn-bp-¶ A-[ym-]-I³ X-sâ ]-s¯ k-l-]mTn a-{ń-bm-bn h-¶-tXm-sS

A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§-fn-te-¡v £-W-t\-cw-sIm-v F-̄ p¶p. tbm-Ky-X-I-tf-¡mÄ A-tbm-Ky-



X-I-fp-Å A-bmÄ _p-²-]T-\-tI{µw A-[y-£-\m-bn hn-cm-Nn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n c-p sImÃw

Xn-I-bpw ap-t¼ `-c-W-am-äw kw-̀ -hn-¡p¶p. tIm¬-{K-Êp-Imc-\p ]I-cw C-S-X³ a-{ń-bm-

bn h-¶-t¸mÄ X-sâ Øm-\w \-ã-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ h-gn tX-Sp¶p.

"X-s¶-̧ n-cn-̈ p hn-Sm-Xn-cp-¶oSptam

]n-¶-Ö-bn-t¨m-cn-Xn-sâ ap¶-W?

A-̧ q-am-³ c-£-bv-¡p X³-_p-²n-im-e-bnÂ

X-̧ n-̄ n-cn-ªp I-h-N-§Ä cm-]IÂ!

tkm-̧ n-«p-I-tm-cn-S-sX-sbm-s¡bpw

Im-̧ p-sI-«o Im-i-S-hnÂ sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³'

_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v a-{ń-bp-sS t^m-t«m-k-ln-Xw H-cm-ap-JwsIm-Sp-¯v kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v c-p X-h-W X-sâ A-[y-£-Øm-\w \n-e-\nÀ-¯m³ Iu-i-e-¡m-c\m-b Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\p I-gnªp. ]-t£ \m-em-p Xn-Ibpw ap-t¶ \-S-¶ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ {]-Xo-£n-¨-Xn-\p hn-cp-²-am-bn tIm¬-{K-Êv X-s¶ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-se¯n. A-bm-fpsSk-l-]mTn-bm-Wv hopw h-Ip-̧ v a-{ń-bm-bn F-¯n-b-Xv.

"_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw' `-b-¦cw,

]p-kvX-Iw aq¶mw ]-Xn-¸n-d¡-Ww"

F-¶ B-h-iy-hp-am-bn A-bmÄ a-{ń-sb k-ao-]n-¨p. a-{ń-bp-sS B-ap-Jhpw]pXnb t^m-t«mbpw th-Ww C¯-h-W Im-cyw {K-ln-̈ a{ń k-l-]mTn-bp-sS Iu-i-e-̄ n-\v X-¡v {]l-cw X-s¶ \ÂIn. Iq-Sp-XÂ kp-Jn-¸n-̈ p ho-gv¯pw ap-s¼ a-{ń D-̄ -c-hn-sâe-t¡m-«p _p-²n-am³ B-b k-l-]mTn-tbm-Sp ]-d-bp¶p.

"F-¶pw U-b-d-Î-dÃmcp, am-I-bmÂ

s]m¶p-tam³ kv-Iq-fnÂ Xn-cn¨p-t]m-boSpI!"

Xm-³ am{Xw _p-²n-am\pw _m-¡n-bp-Å-h-scÃmw a-µ-_p-²n-I-fp-am-Wv F-¶p-ÅAh-k-tcm-Nn-X³ »o-¨m-bn t]m-Ip-¶ A-h-Ø-bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-¯nÂ. Xcw-t]m-se B-fpI-sf kp-Jn-̧ n¨pw ]m-Ztk-h \-S-¯nbpw Im-em-Im-ew Ip-im-em-bn I-gnªp-t]m-Ip-¶ Iu-i-e-¡mÀ-s¡Ãmw Cu K-Xn B-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn ap-¶-dn-bn-̧ v \Â-Ip¶p.

Bbn-cpw \m-hp-Å au\wbq-k^-en tI-t¨cn

1. G-Xp-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-X-I-fm-av bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ k-am-lm-c-̄ nÂ D-ÅXv?

D. 1954 ap-XÂ 1982 hsc2. A-©p-I-\yIÄ, tI-t¨-cn¸p-g F-¶o I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨cn3. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ k-am-lm-c-¯n-\v A-h-Xmcn-I X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?D. tUm. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡mSv4. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?D. 19825. "au-\-am-Wv Im-hyw' F-¶v I-hn-X-sb \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¨ ]m-Ým-Xy \n-cq-]-I³ Bcv?D. kq-k³ skm-mKv



6. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w' F-¶ Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-̄ nÂ bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn k-aÀ¸-Ww\-S-¯nb-Xv BÀ¡v?

D. F³.hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ¡v7. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\n-tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" F-¶v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶ Ihn-X GXv?D. B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w8. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\n-tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn-¡pI.D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å- au\w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hÀ-̄ n-¨p-h-cp-

¶ ]m-Z-§-fm-Wv C-h. A-Þ-I-Sm-lhpw A-Xn-se k-akv-X cq-]-§fpw `m-h-§fpw DZ-bwsIm-Åp-¶ A-Xn-kp-µ-cam-b Im-gvN-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.{]-]-t©mÂ-]-̄ n-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pw tem-Im-h-km-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw C-ý³ k-¦Â-]-§Ä H-cpI-®m-Sn-¡q-«n-se-¶-t]m-se Im-Wm³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. B Im-gv-N-bmI-s« {]-]-©-kr-ãm-hn-sâ km-¶n-[y-s¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ X-c-¯n-em-Wp Xm-\pw. B-Im-i-̀ q-anbpw{]-Ir-Xn {]-Xn-̀ m-k-§-fpw E-Xp-¡fpw XpS-§n FÃmw hf-sc e-Lp-hmbpw F-¶mÂ B-tem-Nn-¡p-t´mdpw Ku-c-h-X-c-ambpw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-¡v km-[n-¡p¶p. ]pcm-W I-Y-I-fn-te¡pw an-¯p-I-fn-te-¡p-sam-s¡ b-tYm-Nn-Xw kq-N-\ G-Im-In-bmWv. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. BÀ-j-̀ m-h-\-bp-sSN-{I-hmf-s¯ B-I-am-\w Zr-ãntKm-N-c-am-¡m³ I-hn-¡v km-[n-̈ n-«pv.

9. "]n-s¶-s¨-Ip-¯m-\m-t¡m-hn-enÂ hm-gvh-Xmbv,N§-e-ssZ-h-¯n³ ssI-I-fnÂ ho-gvh-Xm-bv" þ k-µÀ-̀ w GXv?

D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se cmw J-Þ-¯nÂ a-\p-jyÀ-¡v h-¶ am-äw hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn I-hn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. a-\p-jy-sâ a-\-ÊnÂ ssZ-hw ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-t¼m-tg-¡v B ssZ-h-¯n-\m-bn \mw a-X-im-e-Ifpw tZ-hm-e-b-§fpw \nÀ-½n-¡m-s\m-cp-§p¶p. ssZ-h-¯n-\p th-n in-e X-IÀ-̄ v tIm-hn-ep-I-fp-m-¡p¶p. A-tX ka-bw X-s¶, F§pw a-Zn-̈ p \-S-¡p-¶ sN-Ip-¯m-s\ ]q-«n-bn-Sm-\m-bnC-cp-¼p N§-e H-cp-¡m-\p-Å {i-ahpw \-S-¡p-¶pv. ]-s£ kw-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ Im-cyw a-säm-¶mWv. A-Xmb-Xv tIm-hn-enÂ sN-Ip-¯m³ hm-gp-Ibpw N-§e ssZ-h-¯n-sâ I-¿nÂ]-Xn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv D-m-Ip-¶-Xv. ZpÀ½-Zw _m-[n-̈ v kw-L-§Ä ]n-cn-ªv `q-an-sb kw-{Km-a-th-Zn-bm-¡p¶p. {]-Xo-£n-̈ X-c-̄ n-ep-Å Im-e-N-{I-¯n-sâ Ka-\w F-¶v Cu h-cn-IÄt_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯n- X-cp¶p.

10. "B-hÀ-¯-\-§-fmÂ ]m-Iw Xn-I-sªmcoþ

bm-ß-ssN-X\yw Xp-S-sc-¯p-Sn¡ptam?" þ I-hn C§-s\ Nn-ń-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. G-sd Øq-eam-b B-Im-i-s¯ ({]-]-©m-´-co-£s¯) H-cp Im-änÂ Nn-X-dn-¨v ]m-gv-ap-ä-am-¡p-hm\pw ]-c-tIm-Sn-hm-\§-sf \n-Xyhpw kz-bw \nÀ-½n-¡p-hm\pw D-S-¡p-hm\pw Xn-cn-̈ phmÀ-¡p-hm\pw km-[n-¡p-¶ A-Xp-ey-i-àn-bp-sS km-¶n[yw I-hn-¡v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¶pv.B-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\-Xbpw {]-N-Þam-b im- -́Xbpw ssI-ap-X-em-b B i-àn-t{km-X-Ên-sâ {]-Xn-̀ -bnÂ, eo-em-hn-em-k-¯nÂþF´pw km-[y-am-tb-¡pw. Iq-Sm-sX Po-thmÀ-ÖwBÀ¡pw sIm-fp¯mt\m sI-Sp¯mt\m km-[n-¡n-sÃ¶ An Energy can neigher beCreated nor be Destroyed) im-kv-{X-Nn-´bpw I-hn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶p. i-co-cw F¶-Xv\-in-¡m-hp-¶ D-Sp-̧ v am-{X-amWv. A-Xn-ep-Å tZ-ln-bmI-s« a-c-W-¯n-\p t]mepw sXm-Sm-\m-hm-¯-Xpw. ap-¼v Bcpw D-t]-£n-̈ n-S-sX-s¶ X-s¶-bn-¶v F-¯n-̈ p B a-®nÂ \n-¶v a-säm-



cp \m-«n-te-¡v D-S³ sImp-t]m-tb-¡mw. A-Ûp-X-am-Wv A-¡m-cyw. B-hÀ-¯-\-§-fmÂ]m-I-s¸-Sp¯n-b B-ß-ssN-X\yw Xp-SÀ-̈ -bm-bn-¯p-Sn¡ptam F-¶m-Wv I-hn-bp-sS A-t\z-jWw. A-sÃ-¦nÂ {]-]-©-¯n-sâ ]m-I-]-co-£-W im-e-bnÂ X-sâ Im-gv-N-Iq-«m-\m-bnI-®-S-̈ n-sÃm-¶p am-än t\m-¡n-bmÂ anI-hv t\Sn-b ]-cn-Wm-kv-Xn-Xzw t]mepw A-]qÀ-®-am-tb A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-I-bpÅp. I-ãw! A-Xn {_-l¯m-b H-cp kr-ãn IÀ-½-¯n-\m-bn H-cp-¡n-bp-m¡n-b ]-Wn-̧ p-c-am-{XamtWm Cu {]-]-©w? B ]-Wn-̧ p-c-bnÂ Zpx-Jw ]q-p X-§n-{X-kn-¡p-¶ tIh-ew H-cp D-]-Ic-Ww am-{XamtWm Xm³ F¶pw I-hn kw-i-bn-¡p¶p.

11. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-[ym-´ hn-lo\tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ a-d-bmÀ-¶ \-á-tX" þ Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

12. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS km-cmw-iw NÀ-̈sN-¿pI?

D. Ihn, Km-\-c-N-bn-Xmhv, Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir¯v, h-¡oÂ XpS-§n hy-Xykv-X {]-hÀ¯-\-tKm-Zbpw{]-i-kv-X-a-Þ-ehpw D-Å hy-àn-Xz-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn. BÀ-j-̀ m-c-X-Nn- -́IÄ{]-tNm-Zn-X-am-Wv tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS ]-e c-N-\-Ifpw 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å-a au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X{]-]-©-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ A-Km-[-X-bnÂ A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-«p-Å ]e-]-e alm-ssh-cp-²y-§sf,C-{µn-bm-\p-̀ -§-fp-sS cq-]-̄ nÂ Im-Wn-̈ p-X-cp-¶pv. hn-cq-]am-b Nm-cp-X-bpw, £-Wn-Iam-b \n-Xy-Xbpw {]-N-Þam-b im-´-X-bpw, Z-bm-]qÀ-®am-b ZmÀ-ãy-hpw, PmK-cw sIm-Åp-¶kp-jp-]v-Xnbpw \n-Ý-eam-b th-K-hpw, tim-̀ m-b-\am-b A-Ô-Im-chpw t`m-Km-án-bm-fp-¶hn-c-ànbpw A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ n-¯-cp-¶ 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X _p-²nbpwIm-gv-v-̈ bpw A-\p-̀ -hhpw D-d-¨ H-cp I-hn-t¡ c-Nn-¡m-\mhq. au-\-¯n-\v ]n-¶n-se B-bn-cw\m-hp I-s-¯m\m-b I-hn I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-̈ {In-bmw-i-§-sfÃmw ]-c-kv]-c-ssh-cp-²y-ap-Å-h-sb-¶v {]-Y-a-Zrãym tXm-¶n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw A-\p-̀ -h-¯nÂ A-Xv tIh-ew I-hnI-ev-]-\-b-sÃ-¶v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-h-bp-amWv. C-Xn-sâ Xp-SÀ-̈ -bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-̀ m-K-̄ nse 'I-q Rm³ \n-s¶ a-d-bmÀ-¶ \-átX" F-¶ hen-t]m-epw. 'a-d-bmÀ-¶\-áZ'. C-hn-sS a-d-bv-¡v I-hnX-s¶ 'thZw' F-¶v AÀ-°w tc-J-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶pv.

BÀ-j-̀ m-h-\-bp-sS N-{I-hm-f-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ s]m-Xp-t] A-\m-hr-X-am-Ip-¶Xv. 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' Cu-sbm-cp A-̀ n-{]-bm-¯n-\v A-]-hm-ZaÃ.ùXn-I Po-hn-X-̄ n-\-Xo-X-am-b km-cw a-\p-jy³ I-s-t¯--Xpv. B Po-hn-X-km-c-am-I-s«, ù-Xn-Im-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-sS a-dp-X-e-¡Â \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xp-amWv. A-Xp I-s-¯n A-\p-̀ -hn¡p-I A-t§b-äw {]-bm-k-I-c-amWv. B-Xy-ń-I-am-bn A-ssZz-X-]mTw {]-kw-Kn-¡p-¶Cu {]-]-©-I-em-e-b-¯n-se H-cp hn-ZymÀ-°n-bmbpw H-cp Xp-Ñ-km-a{Kn am-{X-ambpw X-s¶Im-Wp-I-bm-Wv I-hn sN-¿p-¶Xv. H-cp X-cw B-ß-hy-Y-bp-sS a-[p-c-\mZw Cu I-hn-X-bnÂI-s-¯m-\m-hpw.

I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-¯n-sâ A-h-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ tUm. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv D-]-ZÀ-in¡p-t]m-se \m-hnI-sâ au-\w tbm-K-km-[-\-bm-bn-cn-t¡ au-\-¯n-sâ \m-hv Im-hy km-[-\-bm-bnhy-hÀ-̄ n-¨p-\nÂ-¡p¶p. Cu hym-hÀ¯-\w hf-sc {]-[m-\-amWv. B-[p\n-I \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ ]-Þn-X-am-\n-Xb¡v Cu hym-hÀ¯-\w ]n-Sn-In-«n-bn-«n-sÃ-¶v A-go-t¡m-Sv A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.



kvam-cIw

ho-cm³-Ip«n

1. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d-¡m-¯ hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-Ww F-¶v I-hn A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-¡v Nn-d-Ip-I-fnÃ. tZ-im´-cw hn-[n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-anÃ. ]-d-¡m³ kz- -́am-bnB-Im-iw t]m-ep-anÃ. F-¶n«pw H-cp h³-a-c-¯n-sâ hn¯pw t]-dn A-Xp ]-d-¡p-¶p F-¶-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d-¡-en-s\ I-hn hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-WwF-¶p A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Im-cWw.

2. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-¡v A-dn-bm-¯ Ihn-X F-¶v I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n¨-Xv F-ń-s\-bmWv?

D. H-cp Ip-ªn-s\ F-¶-t]m-se H-cp hn-¯n-s\ a-Sn-bnÂ-h-¨m-Wv A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn ]-d-¡p-¶Xv.B hn-¯nÂ \n-¶p h-fÀ-¶p-h-t¶-¡m-hp-¶ a-c-¯n-sâ X-W-en-s\-¡p-dnt¨m A-Xn-\pIo-sg H-cmÄ h-¶v C-f-thÂ¡pw F-¶ kz-]v-\-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m A-dn-bnÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv A-̧ q-¸³-Xm-Sn-¡v A-dn-bm-¯ I-hn-X-bm-bn I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. A-̧ q-̧ ³-XmSn-tbm-Sv \mw Im-Wn-¡p-¶ Icp-W F-́ mWv?

D. A-dn-hnÃm-bv-a-bp-sS `m-c-¡pd-hv ap-X-se-Sp-̄ v A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn ]-d-¡p-¶pv. ]-d-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-Xn-s\ \mw ]-£n F-¶p hn-fn-¡p-¶nÃ. C-Xm-Wv \mw A-¸q-̧ ³-XmSn-tbm-Sv Im-Wn-¡p-¶ I-cpW.

4. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶nS-¯v \m-sf D-bÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ kv-amc-Iw F-¶p hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¨-Xv F-ńs\?

D. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn a-Sn-bnÂ t]-dn ]-d-¡p-¶ hn-̄ nÂ \n-¶v \m-sf h-fÀ-t¶-¡m-hp-¶ a-c-s¯-bm-Wv kv-amc-Iw F-¶p I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Zn-hy-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ \n-g-enÂ

BÀ. cm-a-N-{µ³

1. "Zn-hy-Zpx-J-¯n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ I-hn A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p¶-Xv Bsc?

D. A-Ô-Im-chpw \n-È-Ð-Xbpw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-t¡ I-c-fn-se iym-a-hÀ-®am-b Zpx-J-kXywsIm-v X-s¶ Np-än \n-ev-¡p-¶ hn-iz-\m-b-I-s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶Xv.G-Im- -́¯nÂ X-sâ Iq-sS hn-iz-\m-b-I-km-¶n[yw D-s-¶ A-dn-hmWv I-hnsb CuA-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\-bv-¡v t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

2. hn-iz-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. A-\m-Zn-Xy-´³ (Xp-S-¡hpw H-Sp-¡hpw CÃm-¯-h³) a-c-W-̀ -b-̄ mÂ tN-cp-¶ Pohn-Xkv-t\-l-̄ n-sâ am-[pcyw A-dn-bm-t¯m³, ]pÀ-W-Im-a³, kz-]v-\-̀ q-an-bnÂ \r-¯w sN-¿p-¶ ap-Kv-² ku-µ-cy-s¯ \n-\-bv-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯-h³ F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn hn-iz-\m-bI-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. "\o tIÄ-̧ -XnÃtÃm

\n³-]-Z-²z-\n t]m-epw!

\o Im¬-a-XnÃtÃm



\n³ \ngÂ-t]mepw!" þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw km-c-kyhpw hy-à-am¡p-I.

D. 'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-¯n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ BÀ.cm-a-N-{µ³ G-Im- -́X-bnÂ X-\n-¡p-Npäpw \n-g-en-̈ iym-a-hÀ-®-amÀ-¶ Zpx-J-¯nÂ k-Xy-s¯ XoÀ-¯ hn-iz-\m-bI-s\A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\-sN-¿p¶p. kz-]v-\-̀ q-an-bnÂ \r-¯w h-bv-¡p-¶ ap-Kv-²-ku-µ-cy-s¯bpwa-c-W-̀ o-Xn-bm-ep-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶ Po-hn-X-kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ am-[p-cyhpw A-dn-bm-\m-hm-¯h³.B-sc-bm-Wv, F-§-s\-bm-Wv kv-t\-ln-¡p-Ibpw sh-dp-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I F-¶v I-hnA-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. kz-´w ]-Z-[z\n-t]mepw tIÄ¡mt\m kz-´w \ngÂ-t]mepwImWmt\m I-gn-bm-¯h³, kz-cq-]-¯nÂ \n-¶p A-I-em-\m-hm-sX {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶h³.A-hn-sS¯-s¶ \o-dn-\o-dn-s¡m-v I-gn-ªp-Iq-S-¶h³. \nXy-X G-Ip-¶ G-Im- -́X-bnÂC-cn-¡p-¶h³. Zn-hy-am-b Zpx-Jw t]-dp-¶h-sâ A-h-Ø BÀ. cm-a-N-{µ³ ]-IÀ-¯n-sh-bv-¡p-¶-X-mWv Cu h-cn-I-fp-sS k-µÀ-̀ w.

4. "B-ß-hn-kv-ar-Xn-tX-Sn

\o \-S-¯p-an-ÊÀ-K-eo-e-bnÂ

\n-¶-gÂ \n-g-en-t¡

lm! ]-gn-̧ q Rm³ \ns¶!"

D. BÀ. cm-a-N-{µsâ 'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X, A-Xp-eyhpw A-\p-]-a-hpam-bkÀ-K-eo-e-bv-¡m-bn hn-iz-\m-b-I³ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ B-ß-]oU-sb A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv. \n-Xy-X-bp-sS G-Im- -́X-bnÂ H-tc C-cn-¸n-\v X-¿m-sd-Sp¯ tem-I-\m-Y³ k-ln-¡p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä H-cÀ-°-¯nÂ \-ap-¡v {K-ln-¡m³ t]m-ep-am-Im-¯-h-bmWv. hn-iz-\m-bI-sâ A-{i-ayamb tcm-Z-\-am-Wv Im-ew D-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpw. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ G-sd I-cm-fam-b Zpx-J-am-Wv B-Im-iw B-ß-hn-kv-Xr-Xn tX-Sn A-t±-lw \-S-¯p-¶kÀ-K-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ (eo-e F-¶ ]-Z-am-Wv G-sd {]-tbm-KmÀ-l-X-bpÅ-Xv). X-sâZpx-Jw \n-g-en-̈ -Xn-\mÂ A-Xn-s\ ]-gn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. A§-s\ ]-gn-t¡-n h-¶-XnÂI-hn-¡v tJ-Z-apv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-\n-¡v am-̧ v \Â-In s]m-dp-¯p X-c-W-sa-¶v I-hn A-̀ yÀ-°-\ \-S-¯p¶p.

5. \n-È-Ð-X-bp-sS \n-Ý-e-X-Sm-I-¯nÂ I-hn Im-gv-N-sh-¡p¶-Xv F-́ mWv?

D. A-Ô-Im-chpw \n-È-Ð-Xbpw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ \n-Ý-e-X-Sm-I-¯nÂ H-cp Xm-a-c-sam-«mbn,H-cp sXmgp-ssI-bm-bn X-sâ B-ßm-hn-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶v I-hn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. B-ß-hn-kv-Xr-Xn tX-Sn hn-iz-\m-b-I³ \-S-̄ p-¶ kÀ-¤-eo-e-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Zpx-Jw \n-g-en-̈ -Xn-\mÂXm³ H-¯n-cn ]-gn¡p-I D-m-sb¶pw A-Xn-\p am-̧ p-\Â-I-W-sW¶pw I-hn B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶pv.

6. "a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{Xw' F-¶ {K-Ùw X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?

D. Fw. eo-emhXn

7. "hÀ-®-cmPn' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?

D. Fw. eo-emhXn

8. "hÀ-®-cmPn' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-ÅS-¡w F´v?

D. a-e-bm-f I-hn-X-bn-se `m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-ahpw k-hn-ti-j-em-h-Wym-\p-̀ -hhpw km-[y-am¡n-b G-Xm\pw I-hn-X-I-fp-sS c-N-\I-sf A-Sp-̄ -dn-bpI.



9. "tI-c-f I-hn-X-bn-se I-fnbpw Nn-cn-bpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. {]-k-¶-cmP³

10 "I-hn-Xbpw ]m-c-¼-cy-hpw' F-¶ ]T-\-{K-Ùw X-¿m-dm¡n-b Ihn?

D. F³.F³. I-¡mSv

11. "I-hn-Xbpw P-\-X-bpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?

D. k-̈ n-Zm-\µ³

12. "I-hn-X-bp-sS I-em-a-{´w' F-¶ {K-Ùw B-cp-tSXv?

D. tZ-i-awK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW³

13. "Im-hy-̀ m-j-bn-se {]-iv-\§Ä' F-¶ ]T-\-{K-Ù-̄ n-sâ F-Un-äÀ Bcv?

D. tZ-iwK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW³

]mk-©À

tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ ImeSn

1. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS I-\-I{io A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b "]m-ssekv' F-¶ B-ZyIm-hy k-am-lm-cw B-cp-tSXv?

D. tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ ImeSn

2. "a-g-s¸m-«³' F-¶ Ihn-X F-gp-Xn-bXv?


3. tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-e-Sn-bp-sS {][m-\ I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§MÄ?

D. ]m-k©À, `q-X¡-«, an-\p¡w, a-g-s¸m«³, ]m-ssekv.

4. "H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-£n-¡-cp-Xv

Np-I-¶ lrZ-bw ho-in-¡m-Wn¨vþ

h-gn X-S-b-cp-Xv " þ h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ]m-k-©À F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-W-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-sb H-cp ]m-k-©À hn-tbm-Sv D-]-an-¨v A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-hn tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-eSn. {]W-bw F-¶ ]m-k-©À h-n {]-W-b-\n-I-fp-sS t\-chpw Im-ehpw AÃ ]-e-t¸mgpw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-I. A-ev-]w ssh-In-s¨-¶mÂh-n tÌm-̧ nÂ \n-¶p t]m-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡pw. t\c-s¯ kv-tä-j-\nÂ sN-¶n-cp¶mtemH-̄ n-cn ssh-In-bm-bn-cn¡pw h-n F-¯n-t¨-cp-I. h-n h-¶mÂ Hm-Sn-̈ m-Sn-¡-b-d-cp-Xv.H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-£n-¡-cp-Xv. Np-h-¶ lrZ-bw ho-in-¡m-Wn-¨v h-n h-gn X-S-bm³ {i-an-¡-cpXv. ]m-f-̄ nÂ X-e-sh-̈ v \m-Ww-sI-Sm\pw \nÂ-¡-cpXv. H-cp Xo-h-n-bm-{X-bp-sSkp-Jhpw k-¦-Shpw {]-W-b-̀ m-h-¯n-te-¡v k-aÀ-°-am-bn B-tcm-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-hn-sSI-hn.

5. h-n-bnÂ I-b-dp-t¼mÄ ]m-en-t¡- a-cym-Z-IÄ F-s´ms¡?

D. {]-Wb-s¯ ]m-k-©À hn-tbm-Sp Xp-e-\-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-Wv³ Im-eSn']m-k©À' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ. {]-W-b-¯n-sâ `m-h-ssh-hn-[y-§Ä hf-sc an-Sp-t¡m-sSA-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ]p-eÀ-s¨ F-gp-t¶-äv hc-Ww ]m-k-©À h-n-bnÂ I-b-dn-̧ -



äm³. ¹mäp-t^m-anÂ \n¶pw Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡p-I. hn, H-cp ]-t£ ssh-In-tb-¡mw. A-XnÂsh-dpt¸m apjnthm D-m-I-cpXv. s{S-bn-\nÂ h-cp-¶-Xv I-v sh-{]m-f-hp-a-cpXv. H«pw Xn-c-¡nÃm-sX I-b-dp-I. hm-XnÂ-¡Â X-s¶ \nÂ-¡m-sX h-n-bp-sS D-Ån-te-¡p-Ån-te-¡vsNÃWw. hÃ-hcpw X-«p-Itbm ap-«p-Itbm Im-enÂ N-hn-«p-Itbm sN-bv-Xmepw X-«n-¡-b-dm³ ]m-SnÃ. B-cp tNm-Zn-̈ mepw Sn¡-äv {]-ZÀ-in-̧ n-¡-cpXv. h-n F-hn-sS \nÀ-̄ n-bmepwF-{X-t\-cw \nÀ-̄ n-bn-«mepw Xn-cn-̈ n-d-§-cp-Xv. C-Xm-Wv {]-W-b-̧ m-k-©-dnÂ I-b-dp-¶-hÀ-¡vI-hn \Â-Ip-¶ \nÀ-t±iw.

6. "Xo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te-¡v ]-d-¯n-hnSpI

]m-e-¯n-s\ I-S-en-te-¡v H-gp-¡n-hn-Sp-I' þ Cu h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS I-hn e£yw sh-¡p-¶-sX´v?

D. {]-W-b-bm-{X H-̄ n-cn-Zq-cw t]m-Ip-t¼mgpw k-Ôybpw ]n-s¶ cm-{Xnbpw B-Ipw. k-a-b-anÃm-¯ k-a-b-am-bmÂ h-n-bnÂ c-v t]À am-{X-am-hpw. ]p-g-bnÂ H-ä-¡p-Å H-cp]m-ehpw D-m-Ipw. A-t¸mÄ N-§-e h-en-̈ v h-n-\nÀ-¯Ww. F-¶n-«v ]-d-bm-\p-Å-sXÃmw]-d-bWw. tIÄ-¡m-\p-fve-Xv tIÄ-¡p-I-bpw th-Ww. FÃmw ]-d-ªpw tI«pw I-gn-ªmÂXo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te-¡v ]-d-¯nbpw ]m-e-¯n-s\ I-S-en-te-¡v H-gp-¡nbpw hn-SWw.{]-W-b-bm-{X-bnÂ P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]-c-kv-]-c-[m-c-Wbpw km-[y-am-I-W-sa-¶v I-hn kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. A-t¸m-tg N-{µ-\n-te-¡v {]-W-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-sS A-aqÀ¯ tem-I-t¯-bv-¡v N-en-¡m³ ]m-k-©-dn-\v I-gnbq.

7. {]-W-b-̄ n-sâ ]m-k-©À bm-{X-bv-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ I-p-ap-«n-tb-¡m-hp-¶ A-\p`-h-tem-I-s¯ tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Ime-Sn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. bm-{X G-sd sNÃp-t¼mÄ k-a-b-anÃm-¯ ka-bw B-K-X-am-Ip-sa¶pw A-t¸mÄ ]m-k-©-dnÂ c-v t]À am-{X-am-Ip-sa¶pw I-hn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Xo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te¡pw ]me-s¯ I-S-en-te¡pw H-gp-¡n-hn-Sm-hp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw bm-{X {]-W-bm-Xp-c-am-bn-¯o-cpw. A-t¸mÄ]p-g-h-¡nse sdbn-temc-̄ v ko-k¬ Sn-¡-äp-I-Ä ta-ª H-cp I-fn-ho-Sp-m¡n. sIm-Sn-IÄ Io-dn D-Sp¸pw sXm-«n-ep-ap-m¡n. I-cn-¦Â-ö-fp-IÄ sIm-v I-ªnbpw I-dn-bp-ap-m-¡nbpw I-gn-bp-¶-h-cp-sS tem-I-am-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-e-Sn I-hn-Xm-ý-¯nÂ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. h¶p-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-Xpam-b Xo-hn-nI-sf Iq-In-Iq-IntXmÂ-]n-¨v Im-¡-s¯m-Åm-bn-cw Im-f-h-n-IÄ L-Sn-̧ n-̈ Ime-s¯ I-S¶p-t]m-Im³A-\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn-¡v \nÀ-t±-in-¡m-\p-ÅXv.

8. ]m-k-©À F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v H-cm-kzm-Z-\-¡p-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.


ae-bmf IhnX D -̄c-L«w Page 35

hn.Fw. KncnP

1961-þÂ sjmÀ®q-cn-\-Sp-̄ p-ff ]cp-̄ n-{]-bnÂ P\n-̈ p. AÑ³: hS-t¡-

¸m«pa\-¡Â hmkp-tZ-h³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv. A½ Kucn A´ÀP-\w. `À¯mhv

kn.-BÀ. \oe-I-WvT³. ae-bm-f-̄ nse kmln-X-y-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ, Ah-bpsS

XcwXncn-hp-I-fnÂs¸SmsX kvss{XW-̀ m-j-bpsS kq£va-X-bnÂ Fgp-X-s -̧«-XmWv

hn.-Fw.-Kn-cn-P-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ. Fgp¯papdn-tbm, kz-́ -am-sbmcp apdntbm CÃm¯

kv{Xobp-tS-XnÂ \n¶p XpS§n hoSn-Ãm¯, kz-]v\-§Ä \jvS-s¸« \ncm-ew-_-cmb

kv{Xo Pohn-X-§-fpsS s]mf-fp¶ A\p-̀ -h-tem-I-amWv hn.-Fw.-Kn-cn-P-bpsS Ihn-X-

IÄ Bk-zm-Z-IÀ¡p-ap-¶nÂ hbv¡p-¶-Xv.

kz´w Øm\hpw CShpw \nÀ½n-s¨Sp¡m\p-ff kv{XobpsS ]cn-{i-a-̄ n\v

\qäm-p-I-fpsS ]g-¡-ap-v. ]pcp-js\ tI{µo-I-cn-̈ p-sIm-p-ff A[n-Im-c-h-y-h-

Ø-bmWv kaq-l-̄ ntâXv. kv{Xo PohnXw t\cn-Sp¶ henb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-Wn-Xv.

AXp -sImp Xs¶ ka-X-z-̄ n\pw kmaq-l-y-\o-Xn¡pw thn-bp-ff t]mcm-«-̄ nÂ

\n¶mWv kv{XohmZw F¶ Bibw DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

asäÃm taJ-e-I-fn-ep-sa-¶-t]mse Hcp kv{XobpsS ap¶nÂ kÀ¤m-ß-I-c-N-\-

¡p-ff km[-y-X-IÄ ]pcp-j\p e -̀y-am-bXp t]mse e -̀y-a-Ã. hoSnsâ, a¡-fpsS

D¯c-hm-Zn-X-z-̀ mcw Ahsf kZm-hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ temIs¯

Adn-bmt\m a\-Ên-em-¡mt\m AhÄ¡v Ah-kcw Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn-\p-I-gn-

ªmÂXs¶ {Inbm-ß-I-ambn Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Øetam ka-btam CÃ. Cu Zpc-

hØ ap¶nÂ ImWv Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bm-hm³ kz-́ -am-sbmcp apdnbpw ]Whpw

thW-sa-¶Xv k{Xo-hmZ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bm-b shÀPo-\n-bm-hqÄ^v (1882 þ 1941)

{]J-ym-]n-̈ -Xv. ]pcpj \nÀ½n-X-amb IrXn-I-fpsS t{ijvT-X-tbbpw kaqlw

Ahbv¡v \ÂIp¶ al-X-z-s¯bpw shÀPo-\n-b-hqÄ^v tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p.

kaq-l-̄ nsâ Ah-t_m-[-̄ nepw Ncn-{X-¯nepw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸« kv{Xo

I-ev]-\-Isf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv {^©v XX-z-Nn-́ -Ibpw t\mh-en-Ìp-amb

kntam¬ Z _qÆ. a\p-j-y-Ipew Xs¶ Hcp B¬k-¦-ev]-am-sW¶ \nK-a-\-̄ nÂ

AhÀ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. kv{Xobmbn Bcpw P\n-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw kmaq-l-ym-[n-Imc

{]tbm-K-§Ä Ahsf A§s\ B¡n XoÀ¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw _psÆ ]d-bp-¶p.

hmk-\bpw `mh-\bpw CÃm-̄ -Xp-sIm-Ã kml-N-c-y-§-fpsS k½À±w

sImmWv kv{Xoc-N-\-IÄ A[n-I-an-Ãm-̄ -sX¶v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w

tIc-f-̄ nse kml-N-c-y-§sf hne-bn-cp-̄ n-s¡mv ]d-bp-¶p. kv{Xosb \ni-_vZ-

bm-¡m³ X¿m-dmbn \nÂ¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI hy-hØ Ah-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-

§sf F¶pw `b-s -̧Sp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ \nc-́ cw ]n¶n-te¡p XÅm\pw \ne-hnse

k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v `b-s -̧Sp-̄ m\pw {ian¨p sImn-cp-¶p. s]®p-§Ä

ImWmsX ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§-fnÂ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP B Ncn{Xw hÀ -̄am-\-Im-e¯pw

BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv AS-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.



s]®p-§Ä ImWm¯ ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§Ä

`b-s -̧Sp-̄ nbpw kpc-£n-X-X-z-̄ nÂ kzm-X-{ýw \jvS-am-¡nbpw kaqlw

\nb-{ń¨ Pohn-X-amWv kv{Xobp-tS-Xv. GXv Ime¯pw AXn\v hy-X-y-kvX-amb òj-

Wn-IÄ GÂt¡-n-h-¶Xv Ncn-{Xw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xmb apJ-y-[m-c-

bnÂ \n¶v, A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v, CS-§-fnÂ \n¶v X{´-]qÀÆw Hgn-hm-¡nb

IÀXr-X-z-amWv kv{Xobp-tS-Xv. ag-bnepw shbn-en-epw t]mepw Ac-£n-X-Xzw Iev]n¨v

temIw kv{Xosb HXp-¡n-bn«v AhÀ ImWm¯ Adn-bm¯ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xp-am-{X-amb

Hcp temIw krjvSn-¡-s -̧«p. ]pc-j³ A[n-Im-cn-bmb kaq-l-̄ nÂ ]eXpw Adn-

bm\pw Bk-z-Zn-¡m-\p-am-hmsX kv{Xo hoÀ¸p-ap-«n. A¯-c-̄ n-ep-ff kq£va-amb

Ak-zm-X-{´-y-§-sf-bmWv hn.-Fw. KncnP s]®p-§Ä ImWm¯ ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§-fnÂ

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mÀ¡nepw \m«nse s]mXp-Ø-e-§-fnepw ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§Ä F§-s\-bm-bn-

cn¡pw F¶v Ihn AÛp-X-s -̧Sp-¶p. FÃm-hn-f-¡p-a-W-ªmÂ Cu ]mXnc ]pcp-j-

tâ-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. AhnsS F´m-bn-cn¡pw \S-¡p-I. ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bpsS

\nb-a-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. Ccp-«n-tâ-Xmb B temI-

¯nsâ NXnbpw h©-\bpw ]pcp-j-\p-am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s -̧«-XmWv F¶v Ihn ]d-

bp-¶p. Poh³ XpSn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ ]¨-̧ m-S-§-fnÂ AÀ[-cm-{Xn-bnÂ FÃm {]Xo-

£bpw hfÀ¶ ]¨-bpsS HmÀ½-IÄ¡v \ne-\nÂ¸p-m-hptam F¶v Ihn `b-s -̧Sp-

¶p. Ccp-«nsâ ad-hnÂ Imdp t]mIm¯ \mS³h-gn-IÄs¡Ãmw GtXm Xc-̄ n-ep-

ff kzm-X-{´-y-̄ nsâ Nnd-Ip-IÄ apf-̈ p-h-cpw. \ne¯phoWp ]c-s¶m-gp-Ip¶

\nemhv IpSn-¡m³ BSp¶ \ng-ep-IÄ {ian-¡pw. C§s\ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xmb cm{Xn-

Im-e-§-fnÂ \·sb Iog-S-¡m³ Xn·-bpsS cq]-̄ nÂ ]e-Xcw CS-s]-S-ep-Itfm

B{I-a-W-§tfm {]Xo-£n-¡mw. s]®p-§Ä Imep-sh-¡m¯ ]mXn-c-bp-tS-Xmb

Ip¶p-I-fnÂ F´p kw -̀hn-¡pw, F´pw kw -̀hn-¡mw. kv{XobpsS a\-ÊnÂ \n¶v

cq]w sImf-fp¶ b£n-IÄ At\-z-jn-̈ -e-bp¶ ]me-I-fnÂ At¶cw ]q¡Ä hncn-

bptam AXp sImv B\-µ-̄ n-em-Ip¶ \£-{X-am-e-IÄ BIm-i¯v \n¶v BSp-

tam. kv{Xok-zm-X-{´-y-¯nÂ Cu {]IrXn t]mepw DÕm-l-̀ -cn-X-am-¡-s¸Sp-I-bntÃ

F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

Cu ImgvN-I-sfÃmw kv{XoIÄ¡v hne-¡-s -̧«-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{´-y-t¯msS

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS EXp-t -̀Z-§-fn-te¡v k©-cn-¡m³ t]mepw kaqlw kv{Xosb A\p-h-

Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ ]pcp-j³ aZ-y-]n¨v atZm-·-̄ -\mbn IÃp-h-gn-I-fnÂ hoWp-In-

S¶v Ahsâ kzm-X-{ýw BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p. Ahsâ hmem-«n-bmbn \S-¡p¶

\mb hgn-h-¡nÂ \n¶v apc-fp-¶p. B \mb t]mepw kv{Xosb `b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.

Cu ]mXn-cm-t\c§sfbpw AXnsâ ImgvN-I-sfbpw A\p-̀ -h-§-sfbpw F¶mhpw

Häbv¡v ImWm-\p-ff kzm-X-{´-y-ap-m-hpI F¶v Ihn Ihn-X-bnÂ BIp-e-s -̧Sp-

¶p.

ae-bmfIhnX D -̄c-L«wSTUDY MATERIAL

THIRD SEMESTER

CORE COURSE : MAL3B03

For


UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCalicut University P.O, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

543A


ae-bmfIhnX D¯c-L«w Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIALTHIRD SEMESTER


CORE COURSE :MAL3B03 : ae-bmfIhnX D¯c-L«w

Prepared by :

Sri. Kamarudheen Parappil,Asst. Professor in Malayalam,Farook College, Kozhikode.

Smt. Sheena. A.G,Guest Faculty in Malayalam,Farook College, Kozhikode.

Dr. Rajukuttan.P.GAsst. Professor on contract,School of Distance Education,University of Calicut.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved



DÀÆ-io \r-̄ whn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn

1. hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bv-¡v h-b-emÀ AhmÀUv (2010) t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-̄ IrXn?

D. Nm-cp-eX

2. hn-jv-Wp \m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-J-e-£-W-sa´v?

D. a-\p-jy-kzm-X-{ýw

3. \oÀ-s¯m-cp ]o-en-bnÂ hÀ-jI-Ww t]mÂ anÀ¡pw Xn-c-bnÂ i-in-Inc-Ww t]mÂ B-cp-

sS hm-¡p-I-fmWv?

4. DÀ-Æ-insb Cu hn-[w k-t´m-jn-̧ -̈ Xv ?

D. C-{µ³

5. DÀ-Æ-io-\r-¯w Im-Wm-s\¯n-b k-Z-kyÀ B-scÃmw?

D. A-ã-h-[p¡Ä, tZ-hI³, Zm-]kÀ

6. ]p-cm-W-¯n-se G-Xv I-Y-bmWv 'DÀÆ-io \r¯w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡m-[mcw?

D. DÀ-Æ-io-im-]w

7. {]-]-©-kr-ãn-bp-sS Im-c-W-a-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-Å H-cp D-]m-[n-bmWv----- -- --

D. DÀ-Æ-in-bp-sS \r-̄ w

8. \r-¯-Np-h-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS DÀÆ-in B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX´v?

D. {]-]-©-]-cn-Wm-aw

9. kr-ãn km-[y-am-Ip¶-Xv F-t¸mÄ?

D. {_-Ò-¯n-\v Im-a-\ (hn-Imcw) bp-W-cp-Ibpw A-XnÂ Alw-t_m-[w {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw

sN-¿-pt¼m-gm-Wv kr-ãn km-[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

10. kr-ãn-bp-sS Nm-{In-IX-sb kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ h-cn-IÄ GXv?

D. hn-¯p-ap-f-¨-iz-°w Im-bv¨-cn

ho-Wp ap-f-̈ -iz-°w ho-p

11. B-Zn-an-Yp-\-¯n-se ]p-cp-j³ Bcv?

D. in-h³

12. DÀÆ-in \r-̄ w ad-¶v \n-Ý-e-X-bmb-Xv F-t¸mÄ?

D. B-Zn-an-Yp-\-¯n-se ]p-cp-j-ZÀi-\w DÀ-Æ-in-bnÂ ]q-cp-c-h-Ên-s\-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å- HmÀ-½-IÄ

D-WÀ-̄ p¶p. A-]qÀ-®hpw h-Ôy-hpam-b X-s¶ B-Zn-an-Yp-\-§-fn-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS Øm-

\¯pw ]q-cp-c-h-Ên-s\ ]p-cpj-sâ Øm-\-̄ p k-¦-ev-̧ n-¨-t¸mÄ A-hÄ \r-̄ w ad-¶v

\n-Ý-e-bmbn.

13. DÀ-Æ-in-bv-¡v im-]w D-]-Im-c-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?

D. `q-an-bnÂ ]nd-¶v P-cbpw \-cbpw cp-Pbpw ar-Xn-bp-a-\p-̀ -hn-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶p im]w.

F-¶mÂ X-\n-¡v kv-t\-ln-¡m³ C-ã-s¸-« ]p-cp-j-\p-s¶ t_m-[w A-hÄ-¡v i-àn

]-I-cp-¶p. `q-an-sb a-säm-c-c-§m-bn A-hÄ Im-Wp-¶p.

14. B-[p\n-I im-kv-{X-k-¦-ev]-s¯ I-hn F-§-s\-bm-Wv {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv?

D. kr-ãn-bp-sS B-Zn-I-mc-Ww tXSn-b DÀ-Æ-io-Nn-¯w B-Zn-an-Yp-\-§-fn-se-¯n-t¨-cp¶p.

G-Im-Iam-b {_-Òw BWpw s]-®p-am-bn ]n-cn-ªv krãn B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶p. F-¶ sF-Xn-



lyhpw A-Þhpw _o-Phpw B-bn ]n-cn-ªv kr-ãn cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶ im-kv{X-t_m-[hpw H-cp-

an-̈ v I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶n-S-¯m-Wv I-hn im-kv-{X k-¦-ev]-s¯ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

15. kr-ãn-¡p-ap-¼p-Å `q-an F-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. cm-̧ -I-ep-IÄ CÃm-¯ P-\n-ar-Xn-I-fn-Ãm-¯, \n-e-\nÂ-]n-\m-[m-c-am-b Zpx-Jhpw kÀ-¤-hm-k-

\-Ifpw CÃm¯ B a-Þ-e-̄ nÂ X-Wpt¸m Nq-tSm CÃ.

16. "cm-In-b-dp-¯-t¸mÄ bp-K-k-©n-Xþ

\n-in-\-X-]-Ên³ ZÀ-̀ m-{K-¯mÂ!"

F-́ m-Wv cm-In-b-dp-¯-Xv?

D. im-]w t]m-se X-s¶-̈ pän-b h-Ôy-X-bp-sS \oÄ-¡-®n-I-fm-Wv cm-In-b-dp-¯Xv.

17. C-cp-fnÂ ]-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sS C-d-§n-h-cp-t¼mÄ DÀ-Æ-in-bp-sS a-\-Ên-ep-WÀ-¶ Nn-´-bp-sS

a-lXzw F´v?

D. `q-an-sb a-säm-c-c-§mbpw Po-hnX-s¯ kÀ-¤m-e-b-]qÀ-®-am-b \r-̄ -ambpw A-hÄ Im-Wp-

¶p. kzÀ-¤ hn-̀ q-Xn-I-fn-sÃ-¦nepw Iq-sS Xm³ kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ ]p-cp-j-\p-s¶ t_m-[w

A-hÄ-¡v i-àn ]-I-cp¶p. I-em-Imc-\v `q-an-bm-Wv G-sd {]n-bw F-¶ k-Xyhpw I-hn

C-hn-sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶p.

18. \n-Xy-\-tamÖz-e kÀ-¤-hn-emk-s¯ \r-¯-¯n-te-bv-¡m-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-

¨ `m-j-bp-sS N-Sp-e-X hy-à-am-¡pI?

D. \r-¯-I-e-bnÂ kr-ãn-{]-{In-b-bp-sS A-Xn-\n-Kq-V-X-e§-sf B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-\v

B-[m-cam-b `q-an-bp-sS a-l-Xz-s¯ {]-Im-in-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv DÀ-Æ-io-\r-

¯w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

19 "IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-̄ n-semþ

c-̧ -¡-jv-Ww tImÀ-̄ -W-bp-I-bmhmw".

Bcv?

D. c£Êv

20. '\-c-I-¯n-s\m-cp ssI-̧ m-S-I-se-bn-cn-¡p-¶ kzÀ-Kw' F-¶v I-¡m-Sv hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¨Xv?

D. {Kmas¯

21. A-S-ª h-Iv{Xw \-J-c-¯m-se ]n-fÀ-¯n A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \-K-c-a-\p-jy-sâ hm-bnÂ Xn-cp-Inb-Xv Bcv?

D. c£Êv

22. \m-K-cnI-\v A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww I-s-̄ n-\Â-Im³ c£-Êv X-¿m-dmb-Xv F-´p-sImv?

D. A-Sp-¯ Zn-h-khpw \m-K-cnI-sâ A-[zm\-s¯ Nqj-Ww sN-¿-W-sa-¶v I-cp-Xn-bm-Wv c£-Êv \m-K-cnI-\v A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww hm-bnÂ h-¨p-\Â-Ip-¶-Xv.

23. "A-hn-sS-Êq-cy-\p-Zn¡pw \-\-ª ]-¨n-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f§pw" F-hnsS?

D. ]-«-W-¯n-\p-S-̄ p-Å {Km-a-¯nÂ



24. "\n-s¶ sh-dp-¡p-¶p Rm-\o

]m-Xm-f-t¯-¡m-tf-sd" þ B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS kw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶Xv?

D. X-sâ {Kma-s¯

25. "h-cn-sIÃm-hcp, saÃm-hcp, saÃm-hcpw!" I-hn B-sc-bm-Wv £-Wn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. {Kmao-W P-\-§sf.

ImfIÄ

]n. `m-kv-¡c³

1. "h-b-emÀ KÀ-Ön-¡p¶p' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

2. "\-½p-sS lr-Zb-s¯ B-gv-¯n ap-¡pw-hn-[w N-dp-]n-dp¶-s\ ho-gp-¶ I-®oÀ-¡-W-§-fm-Wv

N-§-¼p-g; `m-kv-¡-c³ \nd-ªp Xp-fp-¼n-\nÂ-¡p-¶ I-®p-I-fm-Wv"þ C§-s\ A-̀ n-{]m-b-

s¸«-Xv Bcv?

D. ]n.kn. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W³ (D-dq_v)

3. "ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-se A-½' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

4. "Im-b-e-cnI-̄ v h-e-sb-dn-ª-t¸m h-f-In-ep¡n-b kp-µ-co..." F-¶ kn-\n-am-Km-\w c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

5. "hnÃm-fn-bm-Wp Rm³ Po-hn-X-ku-µcyþ

hÃ-In ao-«-e-sÃ-sâ e£yw" B-cp-sS h-cn-I-fm-Wv Ch?

D. ]n. `m-kv-¡c³

6. "I-f-IÄ' F-¶ Ihn-X {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?

D. 1954

7. Imfh-n-¡mc-sâ tXm-fp-IÄ Ip-\n-ª-Xm-hm³ Im-c-Ww F´v ?

D. Im-f-h-n-¡mc-sâ kz-Po-hn-X-\m-fp-IÄ I-WvT-¯nÂ Gän-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv

A-bm-fp-sS tXm-fp-IÄ Ip-\n-ªXv.

8. Im-f-h-n-¡m-c³ ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«v GXv?

D. '\m-SI-ta .... bp-e-Iw...\m-ssf-\-S-̧ -tX-bm-c-dn-hmÀ þH-cp \m-SI-ta D-eIw.''"H-cp-\mÄ {Km-a-hoYnþX-¶n-em-bv¡-q Rm-s\³Ic-fp \-Sp-§thþbn-½-«m-sam-cp-cw-Kw" cw-Kw GXv?



D. ]-g-´p-Wn aqSn-b a-c-¡-«nÂ t]-dn ap-t¶-dp-¶ \m-ep-t]À. I-«n-en-se ]-g-´p-Wn sI-«n-em-

Is«, ssN-X\yw hän-b ]-s¯ h-n-¡m-c³ In-S-¡p¶p. I-®o-scm-gp-Im-¯ an-{Xm-Zn-

IÄ B h-n-¡p-Np-än-ep-am-bn \n-c-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. CXm-Wv I-hn H-cn-¡Â I- cwKw.

9. Im-f-h-n-¡mc-sâ ssZ\y-X I-hn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-c-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. h-n-bp-sS L-\-ap-Å Xpw t]-dn sa-sÃ-sa-sÃ Cg-ªp \o-§p-¶ Im-f-I-sf-t¸m-se

a-\p-jym-Im-cw ]q- a-säm-cp Im-f-bm-bn Ip-\n-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ h-n-¡mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p-

sIm-m-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS Xp-S¡w. kz-́ w Po-hn-Xw I-WvT-¯n-teän-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xv aq-e-

am-Wv A-bmÄ tXm-fp Ip-\n-ª-h-\m-bXv. Im-e-̄ n-sâ I-cm-fam-b ]m-X-IÄ A-\-h-[n-Im-

ew X-t-n-h-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sâ Im-ep-IÄ tX-ªn-«pv. F¶pw ZpÀ-hn-[n Ip-Sn-̈ v an-gn-

\oÀ h-än-̈ -Xn-\mÂ \nÀ-Æn-Im-c-§fpw \nÀ-Öo-h-§-fp-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p A-bm-fp-sS

I-®pIÄ. A-h-km-\-anÃm-¯ {]l-cw a-¶nÂ \n¶pw e-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv Ah-\v k-ln-¡m-\m-hp-

¶nÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sâ IÄ-¡m-¼nÂ ]p-®p-IÄ ]-SÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶n-§-s\-bmWv

I-hn h-n-¡mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

10. I-hn In-g-h\m-b Im-f-h-n-¡mc-s\ Im-Wm-\n-S-bmb-Xv G-sXm-s¡ km-l-N-cy-§-fn-emWv?

D. \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-{]m-cmÏ-§-tfm-Sv aÃn-«v Im-ew I-gn-¨p-Iq-«p-¶ kÀ-h-km-[m-c-W-¡m-c\m-b H-cp

sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ b-Ym-X-Y Nn{Xw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-¿m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv

]n. `m-kv-¡c³ 'I-f-IÄ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS. h-n h-en-¡p-¶ Im-fI-sf \n-b-{ń-¡p-

¶ h-n-¡m-c\pw I-hn-bp-sS A-\p-̀ -h-¯nÂ H-cp Im-fX-s¶ B-bn cq-]m- -́c-s¸-«n-cn-

¡p¶p. Ip-\nª tXm-fp-Ifpw tX-ª Im-ep-Ifpw \nÀ-Öo-ham-b I-®p-Ifpw ]p-®p-_m-

[n-̈ I-c-fp-am-bn B Im-f (h-n-¡m-c³) Po-hn-¡p¶p. H-cp sN-dp ]-ª-¡p-Sn-en-se

sXm-«n-enÂ ssI-¡p-ªp-am-bn ]n-d-¶ Im-ew apX-te h-n-¡m-c³ {]m-cm-Ï-§Ä-¡n-S-bn-

emWv. a-c-W-̄ n-sâ `-bm-\-Iam-b in-£-bnÂ `-b-N-In-X-\mbn, H-cp \n-an-jw t]mepw ]-X-

dm-sX A-bmÄ A-[zm-\n-¡p¶p. Po-hn-Xw I-bän-b D-Xv-¡-S-_v-̀ m-cw Xn-§p-¶ Im-fh-n

F¶pw h-en¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv A-bm-fp-sS sXm-gnÂ.

t\-cw ]p-e-cm-dm-hp-t¼mÄ Ip-Sw t]-cn Xm-a-c-¡p-f-t¯-¡v s]¬-In-Sm-§Ä t]m-Ip-¶ {Km-a-

ho-Yn-bnepw ]p-©-Ir-jn-¡m-bn sh-Åw tX-hp-¶ IÀ-jI-sâ ip-²am-b s\-©p-IÄ kw-

Ko-X-am-bn ]-cn-kc-̄ v Np-än-b-Sn-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn Im-f-h-n-¡mc-s\ I-p-ap-«m-dpv. am-{X-

aÃ D-̈ -bv-¡v h-gn-h-¡n-ep-Å t]-cm-en-sâ Np-h-«nÂ kz-Ñ-\n-{Z-bnÂ h-gn-bm-{X-¡mÀ i-bn-

¡p-t¼mgpw Im-ªn-c-a-c-̄ nÂ N-cn-ª I-cn-s¡m-Sn h-Ån-bnÂ X-¯-IÄ Du-ªm-em-Sn

Nn-e-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn A-bm-sf Im-Wm-dpv. ssh-Io-«v hn-j-¡m-hnÂ sh-fn-¨w CÃm-Xm-Im-

\m-bn ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zw sN-¿p-¶ aq-§-IÄ aq-fp-t¼mgpw cm-{Xn-bm-Ip-¶ Kp-lI-sf A-e-dp-¶

sX-n-̧ -«nIÄ Hm-fn-I-fmÂ \n-d-bv-¡p-t¼mgpw I-hn A-t±l-s¯ Im-Wm-dpv.

cm-̧ -I-se-t¶m, {]-̀ m-X-{]-tZm-j-sat¶m hy-Xym-k-anÃm-sX ITn-\m-[zm-\w sN-¿p-¶

h-n-¡mc-sâ Z-b-\o-bam-b Nn-{X-am-Wv D-Nn-Xam-b _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fmÂ ]n. `m-kv-¡-c³

A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. km-[m-c-W-¡mc-sâ Po-hn-X-t¯m-Sp-Å I-hn-bp-sS Iq-dp {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶

A-t\-Iw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ H-¶mWv "I-fIÄ' F-¶ Cu I-hnX.

]mXm-f-̄ n-sâ apg-¡w

F³.F³ I-¡mSv



1. "C-hn-sS P-\n-̧ o-em-Zn-Xy³

C-hn-sS a-cn-̧ o-em-Zn-Xy³

D-̈ -X-sImÄ-ho-ep-̈ Þ³" F-¶v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶ Ihn-X GXv?

D. ]m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g-¡w (F-³.F³. I-¡mSv)

2. "A-Xn-\p-sS I-̧ Â s]m- -́I-fnÂ

]-Xn-ªn-cn¡pw c-£-Êp-I-fpsS

Xp-dp-an-gn-IÄ Xn-f-§p-¶p"þ hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS B-cw-̀ -¯nÂ \m-KcnI tem-I-¯n-sâ B-kp-c-

`m-h§-sf A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv. `q-an-X-e-¯n-se A-\p-̀ -h§-sf ]m-

Xm-f-¡m-gv-N-I-fn-te-¡v kw-{I-an-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. I-c-bnÂ Ir-an-Io-S-§Ä Zp-c-sIm-p a-

Zn-¡p¶p. sXm-«-Ie-¯v A-d-_n-¡-S-en-sâ C-cp-fnÂ P-U-Xp-eyam-b ò-I-c-aq-I-X ap-än-̄ -g-̈ n-

cn-¡p¶p. hn-kv-Xr-Xam-b H-cp Np-S-̧ -d-¼m-bn tXm¶pw A-d-_n-¡SÂ. A-Xn-sâ

I-̧ Â-s]m- -́IÄ-¡p-ÅnÂ Icsb Du-än-¡p-Sn-¡m³ {]m-]v-Xn-bp-Å c-£-kp-IÄ X-¡w

]mÀ-¯v H-fn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv. A-h-bp-sS Xp-dp-an-gn-IÄ Xnf-§n \nÂ-¡p¶p. \mSn-s\ \-in-̧ n-¡m-

\m-bn cw-K-{]-th-i-¯n-s\m-cp-§p-¶ c-£-Êp-IÄ A-[n-\nth-i i-àn-I-sfbpw

A-h-bp-sS Xn-f-¡-ap-Å Xp-dp-I-®p-IÄ A-h-bp-sS em-̀ -s¡m-Xn-sbbpw A-\m-hr-X-am-

¡p¶p.

3. "I-\-¯-Iq-ä³ Im-ep-IÄ

\o-«n-b-aÀ-̄ n \-S¡pw cm£-kþ

\-h-bq-än h-Sn-̈ ar-tX-¯p-Ignþ

s¨m-Sp-hnÂ hn-kÀ-Ön-¡p-¶p

Ir-an-I-f-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw

A-Xn-sem-¶o Rm-\pw" Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?

D. `qan-temI-s¯ ]m-Xm-f-ambpw `q-an-bn-se {]-[m-\-Po-hn-hÀ-Kam-b a-\p-jy-sc Ir-an-I-fmbpw

Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡m-Snsâ ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ apg-¡w'. kq-tcymZ-

btam kq-cym-kv-X-a-tbm A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sm-̄ ]m-Xm-f-am-bn `q-an-bn-se \-K-c-tZ-i-§Ä am-dn-bn-

cn-¡p¶p. cm-̧ -I-ep-IÄ-¡v H-tc `m-hhpw Om-b-bp-am-Wv \-K-c-¯nÂ. hy-h-km-b-im-e-IÄ

\n-d-ª \-K-c-̄ nÂ BÀ-̄ n-]n-Sn-¨ a-Õ-c-§-fm-Wv {][m-\ A-\p-`-h-§Ä A-h-bm-Is«,

G-sd a-Sp-̧ p-f-hm-¡p-¶-Xpw. H-cp hen-b ]-«-bnÂ (Belt) {I-ao-I-cn-̈ B-bn-cw D-cp-fp-IÄ

N-{I-§-fp-sS ]Ãp-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-¯mÂ I-d-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ ^m-Î-dn-bn-se I-hn A-

h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. Iq-In C-c-¼n-bmÀ-¯p Xn-anÀ-¡p-Ibpw ]p-d-̄ p-hn-Sp-¶ ]p-I-

bmÂ aq-Sn-t¸m-hp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ ^m-Î-dn-sb \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS kz-̀ m-hw Ir-Xy-ambpw

h-c-¨n-Sp-¶ hm-Kv-a-b-Nn-{X-am-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS B-teJ-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv. Nq-j-W kw-kv-Im-

c-̄ n-sâ tI-{µ-§fm-b ^m-Î-dn-I-fn-te-¡v a-\p-jyÀ C-c-¨mÀ-̄ p-h-cp-¶ Imgv-N I-hn-sX

kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S-§-fp-sS C-c-̈ n-g-ªp-Å h-c-hmWv.

h-¶-h-cp-sS hn-bÀ¸pw tNm-cbpw Io-ep-sam-s¡ ]Â-N-{I-§-fn-en-gp-Ip-¶ Im-gv-¨-bm-Wn-

hnsS. sXm-gnÂ im-e-I-fnÂ F-¯p-¶-h-cp-sS A-[zm-\-an-I-hn-sâ ]-c-am-h-[n-¡-̧ p-dhpw

Npj-Ww sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶pv. X-sâ I-\-¯-Iq-ä³ Im-ep-IÄ \o-«n-b-aÀ-¯n \-S-¡p-¶



I-t¼m-f cm-£-k³ A¯-cw sXm-gn-em-fnI-sf ]-c-amh-[n ap-X-se-Sp-¡p¶p. A-ar-tX¯p-

t]m-se Ah-sc h-en-¨q-än-Ip-Sn-¡p-Sn-̈ v H-Sp-hnÂ hn-kÀ-Öy-am-bn ]p-dw-X-Åp¶p. ^mÎ-dn

]p-d-́ -Åp-¶ am-en-\y-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ n-em-Wv A-[zm-\-tijn Du-än-sb-Sp-¡-s¸-« sXm-gn-em-

fnI-sf I-hn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-sX-¶ h-kvXp-X B-kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s¯ sR-«n-¡p¶p. ^m-Î-dn-

bnÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶ A-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ Xm\pw D-v F-¶v

I-hn Im-Wn-¨p X-cp¶p.

----- -4. "Io-i-bnÂ \n-t¶-Xm\pw sh-Ån-¯p-«p-IÄ

Nn-d-ImÀ-¶p ]d-¶p a-d-ªp."þ k-µÀ-̀ w hy-à-am-¡pI.

D. ^m-Î-dn-bnÂ \n-¶v tPm-en I-gn-ªv £o-Wn-X-\m-bn Xn-cn-̈ p-h-cp-¶ I-hn D-S-ª t]-in-I-fn-

se th-Z-\-am-dm-\pw X-fÀ-¶ \m-Un-R-c-¼p-IÄ ap-dp-Im\pw a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ I-b-dp¶p.

B Iq-ä³ Kp-l-bp-sS H-cp tIm-Wn-en-cp-¶v H-cp I-hnÄ tam-́ n F-gp-t¶Â-¡p¶p. ap-[p-cn-

¡p-¶ Zpx-JwþA-ar-XwþF-¶m-Wv I-hn Xm³ ]m-\w sNbv-X a-Zy-s¯ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

G-Xm\pw sh-Ån-¯p-«p-IÄ Io-i-bnÂ \n¶pw Nn-d-Iph-̈ v ]d-¶p ad-ªp F-¶v A-t±-l-

¯n-\p tXm-¶p-¶p. a-Zytk-h I-gn-ªh-sâ t_m-[-Xe-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-bn I-hn A-h-X-cn-

¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w.

5. X-sâ Iu-am-c Ime-s¯ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. \m-Kcn-I a-\p-jy-cp-sS Po-hn-X-ss\-cm-iy-§Ä L-«w-L-«-am-bn A-\mh-cw sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Imb-

Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ. \K-cw ]m-Xm-f-k-am-\-am-sW-¶v A-\p-̀ -h-

s¸-Sp-̄ m³ D-Nn-Xam-b L-S-\-bpw _nw-_-§-fp-am-Wv F³.F³.I-¡m-Sv X-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ

D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-Xm-f-temI-s¯ hÀ-¯-am-\-Ime-s¯ ap-jn-̧ p-f-hm-¡p-

¶ A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä hn-h-cn-̈ -Xn-\v ti-jw I-hn X-sâ K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-IÄ ]-¦p-sh-¡p¶p.

Iu-Xp-I-¯mÂ hn-S-cp-Ibpw Ip-X-dp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ lr-Z-b-hp-am-bn C-t¸mÄ Xm-a-kn-¡p-

¶ Iq-ä³ sI-«n-S-̄ n-sâ c-mw \n-e-bnÂ \n-¶v ]n-Xm-hn-sâ ssI-hn-c-enÂ ]n-Sn-̈ p Xq-§n

At±lw ]-«W-s¯ I--XmWv. sX-cp-hp-IÄ tXmdpw H-Sp-§m-sX ]-e-hÀ-®-¯nepw h-Sn-

hn-ep-am-bn ]-eX-cw A-Ûp-Xw H-gp-Ip¶p. A-gIpw ]p-Xp-abpw ssI-Im-en-«p Ip-S-ªp Nn-cn-

¡p¶p. sI-«n-S-¯n-\p Xm-sg, X-\n-¡-dn-bm-¯ A-Ûp-X-I-cam-b K-Ô-§-fpw B-kzm-Z-§fpw

]p-Xp-a-tbm-sS B-\-I-fn-¨v C-c-¼p¶p. C¯-cw Im-gv-N-IÄ A-¶v I-hn-bp-sS Iuam-c Ime-

s¯ B-Ëm-Zn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-tXm-sSm-¸w X-sâ {Km-a-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å Nn-e Nn-´-

IÄ I-hn-bp-sS a-\-Ên-epv. ]«-Ww C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]pf-Iw sIm-Ån-¨-t¸mÄ Zq-sc-bp-Å

X-sâ {Km-aw Ip¶pw Ip-gnbpw sN-fnbpw IpSp-a h-fÀ¯n-b ]-g-a-Ifpw sh-bnepw N-cepw

H-s¡-bm-bn sX-fn-ª X-sâ {Km-aw H-cp hn-Uv-Vn-If-t¡ aq-I-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. C-§-

s\-sbm-s¡ B-sW-¦nepw ]-«-W-¯nÂ Xm³ sIm-Xp-Ip-h-e-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ I-b-dn-¡n-S¡-th

Zq-sc C-cp-fn³ a-Sn-bnÂ a-b-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ {Km-a-̄ nÂ Im-hÂ In-S-¡p-¶ am-S-§-fnÂ \n-

¶q-dn Nn-täm-f§-sf C-f-¡n-¡-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fpw, A-½n-ª-̧ m-sem-gp-In-Sp-¶ sIm-̈ p

A-\pP-sâ C-fw-Np-nÂ ]q-̧ p-©n-cn hn-cn-b-¯-¡-h-®-ap-Å A-½-bp-sS Xm-cm«pw tI-«m-

Wv A-bmÄ a-b-§p-¶Xv.

6. "HmÀ-t¯-\n-h-\p-ä kp-lr-s¯¶pw

kv-t\-lw sIm-nh-s\ P-bn-¨p-I-gn-ª-h-s\¶pw"þ C§-s\ tXm-¶m³ Imc-Ww F-´v?



D. \-K-c-hm-kn-bm-b I-hn-bp-sS bu-h-\-Im-e Nn- -́I-fm-Wn-Xv. Iu-am-c-Im-ew hn-«v bu-Æ-\-

¯nÂ Im-ep-d-̈ -t¸mÄ I-̄ p-¶ ]q-¯n-cn IW-¡v A-t±-lw sX-fn-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p.

]-̄ n-bnÂ am-Wn-IyIÃv G-ń No-dn-̧ m-bp-¶ kÀ-̧ -s¯-t¸m-se ]«-Ww ssa-Xm-\-§-fnÂ

Im-en-Â ]-´v tImÀ-¯v A-bmÄ ]-d-¡p¶p. an-Yp-\-¡-SÂ KÀ-Pn-¡pw-t]m-se lÀ-tjmZv-

tLm-jw X-\n-¡m-bn D-b-cp¶p. \-K-c-̄ n-se I-h-e-I-fnÂ ap-gp-h³ a-[p-cm-Z-c-hÀ-jw NqSn-

b I-®p-IÄ am-{X-am-Wv A-bmÄ I-Xv. A¶v Cu \-K-c-̄ n-sâ tXm-fnÂ ssI-¿n-«p-sIm-

v D-t·-j-t¯m-sS A-bmÄ D-em-¯p¶p. \K-cw F-¶ kp-lr-¯n-sâ IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª

\-J-§Ä X-\n-¡p-th-n B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ C-cI-sf tImÀ-¯p-h-en-¨p-X-cp-¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv

\K-cw X-sâ D-ä kp-lr-¯m-sW¶pw kv-t\-lw sIm-v \-Kc-s¯ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-

¡p-¶ Xm-s\¶pw bp-hm-hn-\v tXm-¶n-bXv. ]-t£ Im-ew am-dn-b-t¸mÄ I-Ybpw am-dp-I-bm-

Wv D-m-bXv. s\-än-bn-se D-dp-amÂ sI-«n I-hn-ªv Nn-¶n-̈ n-X-dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶ X-e-ap-Snbpw

]´p-tImÀ-¯-Im-ep-am-bn h-c-b³ _-\n-b-\p-am-bn B bp-hm-hv C-¶v \-K-c-¯n-se h-gn-b-cn-

In-se kv-äpUn-tbm-bp-sS Np-a-cnÂ H-cp Nn{Xw am-{X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. am-{XaÃ, \-K-c-

¯n-sâ IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-J-§Ä C-¶v A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ t]-in-I-fnÂ ]q-gv-¶v In-S-¡p-

Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \-K-c-hv-X-Ic-Ww XoÀ-¯v B-IÀ-j-W-¯n-sâ B-tem-N-\-I-fnÃm-sX

kzo-I-cn-̈ h-¶v ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xn-sâ b-YmÀ-° kz-`m-hw I-pw A-\p-̀ -hn¨pw I-gn-bm³ C-S-h-

¶-Xn-sâ ò-I-c-Nn-{X-am-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

7. "F-ń,¶m-sc ¡m¬-aq \msf?

Ir-an-IÄ k-a-kv-Xw Ir-anIÄ" þ Cu A-h-Ú-bv-¡v Im-c-W-sa´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

8. 'FÃmw I-pw tI-«pw

A-Ô-]n]m-k R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ-¯o-a-g-s]-bvXpw

sX-cp-hp-JnÂ Np-än \-S-t¶³

R-cn-¨-aÀ-¯n-±m-lw XoÀ-t¯³

a-Xn-hcp-thmfw, a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw!" þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw km-c-kyhpw hy-à-am¡p-I.

D. Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-hpw Im-]-Syhpw \n-d-ª \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-se _meyw sXm-«p a-c-Whpw

]p-\À-P-·-hpw h-sc-bp-Å Im-gv-N-IÄ ]-¦p-sh-¡p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-se ap-g¡w' F-¶

I-hn-X-bnÂ B-[p\n-I I-hn F³.F³. I-¡mSv. _m-ey-bu-Æ-\-Im-e-§-fn-se \-K-c-¯n-se

Po-hn-Xm-\p`-hw ]-¦p-sh-¨v A-t±-lw ]mXm-f Xp-eyam-b \-K-c-¯n-se ]u-c-Po-hn-X-̄ n-¡p-dn-

¨v hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. ^m-Î-dn-bn-se sXm-gn-Â I-gn-ªv H-cp I-hnÄ I-Åpw tam-

ń In-S-̧ -d-]qIn-b A-t±-lw K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fn-te-¡v ho-gp¶p. B kv-a-c-W-IÄ

]t£, A-t±l-s¯ Iq-Sp-XÂ \n-cm-i\pw A-kz-Ø-\p-am-¡p¶p. \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw k-½m-\n-̈

A-d¸pw ap-jn¸pw A-t±l-s¯ hopw a-Zy-im-e-bn-te-¡v F-¯n-¡p¶p. H-cp hen-b Kp-l-

bm-bn tXm¶n-b a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ \n¶pw B-fp-I-sfÃmw a-S-§n-t¸m-Im³ t\-cw ]-c-kv]-cw

A-̀ n-hmZyw sN-¿p¶p.

"\-a-kvsX, \m-sf-¡m-Wmw, KpUv-ss\-äv

KpUv-ss\äv, KpUv-ss\-äv \msf. . . ."



C-Xp-tI-«v tI-t« tZjyw h-¶ A-t±-lw Ah-Ú-tbm-sS tNm-Zn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv "F-ń\v?

B-sc ImW-Ww \msf, kÀ-Æ B-fp-Ifpw Ir-an-I-fm-Wv Ir-anIÄ" ]-c-kv]-cw ImWmt\m

B-iw-kn¡mt\m sIm-Åm-¯-h-cm-bn \K-cw k-I-e-tcbpw am-än-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

a-Zy-im-e-bnÂ \n-¶n-d§n-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-Un R-c-¼pI-sf ]p-Xn-sbm-cp Zm-lhpw tam-

lhpw hn-d-sIm-Ån-¡p-¶pv. sX-cp-hn-sâ I-®p-IÄ H-t¶m-¶m-bn s]m-en-bp-Ibpw Ir-an-

IÄ iq-\y-X-bnÂ A-I-¶-en-bp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶ B k-ab-¯v A-bmÄ am-{X-am-Wv a§n-b

Xn-®-I-fnepw A-fn-ª Ip-̧ -s¯m-«n-¡-cn-Inepw XS-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv. hn-e-t]-inbpw sX-

dn-]-dªpw hn-äpw c-p-hn-i-̧ p-IÄ X-½nÂ C-W-tNÀ¶pw C-c-¡m³ th-n am{Xw InS-

¶p sX-cp-hp-IÄ s]-cp-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS C-cpÄ \n-d-ª ap-Jw Ir-Xy-

am-bn Im-Wn-̈ p X-cn-I-bm-Wv I-hn C-hnsS AaÀ-¯n ap«n-b tX-§-ep-IÄ \n-g-ep-I-fnÂ

\n¶pw s]m-§p-¶Xpw I-Sn-̈ -aÀ¯n-b im-k-\-IÄ se-bn-\p-I-fnÂ apc-v A-I-ep-¶Xpw

t]-cnÃm-¯ P-U-§Ä I-SÂ-Np-p-IÄ Im-dn-¯p-̧ n-¡-f-bp-¶Xpw A-Sp-¡pw A-kz-Ø-X-

hÀ-²n-̧ n-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-I-fm-Wv C-cp-«nÂ A-bmÄ A-bmÄ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv. \n-d-ª

iq\y-X am{Xw \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶ I-h-e-I-fnÂ I-\-¯ Im-epIÄ Du-¶n I-S¶p-t]m-Ip-¶

c-£-Ên-sâ Iq-ä³ Im-e-S-bm-f-§-fnÂ I-«-t¨m-c X-fw sI-«n-¡n-S-¡p-¶p. (]-«-h-W-hm-knI-

sf A-]m-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ C¯-cw c-£-Êp-I-fp-sS km-¶n[yw I-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-se \n-

Xy-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv).

C-̄ -c-¯nÂ D-Å k-I-eXpw I-pw-tI«pw A-\p-̀ -hn-¡m\pw A-Ô-am-bXpw Zm-lmÀ-¯-

am-b-Xpam-b R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ Xo-a-g-IÄ s]-¿n-¨pw sX-cp-hp-I-fn-eq-sS Np-än-\-S-¡p-I-bm-Wv

I-hn sN-¿p-¶Xv. a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw X-sâ Zm-lw sR-cn-̈ -aÀ-̄ n XoÀ¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv

A-bmÄ sN-¿m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b Im-cy-§Ä Npäpw B-hÀ-¯n-̈ v

\-S-¡p¶-Xv IWmt\m A-\p-̀ -hn¡mt\m hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv ]-«-W-]uc-sâ Po-hn-X-sa-¶

bm-YmÀ°yw I-¡m-Sv k-aÀ-°-ambn Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

9. "IqÀ-¯p h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-̄ n-semþ

c-̧ -¡-jv-Ww tImÀ-¯-W-bp-I-bmhmw"þ B-cm-Wv h-cp-¶Xv? A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-sâD-t±iyw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. "\m-sf-bp-sa³ t]-in-bpS-̈ p

hn-bÀ-̧ nÂ Nm-en-̈ p-®-W-a-tÃm!" þ h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ']m-X-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se hmÀ-²Iyw F-¶ Im-hy-̀ m-K-̄ m-Wv k-µÀ`w.

\-K-c-Po-hn-X-¯n-se A-\p-̀ -h§-sf L-«w-L-«-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶ I-¡mSv 'hmÀ-²-Iyw'

F-¶ `mK-̄ v A-h-i\m-b a-\p-jy-sâ Nn- -́I-fm-Wv ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. \K-cw k-½m-\n-¨

ZpÀK-Ôw ap-gp-h\pw X-sâ i-co-c-̄ nÂ C-gp-In-t¨-À-¶n-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-bm-fnÂ A-d-̧ p-f-hm-

¡p¶p. \-K-c-¯n-sâ ]p-®p-IÄ ap-gp-h-\pw X-sâ B-ßm-hnÂ \p-c-ªp-b-cp¶-Xv A-bm-

fnÂ sh-dp-̧ v D-f-hm-¡p¶p. Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw A-bm-fnÂ C-Sn-¯o-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p¶p.

B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn¨m-tem-Nn-¡p-¶p A-bmÄ. s]m-«mkyw k-b-t\-Uv ssI-¿n-e-aÀ¯n,

]Ãp-I-Sn¨v, C-a-IÄ ap-dp-¡n-bS-̈ v X-sâ Io-d-̧ m-bnÂ A-bmÄ In-S-¡p¶p. s]-s«-¶v A-bm-

fp-sS hr-²am-b A-S-ª I-¬-t]m-f-I-fnepw Iq¼n-b Im-Xp-I-fnepw I-c-fnepw ]-cn-Nn-Xam-

b c-£-Ên-sâ ImÂ-sh-̧ p-IÄ C-Sn-sh«p-t]m-se ]-Xn-¡p¶p. IqÀ-¯p-h-f-ª \-Jm-{K-



¯nÂ H-cp A-̧ -¡-jv-WwþH-cp C-c-sbþtImÀ-̄ m-Wv c£-Êv (\m-K-cn-I-X-sIm-v k-kp-Jw

hm-gp-I-bpw a-\p-jy-sc Po-h-È-h-am-bn am-äp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ Ip-¯-I-bm-Wv CorporateCu c-£Êv) I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶p. \m-sfbpw X-sâ t]-in D-S-̈ v (A-²zm-\w Nqj-Ww sN-bvXv)

X-sâ hn-bÀ-̧ n-sâ Xp-d-¶ ]p-d-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS ò-I-cam-b H-cp ssI D-Ån-te-¡n-«v c-£Êv.

AS-ªp In-S-¡p-¶ h{àw ssI-hn-cÂ-\-J-̄ mÂ ]n-fÀ-¯n sIm-p-h-¶ A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww

D-ÅnÂ Xn-cp-In c£-Êv ]n³-hm-§p¶p.

11. "\-c-I-¯n-s¶m-cp ssI-¸m-S-I-se-bn-cn-̧ q kÀ-Kw!" þ Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

12. "A-hn-sS-Êq-cy-\p-Zn-¡pw,

\-\-ª ]-¨n-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f-§pw" þ k-µÀ-̀ w F-gp-XpI.

D. \-K-c-Po-hnX-s¯ sNmÃn-bp-Å A-d¸pw sh-dp¸pw k-ln-¨p I-gn-bm³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-« H-cp-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ _m-ey-Im-ew sXm-«p-Å A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS F³.F³. I-¡mSv. \K-cw \ÂIn-b {Iq-chpw Pp-Kp-]v-km-]-c-hpam-b A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä ]-«-W-hm-kn-sb ss\-cm-iy-¯nÂ B-gp-¯p¶p. kq-cy-\p-Zn-¡p-Itbm A-kv-X-an-¡p-Itbm sN-¿m-̄ ]m-Xm-f-̄ n-\-̧ p-d-̄ v kzÀ-K-ap-s-¶v A-bmÄXn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p. X-sâ \-c-I-¯nÂ \n-¶v H-cp ssI-̧ m-S-I-se-bp-Å {Km-a-am-Wv B kzÀ-¤w.aq-¶p-h-i¯pw Ip-¶p-I-fmÂ Np-ä-s¸-«Xpw H-cp hmÂ-¡-®m-Sn t]m-se a-t\m-l-c-hp-am-WvB {Kmaw. A-hn-sS kq-cy³ D-Zn-¡p-¡pw. \-\-ª ]-̈ C-e-I-fn-seÃmw ]pe-cn Xn-f-§pw.D-̈ -Þ³ D¨-X-ssI-h-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. G-sdc-a-Wo-bhpw im-́ -hp-am-Wv A-hn-sS kÀÆw.

13. "F-¦n-ep-sa³ {]n-b-I-cnbmw \mtS,

\n-s¶ sh-dp-¡p-¶q Rm-\o

]m-Xm-f-t¯-¡m-tfsd" þ I-hn C§-s\ ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. \-K-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \n-cm-i-\n-d-ª Po-hn-X-am-Wv X-sâ {Km-a-¯nÂ C¶pw DÅ-XvF-¶v I-hn Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p. ]-«n-Wnbpw {]-bm-k-§fpw {Km-a-Po-hnX-s¯ Zp-Ê-l-am-¡p¶p.{Km-a-¯nÂ X-IÀ-¶ ho-gmdm-b ho-«n-se X-Wp-¯v a-c-hn-̈ (Xo I-̄ m-¯) A-Sp-̧ n-sâNp-äp-am-bn hm-Sn A-SÀ-¶ Ip-cp-¶n-e-IÄ X-sâ A½ ssZ-h-s¯-hn-fn-¨p I-c-I-bä-tWF¶v. C¯-cw Zp-cn-X-§Ä D-Ån-S-t¯m-fw Im-ew {Km-a-Po-hn-Xw \-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ Po-hn-XwZp-Ê-l-am-¡p-¶p F-¶ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-hm-Wv I-hn-sb C-¯-c-¯nÂ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ t{]-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

14. X-\n-¡v e-̀ n-¨ A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww BÀ-s¡m-s¡-bm-Wv I-hn ]-¦p-sh¨Xv?

D. c£-Êv sIm-ph-¶v hm-bnÂ Xn-cpIn-b A-¸-¡-jv-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v Hmtcm ]-¦v ho-XwX-sâ A-Sp-̄ v InS-¶v a-b-§p-¶ s]¬-tIm-e-¯n-\pw Ip-ªn\pw \Â-Ip¶p. a-säm-cp]-¦v {Km-¯nÂ {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ¡pw \-K-c c-£-Ê-n\pw \Â-Im³ I-hn X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶p.

15. "h-cn-sIÃm-h-cp-a,saÃm-h-cp,saÃm-hcpw!"þ B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn £-Wn-I-Ivp-¶Xv. F-́ n-\m-WvFÃm-h-tcmSpw h-cm-\m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

16. A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww \o-«n-s¡m-v I-hn {Km-ao-W-tcm-Sv ]-d-bp¶-Xv F´v?



D. \-K-c-¯nÂ hm-gp-¶ c£-Êv sIm-ph-¶v hm-bnÂ Xn-cpIn-b A-̧ -¡-jv-Ww I-hnIp-ªn\pw A-½-bv¡pw ]-Ip-¯p-\Â-Ip-¶p. A-XnÂ \n¶pw H-cp ]-¦v {Km-ao-WÀ¡pwsIm-Sp-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-Ip¶p. kz-́ w \-s«Ãq-cn F-Sp-̄ v D-bÀ-̄ n D-m¡n-b X-sâ Iq-c-bnÂ \n-¶nd-§n {Km-ao-W-cn-te-¡v A-t±-lw Cd-§n sNÃp¶p. "kp-µ-c-am-sW-¦nepw \-c-I-t¯-¡mÄ ò-I-c-am-bn h-©-\ D-Å- C-S-am-Wv C-¶v {Kmaw. A-hn-sS hn-«v thKw Cu ]m-Xm-f-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n-t¨-cpI. Cu Iq-c-bnÂ cm-£-Ê³ sIm-p-X-cp-¶ A-̧ -¡-jv-WwsIm-p \n§-sf FÃm-h-sc-bpw Rm³ ]p-eÀ-¯n-s¡m-Åmw. FÃm-hcpw th-Kw hcnI".C-Xm-Wv A-¸-¡-jv-Ww \o-«n A-bmÄ hn-fn-̈ p-]-d-bp-¶Xv.

17. "\-Jw-Zw-{ã-§-sf³ t]-in-þ

em-gv-̄ n-b-aÀ-̄ n-̧ p-Wcp-I ap-dpsIþ

F-{X kp-J-{]-Z-a-hn-S-s¯-¡p-Sn-e-kz-mÀ-°-X þ Cu h-cn-I-fn-e-S§n-b Bi-bw F´v?

D. \-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ t¾-¨hpw ò-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p {Km-aw F-¶ th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-b Xn-cn-̈ -dn-hm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv ']m-Xm-f-̄ n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-̀ mK-¯v]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. ò-I-cam-b h-©-\-bm-Wv {Km-a-§-fn-ep-ÅXv. Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ\-K-c-t¯-¡mÄ A-]-I-S-Icw. C-Xp a-\-Ên-em¡n-b \m-K-cn-I³ X-sâ Iq-c-bnÂ \n-XyhpwA-̧ -¡-jv-W-sa-¯n-¡p-¶ c-£-Ên-s\ hm-gv-¯p¶p. tX-fp-Ifpw I-gp-I-·mcpw Iq-fn-]nn-im-Np-¡-fp-sam-s¡ D-Å X-sâ ]-cn-hm-c-§-fp-am-bn X-¶n-te-¡v A-W-bm³ I-hn kzmK-XwsN-¿p¶p. \-Jhpw ]Ãpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v X-sâ t]-in-bnÂ A-aÀ-¯n-̧ p-W-cp-hm³ cm-£Ê-s\ A-t±-lw £-Wn-¡p¶p. Ip-Sn-e-Xbpw kzmÀ-°-Xbpw \n-d-ª cm-£k-sâ IrXywX-\n-¡v G-sd kp-J-{]-Z-am-sW-¶v A-bmÄ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. {Kmao-W Po-hnX-s¯ ]-cn-lm-k-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv F³.F³. I-¡mSv.

D-]-\y-kn¡pI

18. F³.F³ I-¡m-Sn-sâ Imhy-ssi-ensb "]m-Xm-f-̄ n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hnX-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

19. "]m-X-f-¯n-sâ ap-g-¡w' ap-t¶m-«p-h-bv-¡p-¶ {]-ta-bw F´v?

20. F³.F³. I-¡m-Sv \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-̀ mhs¯ "]m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂA-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶-Xv F-§s\?

am\-km-ćw

_m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sv

1. am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se `m-jI-s\ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶ t]cv?

D. ]-c-kz-lm-cn

2. _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ P-·-Øew?

D. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw PnÃ-bn-se ]-d-hqÀ (1957)

3. _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ B-ßmw-i-ap-Å K-Zy-IrXn?

D. Nn-Xw-_-c-kva-cW

4. am-\-km´-cw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-̈ hÀjw?

D. 1994



5. ]-c-kz-lmcnþ AÀ-°-sa´v?

D. A-\y-sâ kz-¯v sIm-Å-b-Sn-¡p-¶-h³

6 . I-hn-bp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ A-Iw \-an-̈ \-«-hn-s¯´v?

D. Cu-iz-c-\m-aw

7. Zpx-J-k-l-\-¯n-\m-bn I-hn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ Øew?

D. sIm-ssS-¡-\mÂ

8. arXyp {]-ta-b-am-bn h-cp-¶ _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-XIÄ?

D. F-hn-sS tPm¬, kv-täm¡v-tlm-an-se tl-a-´w, _m-[, Xm-X-hm-Iyw, am-\-km´-cw

9. ]-c]o-V sN-¿-cp-sX-¶v Ip-«n-¡me-¯v I-hn-sb D-]-tZ-in-̈ -Xmcv?

D. A-½

10. kp-c-Kw-K-bv-¡p t]mepw ip-²-am-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯-sX´v?

D. \n-W-]-¦n-eam-b I-hn-bp-sS ssI-IÄ

11. th-Z-\ am-cn-bm-bv s]-bv-X-t¸mÄ a-\-ÊnÂ s]m-«n-ap-f-¨ \m-a-sa´v?

D. ssZ-h-\m-aw

12. am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ A-½-sb-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å HmÀ-½-IÄ F-s´Ãmw?

D. sN-dp-̧ -Im-e-§-fnÂ A-½ \ÂIn-b D-]-tZ-i-§Ä ]-c]o-V sN-¿p¶-Xv ]m-]-amWv. Cu-iz-c-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn Po-hn-¡Ww. aI-sâ Ip-¯-gn-ª Po-hn-Xw I-v Po-hn-Xw \o-dn-bm-WvA-½ a-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

13. knw-l-in-ev-]-hpw, A-iz-Nn-{Xhpw F-ń-s\-bm-Wv {]-Xo-I-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. B-k-àn-bp-sS B-[m-cam-b ar-Ko-b-X kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ knw-l-in-ev]w. B-k-àn-]q-c-W-¯n-\m-bn Ip-Xn-¨p Nm-Sp-¶ C-{µn-b {]-Xo-I-am-Wv A- iz-Nn-{Xw.

14. \m-bI-\v ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w D-m-Ip-¶-sX-t¸mÄ?

D. ar-Ko-b-hm-k-\-I-fnÂ ap-gp-In \m-b-I³ H-Sp-hnÂ sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bn \-c-I-th-Z-\-b-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ \n-an-j-§-fnÂ 'ssZ-hta' F-¶ hn-fn D-b-cp-¶-tXm-sS ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\ Im-ewB-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶p.

15. ]m-]-̀ q-bn-jvTam-b Po-hn-X-̄ n-\v I-hn F§-s\ ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp¶p?

D. Cu-iz-c-N-́ -bv-¡p am-{X-ta Zp-cn-Xw CÃm-Xm-¡m³ I-gn-bq F-¶v A-bmÄ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp¶p.X-sâ sX-äp-IÄ G-äp-]d-ªv A-bmÄ a-t\m-Zp-cn-X-¯n-\v ]-cn-lm-c-ambn Cu-iz-\nÂA`-bw {]m-]n-¡p¶p.

16. I-hn X-sâ am-\-km-́ c-s¯ G-Xv ]p-cm-W-I-Y-bp-am-bm-Wv _-Ôn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. ]-I-bp-sS N-Sp-eam-b A-ã-I-em-i-̄ n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ `-bw Z-Þ-Zm-Þ-h-am-Sn A-S§n-b\-c-Im-kp-c-hn-[-¯n-se \-{I-Xpn-tbmSv.

17. A-bm-fp-sS a\-kv s]-bv-sXm-gn-ª am-\w t]m-se sX-fn-ªp. Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. ]m-]-]-¦n-eam-b X-sâ Po-hn-Xw G-äp-]-d-ªv A-bmÄ X-sâ a-t\m-Zp-cn-X-̄ n-\v ]-cn-lm-c-ambn Cu-iz-c-\nÂ A`-bw {]m-]n-¨v c-£-t\-Sp¶p. A-Xp-sImv Cu-izc-sâ \o-Xn-]oT-



¯nÂ i-c-Whpw in-£bpw Im-̄ p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ A-bm-fp-sS a\-Êv s]-bv-sXm-gn-ª am-\wt]m-se sX-fn-ª-Xv.

18. B-ß-_-en-bn-eq-sS-bpw, k-l-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw ip-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« X-sâ a\-Êv F-§-s\-bm-h-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv?

D. kq-cy-tX-P-Êm³ Zo-]v-Xam-b B-Im-iw t]m-se sX-fn-a-bm-W-bmÄ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv.

19. "am-\-km- -́cw' ioÀ-j-¯nsâ Hu-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.

20. am-\-km´-cw Ihn-X A-\p-hm-N-I\pw B-ß-]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw B-ß-ip-²o-I-c-W-¯n\pw C-Sw \Â-Ip¶p. NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I.

21. D-̄ m-cm-[p\n-I I-hn-Xm-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-XI-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]T-\w X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

22. sh-fn-¨w I-h-sâ k-l-\-k-a-c-am-Wv am-\-km´-cw F-¶ I-hn-X. hn-Nn´-\w sN-¿p-I?

23. H-Sp-hnÂ sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bv a-I³

I-gp-th-dp¶-Xp Im¬-I-bnÃhÄþ F-´p-sIm-v. hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I?

24. ]-c-kz-lm-cn-bp-sS A-hØ-sb hy-Rv-Pn-̧ n-¡m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ _nw-_-§-fpsSHm-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I?

25. i-X-̀ m-kv-I-c-Zo-]v-Xn Zo-]v-Xamw

KK-\w t]m-se sX-fn-ªp am\-kw

\n-e-sIm-ÅW-ta sIm-e-¡p-cp

¡n-dp-Ip-t¼m-gp-sa-\n-¡p ssZ-h-ta þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw B-i-bhpw hn-i-Z-am-¡pI

arXyp]q-P

sI. A-¿-¸-̧ -Wn-¡À

1. ar-Xyp-]q-P-bp-sS tI-{µ-_nw-_-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

D. tKm]n, I-Wz³, iw-Jp-apJ-s¯ kz-]v-\-Pohn, `qan-tbm-Sn-c-¡p-¶ Zm-i-cYn.

2. `m-hn-sbm-cp `q-X-am-bv t\m-¡p-¶p þ AÀ-°w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

D. Cu h-cn-¡v c-À-°w I-ev-]n-¡mw. `m-hn-bnÂ B-sI-bpÅ-Xv `q-X-Im-e-kv-ar-Xn-I-fmWv,`m-hn ac-Ww am-{X-am-W-tÃm. a-c-W-¯nÂ \mw tIh-ew `q-X-Im-e-am-bn am-dp¶p. `m-hn H-cpZpÀ-̀ q-X-am-bn Xp-dn¨p-t\m-¡p-¶p F¶pw AÀ-° kqN-\.

3. ar-Xyp-hn-s\ kw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿m³ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]-Z-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. a-cp-Km-an\n, L-\-iym-a-cq-]nWn, tl-a- -́bm-an\n, i-c-Xvkz-]v-\-Im-an-\n

4. FÃm Po-hnbpw B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ A-hkm-\ hn-{i-aw F-´mWv?

D. ac-Ww

5. ar-Xyp-hn-s\ G-sXm-s¡ `m-h-¯n-em-Wv I-hn ZÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv?

D. Im-ap-In-bm-bpw, tZ-h-X-bmbpw

6. ko-X-bp-sS kzÀKm-tcm-l-W k-ab-̄ v Zm-ic-Yn F-´m-Wv {]mÀ-°n-̈ Xv?

D. H-cp ZpÀ-̀ q-Xw IW-s¡ \-à-c-©-tc-{µ³ F-sâ lr-Z-b-̄ nÂ a-c-W-\r-¯w N-hn«n. `q-an-



tZ-hn \n-sâ D-Z-c hocyw ]-IÀ-¶p F-sâ koX-sb F-\n-¡p Xn-cn-̈ p X-cnI.

7. th-Z-]p-cm-W-§-fp-sS Xn-cn-̈ p-hc-hv I-hn B-{K-ln-¡p¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?

AsÃ-¦nÂ

8. `m-cXo-b k-a-Im-en-Im-hØ-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. {]-Xym-i-bp-sS t\cn-b Inc-Ww t]mepw sX-fn-ªp Im-Wm-¯ Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ`q-XIm-e N-cn{Xw B-ßm-hn-\v t¢-i-ap-m-¡p¶p. ssZ- h-̄ n-sâ N-Xnbpw kÀ-¸-̄ n-sâN-Xnbpw s]-®n-sâ N-Xn-bp-am-Wv a-\p-jy³ B-cw-̀ -¯nÂ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv. ]pXn-b Im-e-¯nÂ kÀ-Æ-cpw N-Xn-¡p-sa¶pw I-S¶p-t]m-b Im-ehpw A-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶ i-àn-Ifpw FÃmw Xn-cn-̈ p-h-cpw. cm-£-k-\n-{K-l-§fpw Ip-Spw-_-Z-l-\-§fpw {`m- -́am-b,{X-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶ F-enbpw ]q-̈ bpw I-fnbpw H-s¡-bp-m-hpw. X-\n-bm-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä H¶pwth-s-¶m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

9. A-ń-¡v ti-jw iw-Jv-apJ-̄ v ]-Sn-ªm-d³ I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ I- Zo-]-¯n-sâ kq-N-\F-́ mWv?

D. Pohn-X {]-Xo-£-bp-tS-Xm-Wv I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ I- Zo]w.

10. I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-X-{´Km-b-I³, [À-½-{]-Nm-cI³, kv-t\-l-{]-Nm-c-I³F-¶n-h-cp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X F´v?

D. kzm-X-{´ Km-b-I³ bp-²-s¯bpw £m-a-s¯bpw Ip-dn-̈ v I-hn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn hn-äp Im-im-¡nam-äp¶p. hn\-bw \-b-am¡n-b [À-½-{]-Nm-c-I³ X-sâ ta³-ap-n-sâ Aä-¯v Ik-hv Nn-cnXp-¶n-t¨À-¡p¶p. B-fpI-sf Nn-cn-¨p ab-¡n B-Uw-_-c Po-hnX-s¯ X-¶n-te-¡v Xp-¶n-t¨À-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶p. i-co-cw A-\n-Xy-am-Wv \-iz-c-am-Wv A-Xn-\mÂ X-\n-¡p kp-Jn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv kv-t\-l-{]-hm-NI-sâ B-ZÀiw.

11. ]u-cm-Wn-I-bp-sSbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw k-a-\z-b-am-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

12. Po-hnX-s¯ A-Xn-bm-bn kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-s\ A-Xn-\-\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯ Im-e-s¯bpw tem-I-s¯bpw A-án ]-co-£-bv-¡p hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P-bnÂ.\n-co-£n¡pI.

13. ar-Xyp-]q-P-bnÂ NÀ-¨-bv-s¡-Sp-¡p-¶ k-a-Imen-I {]-iv-\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

ho«n-te-¡p-Å h-gn

Un. hn-\-b-N-{µ³

1. I-hn-sb ho-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn-̈ p-hn-fn-¡p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. Xp-¼-bpw, Im-«p-In-fn-bpw, I-S-̄ p-h-Å-§-fp-am-Wv I-hn-sb ho-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn-̈ p-hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv.

2. I-hn-X-bnÂ A-½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-iw F´v?

D. A-½-bnÃm-̄ -hÀ-t¡-Xp hoSv?

CÃ hoSv, F-§p-ta hoSvþ ho-Sv F-¶ k-¦-ev-]w A-½-bp-am-bm-Wv _-Ô-s¸-«p In-S-¡p-¶Xv.ho-Sv F-¶v Nn-ń-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Hm-tcm-cp-¯-cp- sS-bpw D-ÅnÂ \n-d-bp¶-Xv A-½-bp-tS-Xm-Ipw. ho-«n-te-¡v I-b-dn-s¨Ãp-t¼m-gpw, C-d-§p-t¼mgpw \-½-tfm-sSm-̧ -ap-Å km-an-]y-am-WvA-½. A-½-bnÃm-¯ ho-Sv iq-\y-X-bm-Wv A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A-½-bnÃm-¯-hÀ-t¡-Xp- ho-SvF-¶v I-hn tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-hm-knbm-b aI-s\ Im-¯v -]-Sn¸p-c Xn-®-bnÂIm-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ Cu `m-h-̄ n-sâ aqÀ-¯o cq-]-amWv.



3. ho-«nÂ \n-¶v h-cp-¶ I-hn-bp-sS s]-«n-bn-se hn-`-h-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. Du-cn-se ]ªw, D-Z-b-Kn-cn-bn-se Ip-¶n-a-WnIÄ, hn-̂ -eam-b kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS ho-c-Km-Y-I-fpw, hmSn-b ]q-¡-fp-sS \m-en-X-fpIÄ, H-tc-\n-d-¯n-ep-Å A-©m-dp XqhÂ, Kw-K-bnÂ\n-¶v ap-§n-sb-Sp-¯ \q-sä-«p in-eIÄ, A-½q-½ \-evIn-b k-Ôym-\maw, A-̧ q-̧ ³\-evIn-b cm-amb-Ww In-fn-̧ m«v, A-½ \-evIn-b sh-Ån-¡m-ekpw hn-izm-khpw {]mÀ-°-\m-a-{´-hp-am-Wv s]-«n-bn-se hn-̀ -h§Ä.

IY\w

sI.Pn i-¦-c-¸nÅ

1. I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS \-½n-te-¡v H-gn-I-sb-¯p¶-Xv F´v?

D. ss]-Xr-Iw

2. C-Xnlm-k K-l-\-X-b-dn-bp-¶ X-¯IÄþ G-Xv C-Xn-lm-k-am-Wv C-hn-sS ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv?

D. cm-am-bWw.

3. ss]Xr-I Ø-e§-sf ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d-bn-te-¡v F-§-s\-bm-Wv ]qÀ-Æn-IÀ F-¯n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

D. I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS

4. I-Y ]-d-b-en-eq-sS hn-\na-bw sN-¿p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. ss]-Xr-I-hpw, kw-kv-Im-chpw

5. I-Y-I-fnÃm-¯ \m-hp-I-fn-Â \n-¶v D-XnÀ-¶v ho-gp-¶-sX-´v?

D. \p-W[mc

6. \-K-c-Po-hnX-s¯ I-hn F-§-s\-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. I-Y-bnÃm-bv-a-bnÂ Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv \-K-c-hm-kn-IÄ. \-KÀ am-̂ n-bm-c-Wy-§-fmWv.

7. \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶ am-\kn-I hn-Im-c-sa´v?

D. ]-c-kv-]-c kv-t\lw

8. ]qÀ-Æn-I-]p-Wy-s¯ I-hn-X-bn-em-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. th-«-¡msc-t]m-se A-dn-hn-te-bv-¡v h-gn-IÄ ]m-In-b-h-cpw, hym-k-t\-¡mÄ h-b-Êm-b-h-cpw, t]-Sn-bnÃmsX, th-cp-W-§m-sX {]-Xym-i-bmÂ ]q ap-S-§m-sX Zn-¡p-IÄ tImÀ-¯p-b-c-§Ä a-X-am¡n-b B-\-µ \r-¯-am-Sp-¶ a-lÀ-jn-Ifpw k-l-{k-ioÀ-j-·mcpw Nn-cw-Po-hn-I-fp-am-Wv ]qÀ-Æn-IÀ.

9. s]-®n-s\ I«p-t]mw Xo-{h-hm-Zw

s]-®n-s\ Im-«n-se-dnªp-t]mw [À-½-hmZwþ C-hn-sS ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ [À-½-hpw, Xo-{h-hm-Zhpw F´v?

D. cm-am-b-W-¯n-se [À-½-hm-Z-hpw, Xo-{h-hm-Z-hp-am-WnXv. cm-h-W³ koX-sb I-«p-sImp-t]m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv Xo-{h-hmZw. cm-a³ ko-X-bp-sS Nm-cn-{X- ip-²n-bnÂ kw-i-bn-¨v KÀ-̀ n-Wnbm-b koX-sb Im-«nÂ D-t]-£n-̈ -Xm-Wv [À-½-hm-Zw.

10. I-Y-IÄ ]-d-bm-\nÃm¯ temI-s¯ F-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. \-½-fnÂ \n-¶v Ip-«n-Ifpw ]qÀ-Æn-Icpw A-I-ep-¶p. a-\p-jyÀ ]-c-kv]-cw A-I-e-\p¶p. a-®n-seaÀ-Xy-kXyw X-s¶ A-I-ep-¶p.



D-]-\ym-kw X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

11. IY-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v B-kzm-Z-\ Ip-dn-̧ v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

13. ss]-Xr-I-X-s¯bpw kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw IY-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶-XvF-§-s\ F-¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

taL-cq-]³

B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½

1 1996 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-äq-cn-sâ IrXn?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS Ir-Xn-IÄ

2. "B-äqÀ' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ I-hn-bp-sS ]qÀ-Wam-b t]-sc´v?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½

3. 2001 Â tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an ]p-c-kv-Icmw t\Sn-b B-äq-cn-sâ IrXn?

D. B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS Ir-XnIÄ

4. ta-L-cq]-\v F-gp-Xm³ ]q-gn-hn-cn-̈ Xv?

D. `m-çp-g

5. "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ Ihn-X F-gp-X-s¸«-Xv G-Xv hÀjw?

D. 1966

6 "kw-{I-aWw' F-¶ Ihn-X B-cp-tSXv?

D. B-äqÀ

7. "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS B-äqÀ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶ Ihn?

D. ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ

8. "\o-bn-¶m ta-L-cq]-sâ

tKm-{X-̄ nÂ _m-¡n-bm-b-h³

GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tIþ

«-ebpw {`-ã-Im-apI³" þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn¡p-I.

D. B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½ X-sâ 'ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS kz-̀ m-h-Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww hf-sc k-aÀ-°-am-bn km-[y-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. I-hn-X-bp-sS ioÀj-Iw X-s¶ ta-L-cq-]³ F-¶mWv. ta-L-¯n-sâ cq-]w am-{X-aÃkz-̀ m-hp-ap-Å H-cp a-ebm-f I-hn-sb-bmWv Cu Ihn-X e£yw sh-bv-¡p-¶Xv. ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Im-hy-hy-àn-Xz-̄ n-sâ kp-µ-cam-b H-cp Nn-{X-am-WvB-äqÀ ]-IÀ-̄ p-¶Xv. Im-fnZm-k I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ta-L-k-tµ-i-̄ n-se ZqXp-t]m-b ta-L-cq-]-t\m-Sm-Wv B-äqÀ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc D-]-an-¡p-¶Xv. \n-Xy-I-\yI-sb tX-Sn {]-bm-Ww\-S¯n-b I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tI-«v A-e-ª {`-jv-{S Im-ap-I³ ]n.bp-sSPo-hn-X-Nn-{X-¯n-sâ t\À-¡m-gv-N-bmWv "ta-L-cq-]-'\nÂ.

9. "A-ÔÀ \n³ Xp¼n-tbm, sImt¼m

]-Å-tbm, sXm-«n-S-ªn-Smw



F-\n-¡p sIm-Xn \n³ hm-en³

tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp ta-Xncw'þ km-ckyw hy-à-am-¡pI.

D. "ta-L-cq-]³' F-¶ B-äq-cn-sâ Ihn-X A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶ h-cn-I-fm-Wv C-h. a-e-bm-f-Im-hy

N-cn-{X-¯nÂ G-sd sX-än-²-cn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ. `-à-Ihn,

`m-cXo-b Ihn, ]-cn-Øn-Xn Ihn, I-em-]-Ihn, bm-Ym-Øn-I\m-b I-hn F-¶n§-s\ ]-

eÀ¡pw ]-e-Xm-Wv ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ. H-cp I-hn-sb hy-Xy-kv-X-am-\-§-fnÂ

(Dimension) a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶-Xv B-kzm-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bp-sS hn-Im-k-amWv. F-

¶mÂ Nn-e Kp-V-Xm-Xv-]-cy-§-fm-Wv C¯-cw ]-£w ]n-Sn-¡-en-\p \n-Zm-\-sa-¦nÂ A-Xv I-hn-

sb Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-se ho-gv-N-bmWv. 'A-Ô-·mÀ B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se'

F-¶ sNmÃn-s\ A-\zÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se ]n. F-¶ I-hn-sb A-Ô-am-bn k-ao-]n-¡p-I-

bm-Wv ]-ecpw sN-bv-XXv. C-¡mcyw k-aÀ-°-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv B-äqÀ C-hn-sS.

B-äqÀ F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Xm-Xv-]cyw ta-L-cq-]\m-b B-\-bp-sS hme-sn tcm-aw sIm-p

XoÀ-¯ H-cp tam-Xn-c-amWv. {]n-Xobpw ssØ-cyhpw D-m-Im³ B-\-hmÂ ta-m-Xn-cw k-lm-

b-I-c-am-Ip-sa-¶ \m-S³ k-¦-ev-]-am-Wv B-äqÀ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv.

10. B-äq-cnsâ "ta-L-cq]³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v B-kzmZ-\w X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

D. a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS h-àm-¡-fnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv

B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ½. 'B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½-bp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ' F-¶ Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-¯n-emWv

'ta-L-cq-c³' F-¶ Ihn-X D-Å-Xv. 1966 Â c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-X-bm-WnXv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se

{i-t²-b\m-b I-hn ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS a-t\m-l-cam-b Nn-{Xm-Wv ta-L-cq]³.

Im-fnZm-k I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-\m-hn-em-k-¯n-sâ D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-Wam-b ta-L-k-tµ-i-¯n-se

ta-L-ZqX-\v B-\-bp-sS cq-]w \Â-In A-XnÂ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc Im-Wn-̈ p X-cm³

{i-an-¡p-I-bmWv, B-äqÀ. ta-L-cq-]³ ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS hy-àn-Xz-s¯ Ir-Xy-am-

bn Zr-ãm- -́s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn hm-b-\-¡m-c-\p A-\p-̀ -hn-¡m-\m-hpw.

k-ly-]À-Æ-X-t¯-¡mÄ X-e-s¸m-¡hpw \n-fm-\-Zn-tb-¡mÄ BÀ-{Z-Xbpw C-W-§n-\nÂ-¡p-

¶p ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ. ]À-Æ-X-¯nsâ Hu-¶n-Xyhpw ]p-g-bp-sS BÀ-{Z-Xbpw H-cm-fn-ep-mhp-

I kzm-̀ m-hn-IaÃ. i-àhpw Zr-V-hp-am-bn D-bÀ-¶p \n-ev-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w ar-X-ehpw BÀ-

{Z-hp-am-bn H-gp-In \o-§p-I-km-[yaÃ. ]-t£ k-Xv-]p-{X-·m-cnÂ ss]-Xr-Iw C-¯-c-̄ nÂ

C-W-§n-\nÂ-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn B-Ýcyw sIm-Åp-¶p. a-e-bmf-s¯ B-thm-fw I-hn-X-bnÂ

DÄ-t¨À-¡m³ sh-¼Â sIm- ]n.Ip-ªn-c-am³ \m-b-cnÂ ss]Xr-I kz-̀ m-h-§-fp-s-¶

Imcyw B-äq-À kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

Im-tW- Im-gv-N-I-sfm-cp-¡n I-hn-¡p ap-¶nÂ B-Im-iw hÀ-W-]p-kv-X-I Xpd-¶p sh-

¡p¶p. I-hn-¡v F-gp-Xm-\m-bn `m-c-X-̧ p-g-bm-Wv ]q-gn hn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Ir-Xn kz-bw ]n.

bv-¡m-bn {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p F-¶ B-äq-cn-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-bw {i-t²-b-amWv. `m-c-X-̧ p-g-bp-am-bn

]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ-¡p-Å lr-Z-b_-Ôw hf-sc Ip-d-ª h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-

¡-s¸-Sp¶p. X-s¶¯-s¶ Xn-cn-ªp \-S-¶ ]n. F-¶ I-hn-bp-sS Im-ev-]m-Sp-IÄ `m-c-X-̧ p-g-

bp-sS Xo-c§-sf ]pf-Iw sIm-Ån-¨n-cn-¡Ww.

I-hn-¡p [-cn-¡m³ Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-bm-Wv Ip-̧ m-bw Xp-¶Xv. A-Xm-Is«, a-ªp-sIm-m-Wv ]-«v



(Silk) A-Wn-ª s]m-¶p-\n-d-ap-Å {]-̀ m-X-§Ä ]-Sn-¡Â h-¶p Iq-In hn-fn-¡p¶p. D-b-c-

§-fnÂ ta-L-§-fp-sam-¯v ta-bp-¶ th-f-I-fnÂ C-Sp-§n-bXpw \n-c-̧ m-b-Xpw \S-¶p \S-¶p

tX-ª-Xp-am-bn ]m-X-IÄ hn-«m-Wv ta-L-cq-]³ k-©-cn-̈ Xv. kz-ám-b H-cp ]m-X I-hn

X-sâ K-a-\-¯n-\m-bn \nÀ-½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

H-cp-]m-Sv hn-aÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-§fpw G-äp-hm§n-b I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-ªn-cm-a³

\mbÀ. {]-kv-Xp-X-hn-aÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-§fpw ]p-I-gv-¯-em-bmepw C-I-gv-̄ -em-

bmepw I-hn Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv I-n-cp-¶-Xv F-¶v B-äqÀ F-gp-Xp¶p. s]m³-tIm-ew tI-äp-

hm-\m-bn H-cn-¡epw Hu-¶n-Xy-ap-Å a-kvX-Iw Xm-gv-¯n-s¡m-Sp¡ptbm C-cp-¼p-Iq-¨p-I-fmÂ

_-Ôn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-bn X-sâ ]m-Z§-sf \o-«n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Itbm sN-bv-XnÃ ta-L-cq]³. tXm-

fn-te-än \-S-¡m\pw Im-e-Sn-I-fmÂ N-hn-«n-t¯-¡m-\p-ap-Å A-hk-cw Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-

sS Po-hn-X-¯nÂ H-̄ n-cn-bp-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw A-Xn-\m-bn \n¶pw sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v

B-äqÀ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. B-t£-]-§-fnÂ X-f-cp-Itbm {]-iw-k-I-fnÂ kz-bw a-d-¡p-

Itbm sN-bv-XnÃ ]n. C-¡m-cyhpw B-äqÀ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv C-§-s\-bmWv.

"D-¶w sX-äm¯ tXm-¡n¶pþ

ambo-e \n-s¶ ho-gv-¯p-hm³

tI-a·m-tcm-a-\n-̈ mepw

sN-hnh-«w ]n-Sn-¨p \o'

ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-bp-sS cq-]hpw `m-hhpw am-{X-aÃ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b Xp-SÀ-

¨bpw Iq-Sn A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ B-äqÀ B-{K-ln-¡p¶p. Im-fnZm-k a-lm-I-hn-bp-sS

hn-Jym-X-I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b ta-L-cq]-sâ tKm-{X-¯nÂ A-h-ti-jn-̧ n-¡-«-h-\m-Wv Ah³.

"GtXm h-f-In-ep-¡w tIþ

«-ebpw {`-ã-Im-apI³"

Xn-cp-¶mhm-b a-WÂ-]pd-̄ v \n-Xy-I-\y-Ibpw Im-ap-In-bpam-b Im-hy-tZ-hX-sb

tX-Sn-b-e-ª ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ A-h-Zq-X P·-s¯ A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶p.

B-äq-cn-sâ {]-tbm-Kw : A-Wp-[q-cn-{]k-Ww \-S-¡p-¶ A-hn-ip-² Zn-\-§Ä I-hn

I-gn-ª-t]m-¶ Im-e-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p¶p. Im-e-¯n-sâ A-hn-ip-²-X-bnÂ

t]mepw ]qÀ-ÆIm-e kp-Ir-X-̄ n-sâ I-b-§-fnÂ ap-§n-¡n-S-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-h-\mWv Cu

ta-L-cq-]³.

"\o Ir-jv-Wm in-e-X³ Xmfw!

hn®n-tem-ep-¶ \oena !

B-gn-X³ \n-Xyamw tX-§Â!

]uÀ-®-an-¡p-Å ]qÀ®-X!

{]-Ir-Xn- ku-µ-cy-̄ n-sâ ]-cn-]q-À-®-X-bm-Wv B-äqÀ ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ ZÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv.

]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-sc-¶ {]-Ir-Xyp-]m-k-I\m-b I-hn-sb ]-IÀ-¯m-hp-¶ D-Nn-Xam-b

_nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fm-Wv B-äqÀ D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.



"A-ÔÀ \n³ Xp¼n-tbm-sImt¼m

]-Åtbm sXm-«n-S-ªnSmw

F-\n-¡p sIm-Xn \n³hm-en³

tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xncw"

ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-sb B-kzm-Z-I-hr-µw k-ao-]n-̈ Xpw a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bXpw ap-¼v

A-ÔÀ B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F-¶v I-hn k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶p. I-hn-sb ss[-cy-¯n-

\pw ssØ-cy-̄ n-\p-ap-Å DuÀ-P-tI-{µ-am-bm-Wv B-äqÀ ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. X-e-s¸m-¡hpw

BÀ-{Z-Xbpw k-a-\z-bn-̈ k-Xv-]p-{X-sâ hm-en-sâ tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xn-cw A-Xp-am-{X-

am-Wv B-äqÀ sIm-Xn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc kw-_-Ôn-¨ k-¦oÀ-W-X \n-d-ª \n-ch-[n k-a-kyI-sf

hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p B-äqÀ ta-L-cq-]-\nÂ. e-fn-Xam-b ]-Zm-h-en-bp-sS k-

lm-b-t¯m-sS Nn-t´m-±o-]-Iam-b Nn-{X-§-fm-Wv B-äqÀ ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb-sc kw-_-

Ôn¨v Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ DÄ-t¨À-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

\oXn-bp-sS hr-£w

k-̈ n-Zm-\µ³

1. "\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ Ihn-X {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?

D. 1981 (Un-kw_À)

2. B-cp-sS kv-a-c-WmÀ-°-am-Wv Im-äm-Sna-cw \-S-W-sa-¶v I-hn B-lzm-\w sN-bv-XXv?

D. {`m-́ p-]n-Sn-̈ p a-cn-̈ A-½q-½-bp-sS kv-a-c-WmÀ°w

3. sh-Åw In-«m-sX a-cn-̈ AÑsâ HmÀ-½-bv-¡v G-Xp aX-cw \-S-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bp-

¶Xv?

D. sN-dp-\mcIw

4. A-tim-Iss¯ \-S-W-sa-¶v I-hn kq-Nn-̧ n¨-Xv BÀ-¡v th-n-bmWv?

D. B-ßl-Xy A-]-l-cn-̈ Hm-t¸mÄ¡v.

5. sh-t«-äp hm-Sp-¶ \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£-t¯m-Sv I-hn F-́ m-Wv A-̀ yÀ-°n-¡p-¶Xv?

D. `-c-W-Iq-S ò-I-c-X-bnÂ A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃm-sX sIm-¶p X-Å-s¸-Sp-

Ibpw sNbv-X H-̄ n-cn bp-hm-¡-sf kv-a-cn-¡m³ D-Å B-lzm-\-am-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\µsâ

'\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X. I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J-Þ-¯nÂ sh-t«-äp hm-Sp-¶ \o-

Xn-bp-sS hr-£-t¯m-Sv I-hn-¡v A-̀ yÀ-°n-¡m-\pÅ-Xv C-XmWv.

"H-cn-e-bnÂ H-cp-h-cn-sb-¦n-ep-sa-gp-Xn

Im-änÂ Xm-sg-bn-Sq

ò-cp-hn-sâ \n-È-Ðam-b B-Im-iw

H-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS inÂ-¡m-cw sIm-p t`-Zn¡q"



{]-Xn-tj-[-̄ n-sâ H-cp h-cn-sb-¦nepw ]o-Un-XÀ-¡m-bn Ip-¯n-¡p-dn-¡m³ km-[n-¡Ww.

\n-Êw-K-X-bpw \n-i-Ð-Xbpw io-e-am¡n-b ò-cp-¡-tfm-Sp {]-Xn-I-cn-¡m-\pw I-hn \nÀ-t±-in-

¡p¶p. i-à-am-sbm-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS inÂ-¡m-cw sIm-v ò-cp-hn-sâ \n-È-Ðam-b

B-Im-iw t`-Zn-¡m-\m-Wv I-hn-bpsS A-̀ yÀ°\.

6. "]-Ån-apä-s¯ {In-kv-Xpa-kv a-c-¯nÂ

H-cp ]q-t]m-ep-anÃtÃm

tImS-Xn apä-s¯ Ip-cn-in-sâ

]-̈ -bn-e-IÄ I-cn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-tÃm" þ Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

D. hn-¹-h-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀ-s¸-« [o-c-X-bp-Å bp-hm¡-sf {Iq-c-am-bn D-·qe-\w

sN-¿m³ {i-an-¨ `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw \n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-tbbpw hn-aÀ-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv

'\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eqsS, k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³. {`m-´p-]n-Sn-̈ p a-cn-̈

A-½q-½-bpsS HmÀ-½-bv-¡v Im-äm-Sn a-chpw sh-Åw In-«m-sX a-cn-¨ AÑsâ HmÀ-½-bv-¡v

sN-dp-\m-c-Ihpw B-ßl-Xy A-]-l-cn-̈ Hm-t¸mÄ-¡v A-tim-I-ss¯-bpw \-Sm-\m-Wv I-hn-

bp-sS B-lzm\w. c-à-k-£n-bp-sS tNm-c \Â-In h-fÀ¯n-b \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w F-hn-sS

\-S-W-sa-¶ B-tem-N-\ I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J-Þw B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv. \o-Xnbpw k-am-[m-

\hpw ]q-̄ p-e-bp-sa-¶v \mw {]-Xo-£n-¡p¶-Xv tZ-hm-e-b-ap-ä-¯mWv. tem-I-\o-Xn¡pw

im-́ n-¡p-am-bn Ip-cn-tidn-b tb-ip-tZh-s\ hm-gv-¯p-¶ ]-Ån-apä-s¯ {In-kv-Xpa-kv

a-c-¯nÂ H-cp ]q-t]mepw hn-cn-ªp Im-Wm¯-Xv I-hn-sb hym-Ip-e-\m-¡p¶p. \n-b-ahpw

\ym-bhpw [À-½hpw AÀ-lÀ-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-tI-Xv tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv. F-¶mÂ tImS-Xn

apä-s¯ Ip-cn-in-sâ ]-¨-bn-e-IÄ I-cn-ªp-W-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Imgv-N I-hn-sb th-Z-\n-̧ n-

¡p¶p. C-\n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w \-«p-h-fÀ¯p-I F-¶ B-i-¦ I-hn

ap-t¶m-«p sh-bv-¡p¶p.

7. "H-cn-¡Â Iq-Sn h-©n-¡-s¸-« k-tlmZ-cm

\n-s¶ sIm-¶ \nb-aw C-Xm

hn-ip²-sâ h-kv-{X-a-Wn-ªv

]m-]n-IÄ-¡p am-̧ p \Â-Ip¶p" Bi-bw F-gpXpI

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

8. "\ym-bm-[n-]³ ssI I-gp-Ip-¶p

\o a-cn-̈ -Xn-\v A-hÀ-¡v sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃ

]t£, \o Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-\v

R-§Ä-¡p sX-fn-hp-I-fpv" þ k-µÀ-̀ w hy-à-am-¡pI

D. k-̈ n-Zm-\µ-sâ '\o-Xn-bp-sS hr-£w' F-¶ I-hn-X A-Im-e-¯nÂ s]m-enªp-t]m-b hn-¹-

h-\-£-{X-§-fp-sS kv-a-c-W-I-sf tXm-n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw A-h-tcmSv sF-Iy-s¸-Sm³ B-lzm-

\w ap-g-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. {Iq-c-am-bn \-in-̧ n-¡-s¸-« k-tlm-Z-c-§Ä `-c-W-hy-h-Ø-IÄ-

¡p ap-¼nÂ c-m-aXpw h-©n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Zriyw k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³ A-\p-̀ -h-t`-Zy-am-¡n-¯-

cp¶p. sIm-Sn-b-]o-U-\hpw Zm-cp-Wm-ýhpw \n-an-¯w {]-kvXp-X hn-¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ B-Zy-

taX-s¶ \-½p-sS \o-Xn-\ym-b, \n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-I-fmÂ h-©n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-sc sIm-



¶ \n-b-a-§Ä hn-ip-²-cp-sS h-kv-{X-§-f-Wn-ªv ]m-]n-IÄ-¡v am-t¸m-Ip-¶p F-¶-tXm-sS

sImÃ-s¸-«-hÀ hopw h-©n-X-cm-Ip-¶p A-h-Ø-bm-Wp-ÅXv. A-cp¬, iin,

D-Zb³, tPm-bv am-Xyp, {]-ho¬, t{]w-Nµv, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ a-cn-¨-Xn-\p sX-fn-

hp-I-fn-ssÃ-¶p Nq-n-¡m-Wn-̈ v \ym-bm-[n-]-·mÀ ssI-I-gp-Ip¶p. AhÀ Hm-tcm-cp-¯cpw

Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-\v a-Xnbm-b sX-fn-hp-I-Ä X-§-fp-sS ]-¡-ep-v F-¶v

Ihn. X-§Ä Po-hn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶n-S-t¯m-fw Im-ew Ah-sc a-d-¡m-\m-In-sÃ¶pw A-h-cp-sS

sIm-e-bm-fn-IÄ knw-lm-k-\-§-fnepw I-hNn-X hm-l-\-§-fnepw kz-Ø-cm-bn I-gn-ªv-Iq-Sn-

sÃ¶pw I-hn D-WÀ-¯p¶p.

9. c-à-km-£n-I-fp-sS sIm-̈ pa-¡-tfm-Sp I-hn-bp-sS B-lzm-\w F-́ mWv?A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. "]-dbq, R-§Ä am-̧ p X-cnÃ,

X-S-¦Â ]m-f-b-§fpw Nm-c-h-e-b-§-fp-anÃm¯

Im-ew hcp-thm-fw

R-§-fp-sS ]-c-¼-c-IÄ Io-g-S-§p-I-bnÃ"þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn-¡pI.

D. hn-¹-h-[o-c-·mcm-b H-cp ]-äw bp-hm-¡-fp-sS kv-a-c-WI-sf ]n-·p-d-¡m-cp-sS a-\-Ên-te-¡v a-S-

¡n-s¡m-p-h-cm-\p-Å {i-a-am-Wv k-̈ n-Zm-\µsâ '\o-Xn-bp-sS hr£w' F-¶ I-hn-X. a-cn¨p-

t]m-b-Xn-\p sX-fn-hp-I-fn-sÃ-¶ \o-Xn-\ym-b Øm-]-\-§-fp-sSbpw A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sSbpw ssI-

a-eÀ-¯-epI-sf I-hn ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. an-Sp-¡cm-b {]-kvXp-X bp-hm-¡Ä Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-

\v B-thm-fw sX-fn-hp-IÄ X-§-fp-sS ]-¡Â Dv. Ah-sc {Iq-c-am-bn a-c-W-¯n-\n-«p-sIm-

Sp¯-h-tcm-Sv k-Ôn-bm-Im³ ]n-·p-d-¡mÀ-¡v B-hnÃ. I-gp-a-c-§-fp-sS cm-{Xn-IÄ sI-«n-¯m-

gv-¯-s¸-« i-h-§-sf-bpw D-·m-Z-¯n-sâ ]uÀ-®-an-bnepw B-ß-l-Xy-bp-sS A-am-hm-kn-

bnepw A`-bw tXSn-b bu-h-\-§-sfbpw a-d-¡m³ ]n³-Km-an-IÄ-¡m-hnÃ. A-hÀ am-̧ p-

\Â-In-sÃ-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¡m³ I-hn \nÀ-t±-in-¡p¶p. X-S-¦Â ]m-f-b-§fpw Nm-c-h-e-b-§-fp-

anÃm-¯ Im-ew h-cpw h-sc hn-¹-h-[o-c-·m-cp-sS ]c-¼-c A-h-km-\n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v I-hn A-

dn-bn-¡p¶p.

11. c-à-km-£n-I-fp-sS B-ß-im-ń-¡m-bn I-hn I-s¯n-bacw? .

D. ]m-e-a-cw

12. F-́ n-\m-Wv a-cw \-S-W-sa-¶v k-̈ n-Zm-\-µ³ ]-d-bp-¶Xv?

D. C-{Xbpw Im-ew \-½Ä A-dn-ª \o-Xn-bp-sS a-[p-cw \nd-ª HmÀ-½-bv-¡v thn.

13. F-cp-¡n³ sN-Sn \-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ D-t±iyw F´v?

D. Np-S-e-¨m-cw ]q-in \r-¯w sh-bv-¡p-¶p F-¶p tXm-¶n-¡p-¶ F-cp-¡n³ sN-Sn \-S-W-sa-¶v

I-hn-X-bp-sS A-ý-̀ mK-¯v I-hn- \nÀ-t±-in-¡p¶p. Hmtcm \n-an-j-hpw iv-a-im-\-am-bn am-dn-

s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ \-½p-sS `q-an-bp-sS-bpw kz-a-\-Ên-sâbpw kv-a-c-W-bv-¡m-bm-Wv F-cp-¡n³

sN-Sn F-¶v I-hn A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.



tImgn

I-S-½-\n«

1. "I-®n-s]m-«m-sX s]-®p Im-̄ p-kq-£n-¡p-¶ iàn' F-¶v I-S-½-\n-« hn-ti-jn-̧ n-̈Imcyw F´v?

D. k´m-t\m-Xv-]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b

2. ]-s¯ Ime-s¯ I-f¸p-c apä-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ X-Å-t¡m-gn-bpsS HmÀ-½-IÄ

F-s´Ãmw?

D. X-sâ K-XIm-e A-\p-̀ -h-§-fp-w B-{K-l-§fpw X-Å-t¡m-gn X-sâ Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v hn-h-cn-

¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. X-§Ä \nÂ-¡p-¶ ap-äw ]-v G-sd {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ D-Å I-f-̧ p-c-ap-ä-am-

bn-cp¶p. sN-pw tNepw hn-SÀ-¶v I-fn-bmSn-b apäw. Im-ä-̄ m-Sp-¶ D-XnÀ-a-Wn-¡-ä-IÄ

Iq-¼m-c-am-¡n-Iq-«n-bn-«n-cp-¶ apäw. \m-hnÂ In-§n (In-©-\ hÀ-̄ -am-\-§-fmÂ ap-J-cn-X-am-

b) sI«n-b Iq-«-§fpw \mepw Iq-«o-¨-h-̈ p-ap-dp-¡n-b-hp-cw (sh-än-e, AS-¡, ]p-I-bn-e, Np-

®m-¼v Iq-«n-ap-dp-¡n-bhÀ) I-®p-I-fnÂ {]W-bw D-Å-hcpw H-s¡-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p B ap-

ä¯v. Im-en-sâ Io-gnÂ D-XnÀ-¶p-ho-gp-¶ I-XnÀ-a-Wn-I-fmÂ k-¼-¶am-b Xq-apäw. Ahn-S X-

¯n X-¯n-¡-fn-¡m\pw \nd-sb sIm-¯n-s¡m-¡p Xp-d-¶v Nn-cn-¡m\pw A-¶v I-gn-ªn-

cp¶p. A-hn-sS-bp-Å ¹m-hn³ tNm-«n-se-̧ q-gn-bnÂ \o-«n-̧ m-Sn-s¡m-v C-¯n-cn t\-cw a-b-

§p-Ibpw sN-¿m-am-bn-cp¶p.

4. "a-¡tf, Rm-s\m-c-½-bm-bv am-dn" þ B-cv F-t¸mÄ?

D. I-S-½-\n-«-bp-sS 'tImgn' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ Xm³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ Im-e-̄ nsâ HmÀ-½-Ifpw A-

\p-̀ -h-§fpw X-sâ Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Ip-I-bm-Wv A-½bmb tImgn. ap-«-IÄ-

¡v taÂ Nq-Sp-]-IÀ-¶v A-S-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw hn-cn-bp-¶ Im-ew Bhpw h-sc I-®-S-bv-¡m-sX

ap-«I-sf Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-bp-mbn. Im-änÂ H-cp I-cnbn-e A-\-§p-

t¼mgpw Iq-cn-cp-«nÂ H-cp F-en ]mªp-t]m-bmepw G-sd A-kz-Ø-bm-bn t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-

¶p B tImgn. F-¶n«pw I-®p-sX-än-b-t¸m-sgm-s¡ ]-e ap-«-Ifpw ]-ecpw X-«n-sb-Sp¯p.

Ip-td ap-«-IÄ D-Sªp-t]mbn. a-äp-Nne-Xp sI«n-t]mbn. FÃmw tIm-gn k-ln-¡p-I-bm-bn-

cp¶p. H-cp kp-{]-̀ m-X-t¯m-sSm-̧ w a-¡fpw s]m-«n-hn-cn-bp-Ibpw sIm-I-¡p-\o-«n Ip-ªp-

§Ä I-c-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-t¸mÄ Xm³ H-cp A-½-bm-bn am-dn-sb¶pw a-¡-fm-Wv X-sâ kÀ-Æ-

kzhpw F¶pw X-Å-t¡m-gn a¡-sf t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ {i-an-¡p¶p.

5. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS kz-´w I-Y-IÄ F-t¸mÄ B-cw-`n¡pw F-¶m-Wv X-Å-t¡m-gn A-dn-bn-¡p-

¶Xv?

D. hcpw Znh-kw Ip-«nI-sf X-Å-t¡m-gn sIm-̄ n AI-än kz-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-̀ n-¡m³ {]m-]v-X-

cm-¡pw. A-¶p ap-XÂ Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v A-h-cp-sS kz-́ w I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-̈ p-Xp-S-§m-\m-hp-sa-¶v

X-Å-t¡m-gn I-cp-Xp-¶p.

6. ]-g-b-I-f-̧ pc-¡v h-¶ am-äw F-§-s\-bmWv?

D. k-¼-¶hpw B-Ëm-Z-hpam-b K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fnÂ \n-¶v sa-sÃ sa-sÃ X-Å-t¡m-gn hÀ-

¯-am-\Im-e bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-¡v X-sâ a¡-sf B-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Im-hy-i-I-e-¯n-

sâ k-µÀ`w. [m-\y-a-Wn-I-fmÂ k-¼p-ãam-b I-f¸p-c ap-äw C-¶nÃ. Npäpw Nn-XÂ-̧ p-äp-am-



{Xw ap-äw aq-Sn h-fÀ-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. Np-äp-]mSpw sI-«n-bp-bÀ¯n-b apÄ-th-en-s¡-«p-I-fnÂ X-f-

¡-s¸-«-h-cm-WhÀ. hn-i-̧ -I-äp-¶-Xn-\mbv, N-¯p-No-ª i-h-§-sf-bm-Wv B-{i-bn-t¡-n

h-cp-¶Xv. \-½p-sS K-XIm-e ImÀjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-sâ Zo-]v-Xhpw a-[p-c-hpam-b kv-a-c-W-

I-fmWv Cu k-µÀ-̀ -¯nÂ I-S-½-\n-« ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. k-t´m-j-Ime-̄ v ]m-«p-]m-Sn-bp-Å

a-b-¡-¯n-sâ ssZÀLyw Iq-Sn-t¸m-b-Xn-sâ tJ-Zw X-Å-t¡m-gn A-\p-̀ -gn-¡p¶Xv Cu

k-µÀ-̀ -¯n-Â \n-¶p a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. ]n-¶o-Sv Dm-b {]-bm-k-§Ä-¡v Imc-Ww A-XmWv.

ImÀjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v ]-«-S-XoÀ¯-Xv \-½p-sS a-b-¡-amWv. I-f-̧ p-c-IÄ I-XnÀ-¡-ä-

IÄ-sIm-v \n-d-ª-t¸mgpw ho-c-I-Y-I-fpw A-²zm-\-¯n-sâ ]m-«pw- Nn-cnbpw \n-d-sªm-gp-

In-b-t¸mgpw B A-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n-¶v ]n- -́Å-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv kv-{Xo-IÄ F-¶ [z-\nbpw

Cu h-cn-I-fn-epv.

7. "tNm-c! AÃÃ tNm-̧ m-Wp Iptª,

t\-c-dn-ªmÂ \o \o-dn a-cn-¡pw" k-µÀ-̀ w hn-h-cn-¡pI.

D. HmÀ-½-Ifpw A-\p-̀ -h-§fpw X-Å-t¡m-gn-sb-s¡m-v Nn-e km-tcm-]-tZ-i-§Ä-¡v t{]-cn-̧ n-

¡p¶p. ap-«-bn«pw A-S-bn-cp¶pw Nn-¡n-̧ -c-¯n-s¡m-Sp¯pw Ip-ªp§-sf t]m-än h-fÀ¯n-

b A-½-t¡m-gn H-cp L-«-¯nÂ Ah-sc X-¶nÂ \n¶pw sIm-¯n-bI-än Im-e-¯n-sâ s]-cp-

h-gn-bnÂ X-\n-¨p-\nÂ-¡m³ {]m-]v-Xn-tb-Ip-hm³ {i-an-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\m-bn A-½-t¡m-gn

Xm³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ h-gn-I-fn-se k-t´m-j-k-´m-]§-sf Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-

Ip¶p. A-h k-Zp-]-tZ-i-§-fmWv. Nn-e \nÀ-t±-i-§fpw \n-b-{´-W-§-fp-am-Wv. D-]-tZ-i-

§Ä N-Xn-¡p-gn-bÃ, Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ h-gn-¯n-cn-hp-I-fm-sW-¶v kz-´w Po-hn-Xw sIm-v

A-½-t¡m-gn km-£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶p. A-hn-sS Im-Wp¶ B am-f-¯n-\-I-t¯-¡v F¯n-t\m-

¡-cp-sX¶pw A-Xn-te-¡v t]m-b X-sâ aq-̄ -a-¡Ä ]n-¶o-Sv aS-§n h-cn-I-bp-m-bn-sÃ¶pw

A-× D-WÀ-¯p¶p. A-hn-sS Im-Wp¶-Xv sIm-gn-ªpho-W ]q-¡-fÃ X-sâ \m-ep-a-¡-fp-

sS ]-dn-s¨-Sp-̄ ]q-S-I-fm-sW-¶v kXyw A½-sb s\m-¼-c-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶p. I-«p-dp-¼p-IÄ \-

¡p¶ tNm-̧ p-I-« k-Xy-¯nÂ F-´mWv? A-¡m-cy-sam¶pw X-sâ a-¡Ä A-dn-bm-\m-bn-«n-

sÃ¶pw A-dn-bm-\n-S-h-¶mÂ A-hÀ t_-Pm-dm-hp-sa¶pw A-½ kw-i-bn-¡p¶p. tNm-c-bm-

W-sX-¶p ]-d-bm³ Xp-S§n-b X-Å-t¡m-gn D-S³ A-¡mcyw \n-tj-[n-̈ v a-säm-cp-Imcyw

Ah-sc A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. ho-gv-¯m³ sI-Wn-sbm-cp-¡n Im-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ _-en

I-gn-¡-s¸-« aq-t¯m-cp-sS cq-]-§Ä Po-hn-X-¯nÂ ]n³-ap-d-¡mÀ-¡p-Å ]mT-§-fm-Wv.

]q-¡Ä ]q-S-bm-sW¶pw tNm-̧ p tNm-c-bm-sW¶pw ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ A-½-t¡m-gn-bp-

sS hm-¡p-I-fnÂ {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ _-en ap-J-§-fmWv.

8. "I-®p-th-W-an-cp-]p-d-sa-t¸mgpw

I-®p-th-Ww ap-I-fn-epw Xm-tgw

I-®n-se-t¸mgpw I-̄ n-Öz-en¡pþ

apÄ-¡-®p-th-W-a-W-bm-¯ I®v" þ hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ò-I-cam-b A-\p-̀ -h-§-fmÂ B-Ip-e-Nn-¯bm-b H-cp A-½-bp-sS A-h-Ø A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶ A-\p-]-aam-b H-cp I-hn-X-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jvW-sâ tImgn. kv{Xo Po-hn-X-



¯n-sâ _-en-ap-J-§Ä km-£y-s¸-Sp-¯n B-ß-i-àn-bp-sS A-II-®v sX-fn-bn-t¡--Xv

X-sâ Im-em-\p-kr-Xam-b B-h-iyI-X Cu Ihn-X t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. A-]-I-S-§Ä-¡p-

ao-sX Nn-d-Ip-d-bv-¡m-sX ]-d-¡-cp-Xv F-¶ tI-h-e D-]-tZ-iaÃ Cu Ihn-X ap-t¶m-«v sh-¡p-

¶Xv. A-½-bp-sS X-W-enÂ \n-¶v am-dn Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ s]m-Åp-¶ A-h-Ø-bn-te-¡v ]d-¶v

Nnd-Iv D-d-̧ n-t¡- \n-tbmKs¯ HmÀ-½n-̧ n-¡p-I-Iq-Sn-sN-¿p¶p. kz-́ w Po-hn-Xw kz-´w

Imcyw am-{X-am-sW-¶ kXyw Ip-«nI-sf t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-Å b-Ú-am-Wv tIm-gn \-S-

¯p-¶Xv. ]-g-abpw ]-g-¦-Y-bp-sam-s¡ ]-d-ªp-tI-« a-[p-c-Im-ew am-{XmWv. A-\p-̀ -h-§-fm-

Is«, G-sd `-bm-\-I-hpw th-Z-\m-P-\-I-hp-amWv. F-¶mÂ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v H-fn-t¨m-Sm-Xn-

cn-¡m\pw \n-d-ª Im-gv-N-tbm-sSbpw I-cp-X-tem-sSbpw k-ao-]n-¡m-\p-Å DuÀ-Öhpw

BÀ-P-hhpw a-¡Ä-¡v e-̀ y-am-t¡-W-AS-Xv X-sâ I-S-a-bm-sW-¶v A-½-t¡m-gn I-cp-Xp¶p.

am-\-s¯ a-Wn-ta-S-bnÂ hm-gp-¶ A-[n-Im-cn-I-fmÂ sIm-̄ n-̧ -dn-¡m³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ

FÃm X-c-̄ nepw X-§-sf-¡mÄ D-b-c-¯nÂ I-gn-bp-¶hÀ. In-fn-I-fp-sS ]m-«p-Ifpw ]qhpw

I-v Im-hp-I-fn-te-¡v ]d-¶p sNÃ-cpXv. Im-Sp-I-fnÂ ]-Xp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Im-S³ I-Sn-̈ p-]-

dn-t¨-¡pw. tXm-«n-se ssI-X-bv-¡-I¯pw sX-än-̧ q-¡Ä \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ]-SÀ-̧ n-\-

I¯pw ]m-¼p-Ifpw aäpw hm-gp-¶pv. kq-£n-̈ pw {i-²n¨pw th-Ww A-hn-sS-sbm-s¡ \-S-

¡m³. C-cp-]p-dhpw I-®p-m-hWw. ap-I-fnepw Xm-sgbpw I-®p Xpd-¶v ]n-Sn-¡Ww.

I-̄ n-Öv-en-¡p-¶, A-W-bm-̄ DÄ-¡-®v F-t¸mgpw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww F-¶v A-½ D-]-tZ-

in-¡p¶p. I-cp-Xepw B-ß-\n-b-{´-W-hp-am-Wv kz-bw c-£-sb-¶ [m-c-W- tIm-gn X-sâ

a-¡Ä-¡v G-Ip¶p. Imc-Ww kp-µ-cam-b ]-e-Xn-\p ]n-d-Inepw A-]-I-S-§Ä H-fn-̈ n-cn-̧ pv.

\o-f-anÃm-¯ X-§-fp-sS Nn-d-Ip-IÄ {]Xn-tcm-[¯nt\m {]-Xym-{I-a-W¯nt\m I-gn-hp-äXÃ.

F-¶mÂ DÄ-¡-®v F-¶ A-dnhpw Nn-́ bpw G-Xp A-XnÀ-̄ n-IÄ Xm-m\pw A-i-àÀ-

¡v A-h-k-c-sam-cp-¡p¶p. A-dnhpw Nn- -́bpw Nn-d-Im-bn h-f-cWw. A-t¸m-gp-m-Ip-¶ Nn-d-

I-Sn-IÄ hn¹-hw km-[y-am-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

Ahk-tcm-Nn-X³

sN½-\w Nmt¡m

1. "Ah-k-tcm-NnX³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se \m-bI-s\ a{ń G-Xp Øm-\¯-Wv A-h-tcm-[n-

¨Xv?

D. "_p-²-]T-\-tI-{µw' A-[y-£-Øm-\-¯v.

2. "Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-'\n-se \m-b-I³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b {K-Ù-¯n-sâ {]-ta-bw F´v?

D. _p-²-sâ Zm¼-Xy ZpxJw

3. "F-s´m-cp Zpã-sâ Zp-ã \o ZpÀ-hn-[n?"þ ZpÀ-hn-[n F-´m-bn-cp¶p?

D. _p-²]T-\ tI-{µ-̄ nÂ \m-em-p-XoÀ-¡pw ap-t¼ \m-«nÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-̧ v F-¯n F-¶

h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv A-[y-£³ ZpÀ-hn-[n-bm-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv.

4. `-c-W-ap¶-Wn am-dn-b-t¸mÄ X-s¶ ]n-cn-¨p hn-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ I-s¯n-b

D-]m-bw F´v?

D. ap¼-s¯ kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ Im-e-¯v Xm³ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-̈ '_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-ZpxJw' F-¶

Ir-Xn-¡v c-ma-Xv H-cp ]-Xn-̧ v ]p-d-̄ n-d-¡pI. A-XnÂ h-Ip-̧ n-sâ Np-a-X-e-bp-Å ]pXn-b

a-{ń-bp-sS \-sÃm-cp t^m-t«mbpw tNÀ-¯v Hcp "t^mÀ-thUv' F-gp-Xp-I. A§-s\ a-{ń-



sb kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v Øm-\w \n-e-\nÀ-̄ pI.

5. "Ah-k-tcm-N-X³' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se I-Ym-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. `-c-W-am-ä-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn-̈ v ta-e-[n-Im-cnI-sf kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v A-[n-Im-chpw B-\p-Iq-ey-§fpw

\n-e-\nÀ-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-¶ A-ev-]-·m-sc A-]-l-kn-¡p-¶ I-hn-X-bm-Wv sN½-\w Nm-t¡m-

bpsS 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³'. I-hn-X-bnÂ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X\m-b H-cp A-[ym-]-I-\m-Wv I-Ym-]m-

{Xw. A-bm-fp-sS t]-cp ]-d-bp¶-Xv `w-Kn-bÃ-¯-Xn-\mÂ I-hn A-Xp sN-¿p-¶nÃ. (A-sÃ-

¦nepw k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cm-fp-sS I-Y-bÃ CXv. km-am-\yam-b H-cp Im-gv-Nbpw A-\p-̀ -h-hp-

amWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' k-½m-\n-¡p-¶Xv. \-ap-¡n-S-bnÂ X-s¶ I-p-In-«m³ {]-bm-k-

anÃm-¯ B-fp-IÄ). 'Rm³' F-¶ `m-h-t¯m-sSm-̧ w ]-e-Pm-Xn an-Sp-¡p-Ifpw D-ÅhÀ. Im-gv-

N-bv-¡v kp-̀ -K\pw a-t\m-l-chpw B-IÀ-j-I-hpam-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§-fmÂ B-fpI-sf ]m-«n-

em-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶h³, kµÀ-t`m-Nn-Xw I-cªpw Nn-cn¨pw A-̀ n-\-bn-̈ v Imcyw t\-Sm³

]-äp-¶hÀ. t{im-Xm-hn-sâ ssI-]n-Sn¨pw sI-«n-¸n-Sn¨pw B-ßmÀ-°-Xbpw Iqdpw sX-fn-bn-

¡m³ A-dn-bp-¶h³, km-[y-am-bn-S-s¯m-s¡ B-thm-fw B-ß-{]-iw-k \-S-¯p-¶-h³, A-

Sp-̧ -apÅ-h-t\m-Sv A-Xp sX-fn-bn-¡m-\m-bn appw aäpw Xn-cp-¶n Ae-¡n \Â-Ip-¶-h³.

_m-[y-X-Ifpw a-äpw kr-ãn-̈ v I-gn-bm-hp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw A-Xnd-¡n I-fn-¡m³ A-dn-bp-¶h³.

kXyw ]-d-ªmÂ t]-cp ]-d-bm-Xn-cp-¶mÂ-t¸mepw FÃm-hÀ¡pw B-fm-cm-Wv F-¶v a-\-Ên-

em-¡m³ ]-äpw. 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ sN½-\w Nmt¡m {]m-Y-an-I-am-

bn ]-cn-N-bv-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv C-{]-Im-cw B-Wv.

6. Ah-k-tcm-NnX\v 'hymgw' ]n-d¶-Xv F-t¸m-gmWv?

D. X-sâ k-l-]mTn-bm-bn-cp-¶-h³ a-{ń-bm-bn h-¶ Im-ew ap-X-em-Wv Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v '

hym-gw' ]n-d-¶Xv.

- k-l-]mTnbm-b a-{ń-¡p-th-n Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ \nÀ-Æ-ln-̈ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

D. a-{ń-bp-sS a¡-sf hn-Zym-e-b-̄ n-te-¡v A-b-¡p-I, D-Zv-Lm-S-\-§Ä-¡v {]-kw-Kw F-gp-Xn-

\Â-Ip-I, a-{ń-¡v C-ã-ap-Å hn-̀ -h-§Ä F-hn- sSbmtWm DÅ-Xv A-hn-sS \n-¶v

F-̄ n-¨p sIm-Sp-¡p-I, X-c-¯n-s\m-̄ v cm-PIo-b kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw t{]mXv-tLm-j-W-§fpw

\-S-¯p-I. F-¶n- §-s\-bp-Å-Im-cy-§-fm-Wv a-{ń-¡m-bn Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ sN-bv-Xp-

sIm-Sp-¯-Xv.

7. "X³-k-l-]mTn-sb c-£n-¡p-hm³ a{ń

h³ ]-cn-]m-Sn-¡p-cq-]w sIm-Sp-¡-bmbv" þ F-́ m-bn-cp-¶p ]-cn-]mSn?

D. '_p-²]T-\ tI-{µ-¯n-se A-[y-£-\m-bn a{ń X-sâ k-l-]mTn-sb \n-b-an¨p. Imdpw

t^mWpw ]yqWpw B-^nkpw FÃmw X-sâ k-l- ]mTn-¡m-bn A-\p-h-Zn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p

A-t±-lw.

8. "_p-²-]T-\-tI-{µ-̄ nÂ A-[y-£-\m-Im³ am{Xw Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v tbmKy-X F-´v F-¶v

A-t\z-jn¨-h-tcm-Sv a{ń a-dp]-Sn \Â-Inb-Xv F´v?

D. A-bmÄ (k-l-]mTn) _p-²n-bp-Å-h-\m-sW-¶m-bn-cp-¶p a-{ń-bp-sS a-dp-]Sn.

9. "F¶pw an-\n-Ì-sdÃm-cp-sa-¶mÂ-_p¡nþ



se¶pw an-\n-ÌÀ an-\n-Ì-dm-bn ta-hnSpw!" Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

10. '_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw' {]-ta-b-am-¡n X-¿m-dm¡n-b ]p-kv-X-I-hp-am-bn a-{ń-sb-sN-¶p

I- I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ B-hiyw F-́ m-bn-cp¶p?

D. Xm³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v A-́ -Êp-Å Hcp 't^mÀ-th-Up'thWw. Ime-¯p

X-s¶ a-{ń-¡p-th-n \me-©p t]-Pp-h-cp-s¶m-cp B-ap-Jw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«pv. A-Xn-sâ

Iq-sS an-\n-ÌÀ Nn-cn-̈ p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]qÀ-®-Im-b-¯n-ep-Å H-cp t^m-t«mbpw sIm-Sp-¡-Ww.

Bcpw FÃm-¡m-ehpw an-\n-kv-äÀ B-bn-cn-¡nÃ. F-¶mÂ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ F-¡m-e¯pw

an-\n-ÌÀ an-\n-ÌÀ B-bn¯-s¶ \n-e-\nÂ-¡pw. C-Xm-Wv k-l-]mTn-bpw tIm¬-{K-Êp-Im-c-

\pam-b a-{ń-tbm-Sv Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv. c-p-sImÃw I-gn-ªv C-S-Xn-sâ

a-{ń-h-¶-t¸m-gpw C-tX-Imcyw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv. A-[n-

Im-chpw Øm-\-am-\-§fpw \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m³ Nn-eÀ \-S-¯p-¶ \m-Ww sI-« GÀ-̧ m-Sv AXp-

t]m-se A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN½-\w Nm-t¡m.

11. sN½-\w Nm-t¡m-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ ]mT-̀ m-Kw

ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI?

D. Ihn-X F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Hmtcm I-hn¡pw {]-tXy-I-e-£yhpw Im-c-Whpw D-m-Ipw. X-§-fp-

sS e£yw Ir-Xy-am-bpw kmÀ-°-I-ambpw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡m³ {]-Xn-̀ m-[-\cm-b I-hn-IÄ ]-e

amÀ-K-§fpw kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pw. tI-h-eam-b B-kzm-Z-\-am-Wv Ihn-X F-gp-¯n-

sâbpw ]m-cm-b-W-¯n-sâbpw ]-c-aam-b e-£y-sa-¦nepw hm-b-\-¡m-sc kw-k-Ir-X-Nn-¯-

cm-¡p-I, Nn-´bpw C-S-s]-Sepw D-Å-h-cm-¡p-I, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Iam-b Hu-¶nXyw Xn-cn-¨-dn-

ªv A-Xv \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m\pw h-fÀ-¯m\pw k-lm-bn¡p-I XpS-§n ]-e [À-½-§Ä AY-hm

^-e§Ä Cu {]-{In-b-tbm-sSm-̧ w \-S-¡p¶p.

k-a-Imen-I kw-̀ -h-hn-Im-k§-sf B-t£-]-lm-ky-̄ n-sâbpw Satire ip-²-lm-ky-̄ n-

sâbpw Wite) aäpw A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ an-Sp-¡p-Å I-hnbm-b sN½-\w

Nm-t¡m¡pw I-hn-X-sb-gp-̄ n-\p Ir-Xyam-b e-£y-apv. k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ I-Å-¯-c-§fpw

s]m-§-̈ -§fpw A-tX]-Sn ]-IÀ-̄ n kz-bw B-tem-N-\m-hn-j-b-am-¡m³ hm-b-\-¡m-sc

t{]m-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p Nm-t¡m-bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ. a-cw-sh«n, a-½n Xp-S§n-b lm-kym-ß-I c-N-\-

I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ h-bv-¡m-hp-¶ 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X³' F-¶ Ihn-X \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶Xpw

a-säm-cp IÀ-¯-hyaÃ. k-aq-l-̄ nÂ Øm-\-am-\w \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m\pw \n-gÂ t]m-se A-Øn-

c-am-b-Xpam-b ù-Xn-I-kp-J-§Ä t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-am-bn \-½-fnÂ ]-ecpw Im-Wn-¡p-¶

]-cm-{I-a-§-fpw km-aÀ-°y-§fpw X-am-i-bm-bn A-]-lm-kyhpw B-t£-]-lm-ky-hp-am-bn

Im-Wn-¨p X-cn-I-bmWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-³' F-¶ I-hnX.

BfpI-sf A-h-k-cw t\m-¡n k-ao-]n-¡m-\-dn-bp-¶h-s\ a-äp-Å-hÀ H-cn-¡Â Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bp-

sa-¶ Imcyw ]-ecpw a-d-¡p¶p. FÃm-¡m-ehpw A-\y-sc ]-än-¨p Po-hn-¡m-\m-Ip-sa-¶

au-Vy-Nn-´ A-lw-̀ m-h-t¯m-fw h-f-cp¶p. C¯cw "Rm³' F-¶ `m-hw B-thm-fw sIm-

p \-S-¡p-¶ A-[ym-]-I-\mWv Cu I-hn-X-bn-se Ah-k-tcm-N-Xn³. A-ev-]w kn-\n-abpw

t\m-h-ep-am-bn-¡-gn-bp-¶ A-[ym-]-I³ X-sâ ]-s¯ k-l-]mTn a-{ń-bm-bn h-¶-tXm-sS

A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§-fn-te-¡v £-W-t\-cw-sIm-v F-̄ p¶p. tbm-Ky-X-I-tf-¡mÄ A-tbm-Ky-



X-I-fp-Å A-bmÄ _p-²-]T-\-tI{µw A-[y-£-\m-bn hn-cm-Nn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n c-p sImÃw

Xn-I-bpw ap-t¼ `-c-W-am-äw kw-̀ -hn-¡p¶p. tIm¬-{K-Êp-Imc-\p ]I-cw C-S-X³ a-{ń-bm-

bn h-¶-t¸mÄ X-sâ Øm-\w \-ã-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ h-gn tX-Sp¶p.

"X-s¶-̧ n-cn-̈ p hn-Sm-Xn-cp-¶oSptam

]n-¶-Ö-bn-t¨m-cn-Xn-sâ ap¶-W?

A-̧ q-am-³ c-£-bv-¡p X³-_p-²n-im-e-bnÂ

X-̧ n-̄ n-cn-ªp I-h-N-§Ä cm-]IÂ!

tkm-̧ n-«p-I-tm-cn-S-sX-sbm-s¡bpw

Im-̧ p-sI-«o Im-i-S-hnÂ sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³'

_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v a-{ń-bp-sS t^m-t«m-k-ln-Xw H-cm-ap-JwsIm-Sp-¯v kp-Jn-̧ n-̈ v c-p X-h-W X-sâ A-[y-£-Øm-\w \n-e-\nÀ-¯m³ Iu-i-e-¡m-c\m-b Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\p I-gnªp. ]-t£ \m-em-p Xn-Ibpw ap-t¶ \-S-¶ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ {]-Xo-£n-¨-Xn-\p hn-cp-²-am-bn tIm¬-{K-Êv X-s¶ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-se¯n. A-bm-fpsSk-l-]mTn-bm-Wv hopw h-Ip-̧ v a-{ń-bm-bn F-¯n-b-Xv.

"_p²-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-Zpx-Jw' `-b-¦cw,

]p-kvX-Iw aq¶mw ]-Xn-¸n-d¡-Ww"

F-¶ B-h-iy-hp-am-bn A-bmÄ a-{ń-sb k-ao-]n-¨p. a-{ń-bp-sS B-ap-Jhpw]pXnb t^m-t«mbpw th-Ww C¯-h-W Im-cyw {K-ln-̈ a{ń k-l-]mTn-bp-sS Iu-i-e-̄ n-\v X-¡v {]l-cw X-s¶ \ÂIn. Iq-Sp-XÂ kp-Jn-¸n-̈ p ho-gv¯pw ap-s¼ a-{ń D-̄ -c-hn-sâe-t¡m-«p _p-²n-am³ B-b k-l-]mTn-tbm-Sp ]-d-bp¶p.

"F-¶pw U-b-d-Î-dÃmcp, am-I-bmÂ

s]m¶p-tam³ kv-Iq-fnÂ Xn-cn¨p-t]m-boSpI!"

Xm-³ am{Xw _p-²n-am\pw _m-¡n-bp-Å-h-scÃmw a-µ-_p-²n-I-fp-am-Wv F-¶p-ÅAh-k-tcm-Nn-X³ »o-¨m-bn t]m-Ip-¶ A-h-Ø-bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-¯nÂ. Xcw-t]m-se B-fpI-sf kp-Jn-̧ n¨pw ]m-Ztk-h \-S-¯nbpw Im-em-Im-ew Ip-im-em-bn I-gnªp-t]m-Ip-¶ Iu-i-e-¡mÀ-s¡Ãmw Cu K-Xn B-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v I-hn ap-¶-dn-bn-̧ v \Â-Ip¶p.

Bbn-cpw \m-hp-Å au\wbq-k^-en tI-t¨cn

1. G-Xp-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-X-I-fm-av bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ k-am-lm-c-̄ nÂ D-ÅXv?

D. 1954 ap-XÂ 1982 hsc2. A-©p-I-\yIÄ, tI-t¨-cn¸p-g F-¶o I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨cn3. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ k-am-lm-c-¯n-\v A-h-Xmcn-I X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?D. tUm. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡mSv4. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« hÀjw?D. 19825. "au-\-am-Wv Im-hyw' F-¶v I-hn-X-sb \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¨ ]m-Ým-Xy \n-cq-]-I³ Bcv?D. kq-k³ skm-mKv



6. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w' F-¶ Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-̄ nÂ bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn k-aÀ¸-Ww\-S-¯nb-Xv BÀ¡v?

D. F³.hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ¡v7. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\n-tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" F-¶v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶ Ihn-X GXv?D. B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w8. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\n-tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" þ Bi-bw hn-h-cn-¡pI.D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å- au\w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hÀ-̄ n-¨p-h-cp-

¶ ]m-Z-§-fm-Wv C-h. A-Þ-I-Sm-lhpw A-Xn-se k-akv-X cq-]-§fpw `m-h-§fpw DZ-bwsIm-Åp-¶ A-Xn-kp-µ-cam-b Im-gvN-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.{]-]-t©mÂ-]-̄ n-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pw tem-Im-h-km-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw C-ý³ k-¦Â-]-§Ä H-cpI-®m-Sn-¡q-«n-se-¶-t]m-se Im-Wm³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. B Im-gv-N-bmI-s« {]-]-©-kr-ãm-hn-sâ km-¶n-[y-s¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ X-c-¯n-em-Wp Xm-\pw. B-Im-i-̀ q-anbpw{]-Ir-Xn {]-Xn-̀ m-k-§-fpw E-Xp-¡fpw XpS-§n FÃmw hf-sc e-Lp-hmbpw F-¶mÂ B-tem-Nn-¡p-t´mdpw Ku-c-h-X-c-ambpw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-¡v km-[n-¡p¶p. ]pcm-W I-Y-I-fn-te¡pw an-¯p-I-fn-te-¡p-sam-s¡ b-tYm-Nn-Xw kq-N-\ G-Im-In-bmWv. "B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. BÀ-j-̀ m-h-\-bp-sSN-{I-hmf-s¯ B-I-am-\w Zr-ãntKm-N-c-am-¡m³ I-hn-¡v km-[n-̈ n-«pv.

9. "]n-s¶-s¨-Ip-¯m-\m-t¡m-hn-enÂ hm-gvh-Xmbv,N§-e-ssZ-h-¯n³ ssI-I-fnÂ ho-gvh-Xm-bv" þ k-µÀ-̀ w GXv?

D. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se cmw J-Þ-¯nÂ a-\p-jyÀ-¡v h-¶ am-äw hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn I-hn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. a-\p-jy-sâ a-\-ÊnÂ ssZ-hw ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-t¼m-tg-¡v B ssZ-h-¯n-\m-bn \mw a-X-im-e-Ifpw tZ-hm-e-b-§fpw \nÀ-½n-¡m-s\m-cp-§p¶p. ssZ-h-¯n-\p th-n in-e X-IÀ-̄ v tIm-hn-ep-I-fp-m-¡p¶p. A-tX ka-bw X-s¶, F§pw a-Zn-̈ p \-S-¡p-¶ sN-Ip-¯m-s\ ]q-«n-bn-Sm-\m-bnC-cp-¼p N§-e H-cp-¡m-\p-Å {i-ahpw \-S-¡p-¶pv. ]-s£ kw-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ Im-cyw a-säm-¶mWv. A-Xmb-Xv tIm-hn-enÂ sN-Ip-¯m³ hm-gp-Ibpw N-§e ssZ-h-¯n-sâ I-¿nÂ]-Xn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv D-m-Ip-¶-Xv. ZpÀ½-Zw _m-[n-̈ v kw-L-§Ä ]n-cn-ªv `q-an-sb kw-{Km-a-th-Zn-bm-¡p¶p. {]-Xo-£n-̈ X-c-̄ n-ep-Å Im-e-N-{I-¯n-sâ Ka-\w F-¶v Cu h-cn-IÄt_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯n- X-cp¶p.

10. "B-hÀ-¯-\-§-fmÂ ]m-Iw Xn-I-sªmcoþ

bm-ß-ssN-X\yw Xp-S-sc-¯p-Sn¡ptam?" þ I-hn C§-s\ Nn-ń-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. G-sd Øq-eam-b B-Im-i-s¯ ({]-]-©m-´-co-£s¯) H-cp Im-änÂ Nn-X-dn-¨v ]m-gv-ap-ä-am-¡p-hm\pw ]-c-tIm-Sn-hm-\§-sf \n-Xyhpw kz-bw \nÀ-½n-¡p-hm\pw D-S-¡p-hm\pw Xn-cn-̈ phmÀ-¡p-hm\pw km-[n-¡p-¶ A-Xp-ey-i-àn-bp-sS km-¶n[yw I-hn-¡v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¶pv.B-Zn-a-²ym-´ hn-lo-\-Xbpw {]-N-Þam-b im- -́Xbpw ssI-ap-X-em-b B i-àn-t{km-X-Ên-sâ {]-Xn-̀ -bnÂ, eo-em-hn-em-k-¯nÂþF´pw km-[y-am-tb-¡pw. Iq-Sm-sX Po-thmÀ-ÖwBÀ¡pw sIm-fp¯mt\m sI-Sp¯mt\m km-[n-¡n-sÃ¶ An Energy can neigher beCreated nor be Destroyed) im-kv-{X-Nn-´bpw I-hn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶p. i-co-cw F¶-Xv\-in-¡m-hp-¶ D-Sp-̧ v am-{X-amWv. A-Xn-ep-Å tZ-ln-bmI-s« a-c-W-¯n-\p t]mepw sXm-Sm-\m-hm-¯-Xpw. ap-¼v Bcpw D-t]-£n-̈ n-S-sX-s¶ X-s¶-bn-¶v F-¯n-̈ p B a-®nÂ \n-¶v a-säm-



cp \m-«n-te-¡v D-S³ sImp-t]m-tb-¡mw. A-Ûp-X-am-Wv A-¡m-cyw. B-hÀ-¯-\-§-fmÂ]m-I-s¸-Sp¯n-b B-ß-ssN-X\yw Xp-SÀ-̈ -bm-bn-¯p-Sn¡ptam F-¶m-Wv I-hn-bp-sS A-t\z-jWw. A-sÃ-¦nÂ {]-]-©-¯n-sâ ]m-I-]-co-£-W im-e-bnÂ X-sâ Im-gv-N-Iq-«m-\m-bnI-®-S-̈ n-sÃm-¶p am-än t\m-¡n-bmÂ anI-hv t\Sn-b ]-cn-Wm-kv-Xn-Xzw t]mepw A-]qÀ-®-am-tb A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-I-bpÅp. I-ãw! A-Xn {_-l¯m-b H-cp kr-ãn IÀ-½-¯n-\m-bn H-cp-¡n-bp-m¡n-b ]-Wn-̧ p-c-am-{XamtWm Cu {]-]-©w? B ]-Wn-̧ p-c-bnÂ Zpx-Jw ]q-p X-§n-{X-kn-¡p-¶ tIh-ew H-cp D-]-Ic-Ww am-{XamtWm Xm³ F¶pw I-hn kw-i-bn-¡p¶p.

11. "I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-[ym-´ hn-lo\tX,

I-p Rm³ \n-s¶ a-d-bmÀ-¶ \-á-tX" þ Bi-bw F´v?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ

12. bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS km-cmw-iw NÀ-̈sN-¿pI?

D. Ihn, Km-\-c-N-bn-Xmhv, Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir¯v, h-¡oÂ XpS-§n hy-Xykv-X {]-hÀ¯-\-tKm-Zbpw{]-i-kv-X-a-Þ-ehpw D-Å hy-àn-Xz-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn. BÀ-j-̀ m-c-X-Nn- -́IÄ{]-tNm-Zn-X-am-Wv tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS ]-e c-N-\-Ifpw 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å-a au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X{]-]-©-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ A-Km-[-X-bnÂ A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-«p-Å ]e-]-e alm-ssh-cp-²y-§sf,C-{µn-bm-\p-̀ -§-fp-sS cq-]-̄ nÂ Im-Wn-̈ p-X-cp-¶pv. hn-cq-]am-b Nm-cp-X-bpw, £-Wn-Iam-b \n-Xy-Xbpw {]-N-Þam-b im-´-X-bpw, Z-bm-]qÀ-®am-b ZmÀ-ãy-hpw, PmK-cw sIm-Åp-¶kp-jp-]v-Xnbpw \n-Ý-eam-b th-K-hpw, tim-̀ m-b-\am-b A-Ô-Im-chpw t`m-Km-án-bm-fp-¶hn-c-ànbpw A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ n-¯-cp-¶ 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' F-¶ Ihn-X _p-²nbpwIm-gv-v-̈ bpw A-\p-̀ -hhpw D-d-¨ H-cp I-hn-t¡ c-Nn-¡m-\mhq. au-\-¯n-\v ]n-¶n-se B-bn-cw\m-hp I-s-¯m\m-b I-hn I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-̈ {In-bmw-i-§-sfÃmw ]-c-kv]-c-ssh-cp-²y-ap-Å-h-sb-¶v {]-Y-a-Zrãym tXm-¶n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw A-\p-̀ -h-¯nÂ A-Xv tIh-ew I-hnI-ev-]-\-b-sÃ-¶v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-h-bp-amWv. C-Xn-sâ Xp-SÀ-̈ -bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-̀ m-K-̄ nse 'I-q Rm³ \n-s¶ a-d-bmÀ-¶ \-átX" F-¶ hen-t]m-epw. 'a-d-bmÀ-¶\-áZ'. C-hn-sS a-d-bv-¡v I-hnX-s¶ 'thZw' F-¶v AÀ-°w tc-J-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶pv.

BÀ-j-̀ m-h-\-bp-sS N-{I-hm-f-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t¨-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ s]m-Xp-t] A-\m-hr-X-am-Ip-¶Xv. 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-Å au\w' Cu-sbm-cp A-̀ n-{]-bm-¯n-\v A-]-hm-ZaÃ.ùXn-I Po-hn-X-̄ n-\-Xo-X-am-b km-cw a-\p-jy³ I-s-t¯--Xpv. B Po-hn-X-km-c-am-I-s«, ù-Xn-Im-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-sS a-dp-X-e-¡Â \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xp-amWv. A-Xp I-s-¯n A-\p-̀ -hn¡p-I A-t§b-äw {]-bm-k-I-c-amWv. B-Xy-ń-I-am-bn A-ssZz-X-]mTw {]-kw-Kn-¡p-¶Cu {]-]-©-I-em-e-b-¯n-se H-cp hn-ZymÀ-°n-bmbpw H-cp Xp-Ñ-km-a{Kn am-{X-ambpw X-s¶Im-Wp-I-bm-Wv I-hn sN-¿p-¶Xv. H-cp X-cw B-ß-hy-Y-bp-sS a-[p-c-\mZw Cu I-hn-X-bnÂI-s-¯m-\m-hpw.

I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-¯n-sâ A-h-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ tUm. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv D-]-ZÀ-in¡p-t]m-se \m-hnI-sâ au-\w tbm-K-km-[-\-bm-bn-cn-t¡ au-\-¯n-sâ \m-hv Im-hy km-[-\-bm-bnhy-hÀ-̄ n-¨p-\nÂ-¡p¶p. Cu hym-hÀ¯-\w hf-sc {]-[m-\-amWv. B-[p\n-I \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ ]-Þn-X-am-\n-Xb¡v Cu hym-hÀ¯-\w ]n-Sn-In-«n-bn-«n-sÃ-¶v A-go-t¡m-Sv A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.



kvam-cIw

ho-cm³-Ip«n

1. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d-¡m-¯ hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-Ww F-¶v I-hn A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Imc-Ww F´v?

D. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-¡v Nn-d-Ip-I-fnÃ. tZ-im´-cw hn-[n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-anÃ. ]-d-¡m³ kz- -́am-bnB-Im-iw t]m-ep-anÃ. F-¶n«pw H-cp h³-a-c-¯n-sâ hn¯pw t]-dn A-Xp ]-d-¡p-¶p F-¶-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d-¡-en-s\ I-hn hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-WwF-¶p A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Im-cWw.

2. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn-¡v A-dn-bm-¯ Ihn-X F-¶v I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n¨-Xv F-ń-s\-bmWv?

D. H-cp Ip-ªn-s\ F-¶-t]m-se H-cp hn-¯n-s\ a-Sn-bnÂ-h-¨m-Wv A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn ]-d-¡p-¶Xv.B hn-¯nÂ \n-¶p h-fÀ-¶p-h-t¶-¡m-hp-¶ a-c-¯n-sâ X-W-en-s\-¡p-dnt¨m A-Xn-\pIo-sg H-cmÄ h-¶v C-f-thÂ¡pw F-¶ kz-]v-\-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m A-dn-bnÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv A-̧ q-¸³-Xm-Sn-¡v A-dn-bm-¯ I-hn-X-bm-bn I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. A-̧ q-̧ ³-XmSn-tbm-Sv \mw Im-Wn-¡p-¶ Icp-W F-́ mWv?

D. A-dn-hnÃm-bv-a-bp-sS `m-c-¡pd-hv ap-X-se-Sp-̄ v A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn ]-d-¡p-¶pv. ]-d-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-Xn-s\ \mw ]-£n F-¶p hn-fn-¡p-¶nÃ. C-Xm-Wv \mw A-¸q-̧ ³-XmSn-tbm-Sv Im-Wn-¡p-¶ I-cpW.

4. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶nS-¯v \m-sf D-bÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ kv-amc-Iw F-¶p hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¨-Xv F-ńs\?

D. A-̧ q-̧ ³-Xm-Sn a-Sn-bnÂ t]-dn ]-d-¡p-¶ hn-̄ nÂ \n-¶v \m-sf h-fÀ-t¶-¡m-hp-¶ a-c-s¯-bm-Wv kv-amc-Iw F-¶p I-hn hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Zn-hy-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ \n-g-enÂ

BÀ. cm-a-N-{µ³

1. "Zn-hy-Zpx-J-¯n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ I-hn A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p¶-Xv Bsc?

D. A-Ô-Im-chpw \n-È-Ð-Xbpw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-t¡ I-c-fn-se iym-a-hÀ-®am-b Zpx-J-kXywsIm-v X-s¶ Np-än \n-ev-¡p-¶ hn-iz-\m-b-I-s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶Xv.G-Im- -́¯nÂ X-sâ Iq-sS hn-iz-\m-b-I-km-¶n[yw D-s-¶ A-dn-hmWv I-hnsb CuA-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\-bv-¡v t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

2. hn-iz-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. A-\m-Zn-Xy-´³ (Xp-S-¡hpw H-Sp-¡hpw CÃm-¯-h³) a-c-W-̀ -b-̄ mÂ tN-cp-¶ Pohn-Xkv-t\-l-̄ n-sâ am-[pcyw A-dn-bm-t¯m³, ]pÀ-W-Im-a³, kz-]v-\-̀ q-an-bnÂ \r-¯w sN-¿p-¶ ap-Kv-² ku-µ-cy-s¯ \n-\-bv-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯-h³ F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv I-hn hn-iz-\m-bI-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. "\o tIÄ-̧ -XnÃtÃm

\n³-]-Z-²z-\n t]m-epw!

\o Im¬-a-XnÃtÃm



\n³ \ngÂ-t]mepw!" þ k-µÀ-̀ hpw km-c-kyhpw hy-à-am¡p-I.

D. 'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-¯n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ BÀ.cm-a-N-{µ³ G-Im- -́X-bnÂ X-\n-¡p-Npäpw \n-g-en-̈ iym-a-hÀ-®-amÀ-¶ Zpx-J-¯nÂ k-Xy-s¯ XoÀ-¯ hn-iz-\m-bI-s\A-̀ nkw-t_m-[-\-sN-¿p¶p. kz-]v-\-̀ q-an-bnÂ \r-¯w h-bv-¡p-¶ ap-Kv-²-ku-µ-cy-s¯bpwa-c-W-̀ o-Xn-bm-ep-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶ Po-hn-X-kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ am-[p-cyhpw A-dn-bm-\m-hm-¯h³.B-sc-bm-Wv, F-§-s\-bm-Wv kv-t\-ln-¡p-Ibpw sh-dp-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I F-¶v I-hnA-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. kz-´w ]-Z-[z\n-t]mepw tIÄ¡mt\m kz-´w \ngÂ-t]mepwImWmt\m I-gn-bm-¯h³, kz-cq-]-¯nÂ \n-¶p A-I-em-\m-hm-sX {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶h³.A-hn-sS¯-s¶ \o-dn-\o-dn-s¡m-v I-gn-ªp-Iq-S-¶h³. \nXy-X G-Ip-¶ G-Im- -́X-bnÂC-cn-¡p-¶h³. Zn-hy-am-b Zpx-Jw t]-dp-¶h-sâ A-h-Ø BÀ. cm-a-N-{µ³ ]-IÀ-¯n-sh-bv-¡p-¶-X-mWv Cu h-cn-I-fp-sS k-µÀ-̀ w.

4. "B-ß-hn-kv-ar-Xn-tX-Sn

\o \-S-¯p-an-ÊÀ-K-eo-e-bnÂ

\n-¶-gÂ \n-g-en-t¡

lm! ]-gn-̧ q Rm³ \ns¶!"

D. BÀ. cm-a-N-{µsâ 'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ \n-g-enÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X, A-Xp-eyhpw A-\p-]-a-hpam-bkÀ-K-eo-e-bv-¡m-bn hn-iz-\m-b-I³ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ B-ß-]oU-sb A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv. \n-Xy-X-bp-sS G-Im- -́X-bnÂ H-tc C-cn-¸n-\v X-¿m-sd-Sp¯ tem-I-\m-Y³ k-ln-¡p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä H-cÀ-°-¯nÂ \-ap-¡v {K-ln-¡m³ t]m-ep-am-Im-¯-h-bmWv. hn-iz-\m-bI-sâ A-{i-ayamb tcm-Z-\-am-Wv Im-ew D-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpw. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ G-sd I-cm-fam-b Zpx-J-am-Wv B-Im-iw B-ß-hn-kv-Xr-Xn tX-Sn A-t±-lw \-S-¯p-¶kÀ-K-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ (eo-e F-¶ ]-Z-am-Wv G-sd {]-tbm-KmÀ-l-X-bpÅ-Xv). X-sâZpx-Jw \n-g-en-̈ -Xn-\mÂ A-Xn-s\ ]-gn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. A§-s\ ]-gn-t¡-n h-¶-XnÂI-hn-¡v tJ-Z-apv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-\n-¡v am-̧ v \Â-In s]m-dp-¯p X-c-W-sa-¶v I-hn A-̀ yÀ-°-\ \-S-¯p¶p.

5. \n-È-Ð-X-bp-sS \n-Ý-e-X-Sm-I-¯nÂ I-hn Im-gv-N-sh-¡p¶-Xv F-́ mWv?

D. A-Ô-Im-chpw \n-È-Ð-Xbpw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ \n-Ý-e-X-Sm-I-¯nÂ H-cp Xm-a-c-sam-«mbn,H-cp sXmgp-ssI-bm-bn X-sâ B-ßm-hn-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶v I-hn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. B-ß-hn-kv-Xr-Xn tX-Sn hn-iz-\m-b-I³ \-S-̄ p-¶ kÀ-¤-eo-e-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Zpx-Jw \n-g-en-̈ -Xn-\mÂXm³ H-¯n-cn ]-gn¡p-I D-m-sb¶pw A-Xn-\p am-̧ p-\Â-I-W-sW¶pw I-hn B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶pv.

6. "a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{Xw' F-¶ {K-Ùw X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?

D. Fw. eo-emhXn

7. "hÀ-®-cmPn' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?

D. Fw. eo-emhXn

8. "hÀ-®-cmPn' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-ÅS-¡w F´v?

D. a-e-bm-f I-hn-X-bn-se `m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-ahpw k-hn-ti-j-em-h-Wym-\p-̀ -hhpw km-[y-am¡n-b G-Xm\pw I-hn-X-I-fp-sS c-N-\I-sf A-Sp-̄ -dn-bpI.



9. "tI-c-f I-hn-X-bn-se I-fnbpw Nn-cn-bpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-̈ Xv?

D. {]-k-¶-cmP³

10 "I-hn-Xbpw ]m-c-¼-cy-hpw' F-¶ ]T-\-{K-Ùw X-¿m-dm¡n-b Ihn?

D. F³.F³. I-¡mSv

11. "I-hn-Xbpw P-\-X-bpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?

D. k-̈ n-Zm-\µ³

12. "I-hn-X-bp-sS I-em-a-{´w' F-¶ {K-Ùw B-cp-tSXv?

D. tZ-i-awK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW³

13. "Im-hy-̀ m-j-bn-se {]-iv-\§Ä' F-¶ ]T-\-{K-Ù-̄ n-sâ F-Un-äÀ Bcv?

D. tZ-iwK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW³

]mk-©À

tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ ImeSn

1. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS I-\-I{io A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b "]m-ssekv' F-¶ B-ZyIm-hy k-am-lm-cw B-cp-tSXv?


2. "a-g-s¸m-«³' F-¶ Ihn-X F-gp-Xn-bXv?


3. tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-e-Sn-bp-sS {][m-\ I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§MÄ?

D. ]m-k©À, `q-X¡-«, an-\p¡w, a-g-s¸m«³, ]m-ssekv.

4. "H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-£n-¡-cp-Xv

Np-I-¶ lrZ-bw ho-in-¡m-Wn¨vþ

h-gn X-S-b-cp-Xv " þ h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h-£ F´v?

D. ]m-k-©À F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-W-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-sb H-cp ]m-k-©À hn-tbm-Sv D-]-an-¨v A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-hn tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-eSn. {]W-bw F-¶ ]m-k-©À h-n {]-W-b-\n-I-fp-sS t\-chpw Im-ehpw AÃ ]-e-t¸mgpw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-I. A-ev-]w ssh-In-s¨-¶mÂh-n tÌm-̧ nÂ \n-¶p t]m-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡pw. t\c-s¯ kv-tä-j-\nÂ sN-¶n-cp¶mtemH-̄ n-cn ssh-In-bm-bn-cn¡pw h-n F-¯n-t¨-cp-I. h-n h-¶mÂ Hm-Sn-̈ m-Sn-¡-b-d-cp-Xv.H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-£n-¡-cp-Xv. Np-h-¶ lrZ-bw ho-in-¡m-Wn-¨v h-n h-gn X-S-bm³ {i-an-¡-cpXv. ]m-f-̄ nÂ X-e-sh-̈ v \m-Ww-sI-Sm\pw \nÂ-¡-cpXv. H-cp Xo-h-n-bm-{X-bp-sSkp-Jhpw k-¦-Shpw {]-W-b-̀ m-h-¯n-te-¡v k-aÀ-°-am-bn B-tcm-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-hn-sSI-hn.

5. h-n-bnÂ I-b-dp-t¼mÄ ]m-en-t¡- a-cym-Z-IÄ F-s´ms¡?

D. {]-Wb-s¯ ]m-k-©À hn-tbm-Sp Xp-e-\-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-Wv³ Im-eSn']m-k©À' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ. {]-W-b-¯n-sâ `m-h-ssh-hn-[y-§Ä hf-sc an-Sp-t¡m-sSA-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ]p-eÀ-s¨ F-gp-t¶-äv hc-Ww ]m-k-©À h-n-bnÂ I-b-dn-̧ -



äm³. ¹mäp-t^m-anÂ \n¶pw Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡p-I. hn, H-cp ]-t£ ssh-In-tb-¡mw. A-XnÂsh-dpt¸m apjnthm D-m-I-cpXv. s{S-bn-\nÂ h-cp-¶-Xv I-v sh-{]m-f-hp-a-cpXv. H«pw Xn-c-¡nÃm-sX I-b-dp-I. hm-XnÂ-¡Â X-s¶ \nÂ-¡m-sX h-n-bp-sS D-Ån-te-¡p-Ån-te-¡vsNÃWw. hÃ-hcpw X-«p-Itbm ap-«p-Itbm Im-enÂ N-hn-«p-Itbm sN-bv-Xmepw X-«n-¡-b-dm³ ]m-SnÃ. B-cp tNm-Zn-̈ mepw Sn¡-äv {]-ZÀ-in-̧ n-¡-cpXv. h-n F-hn-sS \nÀ-̄ n-bmepwF-{X-t\-cw \nÀ-̄ n-bn-«mepw Xn-cn-̈ n-d-§-cp-Xv. C-Xm-Wv {]-W-b-̧ m-k-©-dnÂ I-b-dp-¶-hÀ-¡vI-hn \Â-Ip-¶ \nÀ-t±iw.

6. "Xo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te-¡v ]-d-¯n-hnSpI

]m-e-¯n-s\ I-S-en-te-¡v H-gp-¡n-hn-Sp-I' þ Cu h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS I-hn e£yw sh-¡p-¶-sX´v?

D. {]-W-b-bm-{X H-̄ n-cn-Zq-cw t]m-Ip-t¼mgpw k-Ôybpw ]n-s¶ cm-{Xnbpw B-Ipw. k-a-b-anÃm-¯ k-a-b-am-bmÂ h-n-bnÂ c-v t]À am-{X-am-hpw. ]p-g-bnÂ H-ä-¡p-Å H-cp]m-ehpw D-m-Ipw. A-t¸mÄ N-§-e h-en-̈ v h-n-\nÀ-¯Ww. F-¶n-«v ]-d-bm-\p-Å-sXÃmw]-d-bWw. tIÄ-¡m-\p-fve-Xv tIÄ-¡p-I-bpw th-Ww. FÃmw ]-d-ªpw tI«pw I-gn-ªmÂXo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te-¡v ]-d-¯nbpw ]m-e-¯n-s\ I-S-en-te-¡v H-gp-¡nbpw hn-SWw.{]-W-b-bm-{X-bnÂ P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]-c-kv-]-c-[m-c-Wbpw km-[y-am-I-W-sa-¶v I-hn kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. A-t¸m-tg N-{µ-\n-te-¡v {]-W-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-sS A-aqÀ¯ tem-I-t¯-bv-¡v N-en-¡m³ ]m-k-©-dn-\v I-gnbq.

7. {]-W-b-̄ n-sâ ]m-k-©À bm-{X-bv-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ I-p-ap-«n-tb-¡m-hp-¶ A-\p`-h-tem-I-s¯ tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Ime-Sn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-sX-§s\?

D. bm-{X G-sd sNÃp-t¼mÄ k-a-b-anÃm-¯ ka-bw B-K-X-am-Ip-sa¶pw A-t¸mÄ ]m-k-©-dnÂ c-v t]À am-{X-am-Ip-sa¶pw I-hn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Xo-h-n-sb N-{µ-\n-te¡pw ]me-s¯ I-S-en-te¡pw H-gp-¡n-hn-Sm-hp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw bm-{X {]-W-bm-Xp-c-am-bn-¯o-cpw. A-t¸mÄ]p-g-h-¡nse sdbn-temc-̄ v ko-k¬ Sn-¡-äp-I-Ä ta-ª H-cp I-fn-ho-Sp-m¡n. sIm-Sn-IÄ Io-dn D-Sp¸pw sXm-«n-ep-ap-m¡n. I-cn-¦Â-ö-fp-IÄ sIm-v I-ªnbpw I-dn-bp-ap-m-¡nbpw I-gn-bp-¶-h-cp-sS tem-I-am-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-e-Sn I-hn-Xm-ý-¯nÂ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. h¶p-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-Xpam-b Xo-hn-nI-sf Iq-In-Iq-IntXmÂ-]n-¨v Im-¡-s¯m-Åm-bn-cw Im-f-h-n-IÄ L-Sn-̧ n-̈ Ime-s¯ I-S¶p-t]m-Im³A-\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-hn-¡v \nÀ-t±-in-¡m-\p-ÅXv.

8. ]m-k-©À F-¶ I-hn-X-bv-¡v H-cm-kzm-Z-\-¡p-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.



hn.Fw. KncnP

1961-þÂ sjmÀ®q-cn-\-Sp-̄ p-ff ]cp-̄ n-{]-bnÂ P\n-̈ p. AÑ³: hS-t¡-

¸m«pa\-¡Â hmkp-tZ-h³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv. A½ Kucn A´ÀP-\w. `À¯mhv

kn.-BÀ. \oe-I-WvT³. ae-bm-f-̄ nse kmln-X-y-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ, Ah-bpsS

XcwXncn-hp-I-fnÂs¸SmsX kvss{XW-̀ m-j-bpsS kq£va-X-bnÂ Fgp-X-s -̧«-XmWv

hn.-Fw.-Kn-cn-P-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ. Fgp¯papdn-tbm, kz-́ -am-sbmcp apdntbm CÃm¯

kv{Xobp-tS-XnÂ \n¶p XpS§n hoSn-Ãm¯, kz-]v\-§Ä \jvS-s¸« \ncm-ew-_-cmb

kv{Xo Pohn-X-§-fpsS s]mf-fp¶ A\p-̀ -h-tem-I-amWv hn.-Fw.-Kn-cn-P-bpsS Ihn-X-

IÄ Bk-zm-Z-IÀ¡p-ap-¶nÂ hbv¡p-¶-Xv.

kz´w Øm\hpw CShpw \nÀ½n-s¨Sp¡m\p-ff kv{XobpsS ]cn-{i-a-̄ n\v

\qäm-p-I-fpsS ]g-¡-ap-v. ]pcp-js\ tI{µo-I-cn-̈ p-sIm-p-ff A[n-Im-c-h-y-h-

Ø-bmWv kaq-l-̄ ntâXv. kv{Xo PohnXw t\cn-Sp¶ henb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-Wn-Xv.

AXp -sImp Xs¶ ka-X-z-̄ n\pw kmaq-l-y-\o-Xn¡pw thn-bp-ff t]mcm-«-̄ nÂ

\n¶mWv kv{XohmZw F¶ Bibw DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

asäÃm taJ-e-I-fn-ep-sa-¶-t]mse Hcp kv{XobpsS ap¶nÂ kÀ¤m-ß-I-c-N-\-

¡p-ff km[-y-X-IÄ ]pcp-j\p e -̀y-am-bXp t]mse e -̀y-a-Ã. hoSnsâ, a¡-fpsS

D¯c-hm-Zn-X-z-̀ mcw Ahsf kZm-hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ temIs¯

Adn-bmt\m a\-Ên-em-¡mt\m AhÄ¡v Ah-kcw Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn-\p-I-gn-

ªmÂXs¶ {Inbm-ß-I-ambn Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Øetam ka-btam CÃ. Cu Zpc-

hØ ap¶nÂ ImWv Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bm-hm³ kz-́ -am-sbmcp apdnbpw ]Whpw

thW-sa-¶Xv k{Xo-hmZ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bm-b shÀPo-\n-bm-hqÄ^v (1882 þ 1941)

{]J-ym-]n-̈ -Xv. ]pcpj \nÀ½n-X-amb IrXn-I-fpsS t{ijvT-X-tbbpw kaqlw

Ahbv¡v \ÂIp¶ al-X-z-s¯bpw shÀPo-\n-b-hqÄ^v tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p.

kaq-l-̄ nsâ Ah-t_m-[-̄ nepw Ncn-{X-¯nepw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸« kv{Xo

I-ev]-\-Isf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv {^©v XX-z-Nn-́ -Ibpw t\mh-en-Ìp-amb

kntam¬ Z _qÆ. a\p-j-y-Ipew Xs¶ Hcp B¬k-¦-ev]-am-sW¶ \nK-a-\-̄ nÂ

AhÀ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. kv{Xobmbn Bcpw P\n-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw kmaq-l-ym-[n-Imc

{]tbm-K-§Ä Ahsf A§s\ B¡n XoÀ¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw _psÆ ]d-bp-¶p.

hmk-\bpw `mh-\bpw CÃm-̄ -Xp-sIm-Ã kml-N-c-y-§-fpsS k½À±w

sImmWv kv{Xoc-N-\-IÄ A[n-I-an-Ãm-̄ -sX¶v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w

tIc-f-̄ nse kml-N-c-y-§sf hne-bn-cp-̄ n-s¡mv ]d-bp-¶p. kv{Xosb \ni-_vZ-

bm-¡m³ X¿m-dmbn \nÂ¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI hy-hØ Ah-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-

§sf F¶pw `b-s -̧Sp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ \nc-́ cw ]n¶n-te¡p XÅm\pw \ne-hnse

k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v `b-s -̧Sp-̄ m\pw {ian¨p sImn-cp-¶p. s]®p-§Ä

ImWmsX ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§-fnÂ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP B Ncn{Xw hÀ -̄am-\-Im-e¯pw

BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv AS-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.



s]®p-§Ä ImWm¯ ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§Ä

`b-s -̧Sp-̄ nbpw kpc-£n-X-X-z-̄ nÂ kzm-X-{ýw \jvS-am-¡nbpw kaqlw

\nb-{ń¨ Pohn-X-amWv kv{Xobp-tS-Xv. GXv Ime¯pw AXn\v hy-X-y-kvX-amb òj-

Wn-IÄ GÂt¡-n-h-¶Xv Ncn-{Xw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xmb apJ-y-[m-c-

bnÂ \n¶v, A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v, CS-§-fnÂ \n¶v X{´-]qÀÆw Hgn-hm-¡nb

IÀXr-X-z-amWv kv{Xobp-tS-Xv. ag-bnepw shbn-en-epw t]mepw Ac-£n-X-Xzw Iev]n¨v

temIw kv{Xosb HXp-¡n-bn«v AhÀ ImWm¯ Adn-bm¯ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xp-am-{X-amb

Hcp temIw krjvSn-¡-s -̧«p. ]pc-j³ A[n-Im-cn-bmb kaq-l-̄ nÂ ]eXpw Adn-

bm\pw Bk-z-Zn-¡m-\p-am-hmsX kv{Xo hoÀ¸p-ap-«n. A¯-c-̄ n-ep-ff kq£va-amb

Ak-zm-X-{´-y-§-sf-bmWv hn.-Fw. KncnP s]®p-§Ä ImWm¯ ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§-fnÂ

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mÀ¡nepw \m«nse s]mXp-Ø-e-§-fnepw ]mXn-cm-t\-c-§Ä F§-s\-bm-bn-

cn¡pw F¶v Ihn AÛp-X-s -̧Sp-¶p. FÃm-hn-f-¡p-a-W-ªmÂ Cu ]mXnc ]pcp-j-

tâ-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. AhnsS F´m-bn-cn¡pw \S-¡p-I. ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bpsS

\nb-a-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. Ccp-«n-tâ-Xmb B temI-

¯nsâ NXnbpw h©-\bpw ]pcp-j-\p-am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s -̧«-XmWv F¶v Ihn ]d-

bp-¶p. Poh³ XpSn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ ]¨-̧ m-S-§-fnÂ AÀ[-cm-{Xn-bnÂ FÃm {]Xo-

£bpw hfÀ¶ ]¨-bpsS HmÀ½-IÄ¡v \ne-\nÂ¸p-m-hptam F¶v Ihn `b-s -̧Sp-

¶p. Ccp-«nsâ ad-hnÂ Imdp t]mIm¯ \mS³h-gn-IÄs¡Ãmw GtXm Xc-̄ n-ep-

ff kzm-X-{´-y-̄ nsâ Nnd-Ip-IÄ apf-̈ p-h-cpw. \ne¯phoWp ]c-s¶m-gp-Ip¶

\nemhv IpSn-¡m³ BSp¶ \ng-ep-IÄ {ian-¡pw. C§s\ ]pcp-j-tâ-Xmb cm{Xn-

Im-e-§-fnÂ \·sb Iog-S-¡m³ Xn·-bpsS cq]-̄ nÂ ]e-Xcw CS-s]-S-ep-Itfm

B{I-a-W-§tfm {]Xo-£n-¡mw. s]®p-§Ä Imep-sh-¡m¯ ]mXn-c-bp-tS-Xmb

Ip¶p-I-fnÂ F´p kw -̀hn-¡pw, F´pw kw -̀hn-¡mw. kv{XobpsS a\-ÊnÂ \n¶v

cq]w sImf-fp¶ b£n-IÄ At\-z-jn-̈ -e-bp¶ ]me-I-fnÂ At¶cw ]q¡Ä hncn-

bptam AXp sImv B\-µ-̄ n-em-Ip¶ \£-{X-am-e-IÄ BIm-i¯v \n¶v BSp-

tam. kv{Xok-zm-X-{´-y-¯nÂ Cu {]IrXn t]mepw DÕm-l-̀ -cn-X-am-¡-s¸Sp-I-bntÃ

F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

Cu ImgvN-I-sfÃmw kv{XoIÄ¡v hne-¡-s -̧«-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{´-y-t¯msS

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS EXp-t -̀Z-§-fn-te¡v k©-cn-¡m³ t]mepw kaqlw kv{Xosb A\p-h-

Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ ]pcp-j³ aZ-y-]n¨v atZm-·-̄ -\mbn IÃp-h-gn-I-fnÂ hoWp-In-

S¶v Ahsâ kzm-X-{ýw BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p. Ahsâ hmem-«n-bmbn \S-¡p¶

\mb hgn-h-¡nÂ \n¶v apc-fp-¶p. B \mb t]mepw kv{Xosb `b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p.

Cu ]mXn-cm-t\c§sfbpw AXnsâ ImgvN-I-sfbpw A\p-̀ -h-§-sfbpw F¶mhpw

Häbv¡v ImWm-\p-ff kzm-X-{´-y-ap-m-hpI F¶v Ihn Ihn-X-bnÂ BIp-e-s -̧Sp-

¶p.

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n.-F. aeb- mfwsdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-Malayala... · 2018-11-08 · ba poliical science aebmfihnx d¯cl«w (core course : mal3b03) university of calicut school