N a n o t e c h n o l o g y

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Seminar Report 2009 Nanotechnology and its applications

Dept. Of Electronics And Communication, TKMIT 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

What is nanotechnology?

The most common definition of nanotechnology is that of manipulation, observation

and measurement at a scale of less than 100 nanometers (one nanometer is one millionth of a

millimeter). However, the emergence of a multi-disciplinary field called6nanotechnology arises

from new instrumentation only recently available, and flow of public money into a great number

of techniques and relevant academic disciplines in what has been described as an arms race

between governments. Nanotechnology is really a convenient label for a variety of scientific

disciplines which serves as a way of getting money from Government budgets. The figures

involved are becoming very large; indeed this report indicates that over US$2 billion was spent

by national governments in 2002, and that these figures will be even larger in 2003. Although

the US is said to be the leader, the Japanese government is expected to spend more than the US

in 2003. It is also thought that 2002will prove to be the year when corporate funding matched or

exceeded state funds.

This is because transnational companies realize that nanotechnology is likely to

disrupt their current products and processes, and because the investment community has decided

that nanotechnology is the next bighting. Three new business alliances have recently been

formed in the US, Europe and Asia, whose sole purpose is to translate research into

economically viable products. The UK Governments Department of Trade and Industry

estimates that the market for nanotechnology applications will reach overUS$100 billion by

2005. There is now a great deal of momentum behind nanotechnology that has built up into a

force which might already struggle to incorporate the outcomes of organized public debate, or

meet well-founded public concerns, although by no means will all of the developments be

controversial many will not.

The difficulty in making predictions about the future is that R&D could still take

several different directions, and the materials and processes being developed are technology-

pushed rather than market-led. After the hype about possible applications, the first real

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nanotechnology products are starting to appear in the semiconductor industry to increase

storage densities on microchips and in the pharmaceutical industry to improve drug targeting and

diagnostic aids. Both sectors expect that in the future nanotechnology will provide a dramatic

leap forward, but that for now t

products seem relatively modest compared to the preceding hype. Other areas of future

applications appear to be within the energy sector and defense. With regard to the former, more

effective solar cells and highly efficient lighting hold promise on a ten-year time-scale. In the

latter, there is no shortage of ideas for military applications and at least two new institutions in

the US have been created expressly for the purpose of exploiting nanotechnology for military

gain. Notice that none of these applications deal with the far more distant but highly publicized

prospect of replicator robots or the so-called general assembler a nanomachine which would

produce anything desired given the right raw-materials, and which formed some of the ideas

behind Michael Crichton's novel, Prey.These applications are currently a long way off due to the

difficulties involved in engineering chemical building blocks, information management, and

systems design. The challenges are formidable but even so, two US companies are known to be

researching molecular assembly. The runaway replicator concerns (also known as the grey

goo scenario) raised by Crichtons novel are hideous, but the prospects of it remain way off, and

some experts suggest that it would be very difficult to achieve this deliberately, let alone by

accident (but see below). All of this suggests that the development of nanotechnology will go

through various different stages, and thus societal debate will need to be an ongoing process

rather than a single outcome. There will need to be continual incorporation of the insights from

such a debate into policy and product development as the prospects

Already some concerns are becoming evident. Some new materials may constitute

new classes of non-biodegradable pollutant about which we have little understanding.

Additionally, little work has been done to ascertain the possible effects of nanomaterials on

living systems, or the possibility that nanoparticles could slip past the human immune system.

Carbon nanotubes are already found in cars and some tennis rackets, but there is virtually no

environmental or toxicological data on them. Despite this, of the US$710 million being spent by

the US Government on nanotechnology, only US$500,000 is being spent on environmental

impact assessment, even though a major feature of the product pipeline is that it consists of new

materials. Current proposals at EU level on synthetic chemicals regulation are belatedly ensuring

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that a rule of no data, no market will apply to the basic information about hazardous properties

of such chemicals. Knowing the basics about the dangers of new materials is a pre-requisite for

effective environmental responsibility. From the Greenpeace perspective, this suggests that

whilst societal debate is highly desirable, it is a bit of a luxury if the same old mistakes are

being repeated by a new generation of technologists. There is no need for grand, new

mechanisms of public involvement to point out the blindingly obvious. With cause for concern,

and with the precautionary principle applied, these materials should be considered hazardous

until shown otherwise. Still other concerns are evident in the social arena that revolves around

the uses to which the new technology is put closely linked with ownership and control. One

possible dystopian future would be the shift of the control of nanotechnology towards being

driven by military needs. This report does not generally support such a prospect at present,

although military interest in nanotechnology is considerable. Alternatively, corporate control has

been flagged up by the ETC group, and this implies the pursuit of income streams from those

already possessing disposable income.

Is the future of nanotechnology then, a plaything of the already-rich? Will the much

talked about digital-divide be built upon, exacerbating the inequities present in current society

through a nano-divide? Nanotechnology can only be made available to the poor and to

developing countries if the technology remains open to use. Already a company in Toronto has

applied for patents on the carbon molecule Buckminsterfullerene. If ownership of molecules is

allowed, the nanotechnology techniques for the precise manipulation of atoms open up a whole

new terrain for private ownership. As with genetic engineering where genes have become

controlled by patents, things that were once considered universally owned could become

controlled by a few.

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CHAPTER 2

MEDICAL ERA BROUGHT BY NANO TECHNOLOGY

We can actually say good-bye to cancer diseases; hospitals no longer will plagues of

AIDS or Ebola strike the human race. Antibiotics will even decreasing effectiveness, would no

longer be staple of medical industry.

How it will be possible since diseases are caused largely by damage at molecular

level and cellular level and todays surgical tools at this scale are large and low, so with NT we

will have nano-robots which will be programmed to perform delicate surgeries.

Fig 2.1 Showing an artificial DNA structure built by nano-matters

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Autonomous molecular m/c operating in human body could monitor levels of various

compounds and store the info in internal memory. The molecular m/c can be filtered out of blood

supply and the information can be analyzed supply and the information can be analyzed. This is

very useful in diagnosis of various diseases.

It is also suggested that using NT medical diagnosis will be transformed and use of

nanorobots within body could provide a defense against invading viruses. This technology

could be used in particular application when considering immune sys. as this to combat immune

deficiency diseases live HIV/AIDS.

There is also speculation that nano-robots would show on even reverse the aging

process and life expectancy could increase significantly.

In near future we will be acquainted with notions like:

Cell Pharmacology: Delivery of drugs by medical nano-machines to exact location in the body.

Cell Surgery: Modifying cellular structures using medical nano-machines.

Ribosome: Naturally occurring molecular machine that manufactures proteins according to

instructions derived from cells genes.

Nanomedicine: Bunch of non -replicating nanorobots with a specified medical task such as

cleaning and closing a would and many more.

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Reciprocytes: Mechanical Artificial RBC: A blood borne spherical 1 Micron diamonded 1000

atm pressure vessel with active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, able to deliver

236 times more oxygen to tissues per unit volume than national red cells and to manage carbonic

acidity.

Microbivore Artificial WBC: This will destroy microbiological agent causing disease found in

human bloodstream using a digest and discharge protocol.

Fig 2.2 Showing artificial WBC.

Utility Fog: Facts formed of intelligent polymorphic substances, having typically an octet

truss. Its a simple extension of nanotechnology, based on tiny self-replicating robots. The robots

are called Foglets and the substance they form is Utility Fog.

Fig 2.3 Shows us individual foglet & then the whole Utility Fog.

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2.1 FUNCTIONING OF NANOBOTS IN MEDICAL FIELD

In medicinal field the invention of nanobots made a new face to science. In most of

the risky internal surgeries human innovations are totally removed by the introduction of

nanobots .the major surgeries like removing of cancer affected cells, removing of tumor from our

body and other internal surgeries.

Nano robots are nano machines embedded in our body performing their duties as

disciplined soldiers.

Before being sent into the body on their search on destroy mission, they have to be

programmed with a set of characteristics that let them clearly distinguish their targets from

every thing else .

Fig 2.3 Nano Robot

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As well as the International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision

in Singapore. Mr. Cavalcanti presented new approaches on electronic nanodevices applied to

nanorobots. The Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum asked Mr. Cavalcanti about advances in

nanorobotics and the perspective to have a first working hardware to build nanorobots:

Mr. Cavalcanti, how to define Nanorobotics? Cavalcanti: Nowadays you have some

well defined works under the term nanorobotics. That is important to keep in mind the

differences among them. Obviously all different approaches and related works on nanorobotics

may be considered very important indeed. We can also remember that quite often a new

discovery is the result of a set of advances in many fields, especially when you talk about

nanotechnology. One type of work established in nanorobotics is focused on nanoanipulation

with the use of Scanning Probe Microscopes, where the aim is the automation of molecular

handling and positional automation. The other kind of work and research in nanorobotics is

focused on nanorobots itself, which means really tiny nanorobot built with nanoscale devices.

The nanorobot has its own computation, sensing and actuation capabilities. In this aspect you

have basically two main questions: how to control nanorobots, and even more important how to

construct them APNF: How would one control and construct nanorobots? Cavalcanti: There is a

growing number of research into the control design of nanorobots for applications in medicine as

well as environment monitoring as you have probably seen at APNFs ISNEPP 2006 event in

Hong Kong last year. In this aspect, our team has implemented the software NCD Nanoborot

Control Design (see the article New Nanorobotic Ideas), which has not only helped in control but

also with specifications for nanorobots manufacturing designs. Obviously another very important

point for discussion is how to actually construct nanorobots. Currently, there are two kinds of

approaches: organic and inorganic nanorobots manufacturing.

APNF: When can we expect to see organic or inorganic nanorobots manufactured?

Cavalcanti: Organic nanorobots are the work on ATP and DNA based molecular machines, also

known as bionanorobots. In this case the idea is the development of ribonucleic acid and

adenosine triphosphate devices, and even the use of modified microorganisms to achieve some

kind of biomolecular computation, sensing and actuation for nanorobots. Inorganic nanorobots

development is based on tailored nanoelectronics. In comparison with bio nanorobots, it could

achieve a considerably higher complexity of integrated nanoscale components.

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For the inorganic nanorobots you have some works on how to enable its

manufacturing. One widely discussed approach is about the use of new diamonded rigid

materials, which may help towards manufacturing inorganic nanorobots. Indeed it should be very

helpful, and some important works were done to advance diamonded materials development

(see Medical Nanorobotics Feasibility). The tumor cell is the target represented by the pink

sphere. The nanorobots swim near the wall to detect cancer signals view without the red cells.

Most recently our team has alsodefined a new approach fornanorobot manufacturing, the

Nanobhis (Nano-Build HardwareIntegrated System), a quiteeffective and feasible methodology

to build the first nanorobot muchsooner than ever thought possible.Thus, the expectation is to

havethe first nanorobots in about tenyears

APNF: What is the basic concept behind Nanobhis and what makes it so effective in

building nanorobots?

Cavalcanti: The nanorobot proposed prototyping must be equipped with all the

necessary devices for monitoring the most important aspects of its operational workspace. The

approach we are proposing with Nanobhis is a feasible way for manufacturing nanodevices

which may result in a direct impact to achieve nanorobots. Nanobhis combines traditional and

new concepts for manufacturing methodologies to accomplish functional hardware for

nanorobots.

The application of new materials may enable a large range of possibilities, which may

be translated into better sensors and actuators with nanoscale sizes. We used 3D computational

simulation with integrated embedded nanodevices as a practical way to build nanorobots. For

this purpose.

IC design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision and a

commercial way for manufacturing nanoelectronics. New CMOS technology may support the

pathway as embedded components to assembly nanorobots, where the jointly use of

nanophotonic and nanotubes may even accelerate further the actual levels of resolution.

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Fig 2.4 Sensor and CPU Subsystem of a nanobot

The main parts of nanobots are a CPU and sensors. The program is done in CPU

.There are two types of sensors ,one is biosensors and another one is environmental sensors.

These two sensors will help in detecting and healing of damaged cells and other surgical

operations

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CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS IN SUPERCOMPUTERS

A technology stepping into every aspect of our lines, powerful enough to make

things easier and impossible which hitherto was unimaginable. These things include desktop

manufacturing cellular repairs, artificial intelligence, inexpensive space travel, abundant energy

and environmental restoration, ie radically changing the whole economic and political systems.

This is the Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and

systems through manipulation of miniscule matter, manipulation of matter at the atomic or

nonoscale (i.e one billionth of meter).

Assemblers will enable the construction of both molecular electronic and molecular

mechanical devices. it is to be expected that electronic effects will permit faster switching times

than do mechanical effects, permitting the construction of faster and much powerful computers.

The new supercomputer system will mean a significant leap in performance of computer

resources available for Finnish researchers. It is expected to enable new kinds of research and

increase the accuracy of current simulation models. Nanoscientists, who are the biggest users of

CSCs computing resources in terms of CPU time, will benefit the most. Researchers in Earth

Sciences, chemistry, bioinformatics and physics will notice the increase in offered capacity and

use it to their advantage. Half of the Centers of Excellence in research, nominated by the

Academy of Finland, are CSCs customers and already use one third of the computing capacity.

Says Kai Nordlund, Helsinki University Professor, vice leader of the Academy of Finland

Center of Excellence 20062011 Computational Molecular Science: One of the most rapidly

growing areas of research and product development today is nano science and -technology,

which utilizes atom-level scientific c understanding to build up new kinds of functional materials

and devices. Nano science thus relies on understanding complicated atomic interactions, and the

best way to obtain that is using massive supercomputing capability.

The new capacity will enable, for instance, studying dynamic processes in entire

nanoobjects on the quantum level, something which very few research groups yet can do

anywhere in the world. On the classical level, the new machines will greatly increase the number

of atoms that can be modeled. While currently we can simulate only some in Finland 10 million

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atoms, the current purchases will enable following dynamical events involving hundreds of

millions of atoms. This can enable simulation of entire nanoobjects and their surroundings at the

same size scale as that used in nanoscience experiments.Research professor Heikki Jrvinen

from the Finnish Meteorological Institute takes broader view of a climate modeler. He

emphasizes that the new supercomputer capacity at CSC will advance the climate research done

at his Institute and the universities research that is invaluable to support preparation of a

national climate policy and to evaluate human impact on the climate.

Climate system models supply Finnish society with information on climate change.

These models describe the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere with all their mutual interactions,

making them computationally and expert- wise very demanding. The need for computational

resources increases in pace with the higher resolution, which is necessary for modeling of local

and short-term weather extremes says Jrvinen. scale as that used in nanoscience experiments.

Research professor Heikki Jrvinen from the Finnish Meteorological Institute takes a broader

view of a climate modeler. He emphasizes that the new supercomputer capacity at CSC will

advance the climate research done at his Institute and the universities research that is

invaluable to support preparation of a national climate policy and to evaluate human impact on

the climate.

Climate system models supply Finnish society with information on climate change.

These models describe the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere with all their mutual interactions,

making them computationally and expert- wise very demanding. The need for computational

resources increases in pace with the higher resolution, which is necessary for modeling of local

and short-term weather extremes says Jrvinen.

The main component of supercomputer are nanotubes .Nano tubes are tiny tubes of

carbon about 10,000 times thinner than human hair. These consist of rolled up sheets of multi

layer carbon atoms in hexagon shape they conduct electricity better than copper and are more

stronger than steel wire .Nanotubes are explained below with diagrams .Carbon nanotubes have

outstanding properties in a wide range of ways, if they are perfect in atomic structure.

It has now become clear that they hardly ever are. Recent research has clarified how

imperfections affect the properties of nanotubes and shown that sometimes the effects may be

beneficial in fact..

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CHAPTER 4

NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes, sometimes also called bucky tubes, are very long cylindricalmolecules composed of pure carbon. Their structure can be easily understood by imagining

rolling up a honeycomb-structured 2-dimensional network from the bonds between carbon

atoms. If one then wraps a rectangle of this network on itself so that the bonds on both sides

match perfectly, a carbon nanotube is obtained. In a perfect nanotube, all carbon atoms thus have

exactly 3 bonds, and all rings in the network are hexagons formed by atoms and bonds. The

name nanotube stems from the observation that a single isolated tube is typically only a few

nanometers in diameter.

On the other hand, it may be micrometers long (the reported world record is 4 cm for

a single tube), giving it a huge ratio between length and diameter. But nanotubes need not have

only a single wall; in fact it is much easier to manufacture multi-walled tubes where several

tubes are inside each other, sharing a common central axis.

Fig 4.1 Multi Walled Tubes in Nanotubes

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4.1 Huge technology and research interest on nanotubes

Since the existence of nanotubes became widely known quite recently, in 1991, a

huge research and technology interest about them has emerged. This is because they at least in

principle have outstanding and unique properties from the point of view of a wide range ofdisciplines. For electrical engineers, it is of interest that they are known to have a current

carrying capacity per cross-section area surpassing that of common metals by several orders of

magnitude. From a mechanics point of view, it is interesting to know that they are the strongest

material known in terms of several different definitions of elastical and engineering strength.

Quantum physicists are excited by the electrical conductance properties of a nanotube: a single

tube is very close to an ideal one-dimensional conductor, allowing for testing fundamental

theories of conductivity.

Physicists are excited by the electrical conductance properties of a nanotube: a single

tube is very close to an ideal one-dimensional conductor, allowing for testing fundamental

theories of conductivity.

In chemistry, the challenge of attaching molecules to the seemingly chemically inert

sides of the tube has activated much research interest. From a biosciences point of view,

nanotubes have potential to be sensors for complex molecules. In medicine, the geometrical

similarity of the nanotubes to long asbestos fibres has raised concerns about the potential health

hazards of nanotubes. Fortunately the first results indicate that while nanotubes are not entirely

harmless, they are much less dangerous than their fibre counterparts.

Why do simulation scientists like nanotubes?

Carbon nanotubes are in many respects very well suited for computational research.

Since the basic bonding structure is similar to that of well-known graphite, several simulation

models developed for traditional carbon are directly transferable to nanotubes. Moreover, since

the nanotubes are limited in size in two dimensions, but very long in the third one, one can

simulate a segment of a long nanotube with relatively few atoms by employing periodic

(boundary-wrapping) boundary conditions in the length direction. Considering that a typical

nanotube has of the order of 100 atoms/nanometer in the length direction, and that in a classical

simulation model it is quite easy nowadays to simulate something like a million atoms, one can

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estimate that it is perfectly possible to model every single atom in a 10 micrometer long

nanotube. Even in the quantum mechanical models, which can handle only a few hundred atoms,

it is possible to simulate a few nanometer segment of a nanotube, which is often enough to study

the electrical properties of nanotubes.

Fig 4.2 Examples of a few simple defects in nanotubes

Imperfections make things more complicated but also more interesting

Most of the original theories of carbon nanotubes assumed that they are perfect in

their atomic structure, i.e. have no exceptions to the honeycomb network described above.

However, if they are defective, already a simple scientifically informed deduction reveals that

things may change dramatically from the simple theories.

Consider for instance the case of a single missing atom in the nanotube network. It is

easy to imagine this weakens the tube locally, but since a chain is only as strong as its weakest

link, this can reduce the strength of the entire nanotube. While defects are well known to act as

electron scatterers, a missing atom can reduce the electrical conductance of the tube. Also, the

unsaturated chemical bonds surrounding the missing atom make the defect site more chemically

reactive. Due to such reasons, much research interest has recently been directed at understanding

the role of defects in carbon nanotubes. Scientists in the Helsinki region have been at the

forefront of this work. Computational and experimental research has shown that all of the

educated guesses described in the previous paragraph are in fact true, although the effects of

defects are not always adverse. Most importantly, the systematic research work has given

quantitative values on how sensitive the tubes are to the defects.

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4.2 Defects in nanotubes

Computational studies have shown that missing atoms weaken the strength a single

nanotube. On the other hand, in multi-walled nanotubes the opposite effect may occur: after

reconstruction defects can in fact strengthen the tubes by introducing strong covalent bondsbetween the individual shells of the tubes. At best, this effect may strengthen the structure by

more than an order of magnitude, clearly exceeding the weakening due to missing atoms

In experiments the electrical conductance properties have also been shown to be very sensitive to

the presence of defects. Even a few defects per micrometer affect the tube resistance

significantly. The effect grows exponentially with tube length. This means that on the one hand

the resistivity of the tube may be tuned by introducing defects e.g. with ion irradiation. On the

other hand, it also implies that very high quality tubes are needed to realize the ideal conductance

properties. The reactivity of defects in the tubes has in computational studies been shown to have

several interesting consequences. In the presence of hydrogen the dangling bonds easily saturate

with a H atom, making the bond chemically inert. On the other hand, also oxygen may easily

bind to the unsaturated bond, but this structure remains chemically active, which may lead to a

chain reaction eventually unraveling the entire nanotube.

Defects can result in a high-pressure vessel

Very recent experiments and simulations have shown that defects in nanotubes can be

utilized to make the tube act as a high-pressure vessel. A pair of missing atoms in the tube (such

as the hole shown on the magazine cover) have a special ability to shrink the entire tube locally.

It further turns out that in large concentrations missing atoms can also recombine with each other

to preserve the overall structure of the tube. If some other material has been placed in the

interior of the tube, this shrinkage process will cause a high compressive pressure on the inside.

This effect can be strong enough to deform and even break hard metals inside the tube. It is a

dramatic demonstration that the carbon-carbon bonds in the tube are stronger than metals.

Nanotubes provide a good example of how basic R&D can take off into full-scale

market application in one specific area. Described as the most important material in

nanotechnology today(Holister, 2002),nanotubes are a new material withremarkable tensile

strength. Indeed, takingcurrent technical barriers into account,nanotube-based material is

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anticipated tobecome 50100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth of the weight (Anton et al.,

2001). This development would dwarf theimprovements that carbon fibres brought to

composites. Harry Kroto, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of C60

Buckminsterfullerene, states that such advances will take a long, long timeto achieve (2010

Nanospace Odyssey lecture, Queen Mary University, 6 Jan 2003), the first applications of

nanotubes being in composite development. However, if such technologies do eventually arrive,

the results will be awesome: they will be equivalent to James Watts invention of the

condenser, a development that kick-started the industrial revolution. The concept of the space

elevator serves as a good illustration of the kind of visionary thinking that recent nanotube

development has inspired. The idea of a lift to the stars is not itself particularly new: a Russian

engineer, Yuri Artutanov, penned the idea of an elevator perhaps powered by a n laser that

could quietly transport payloads and people to a space platform as early as1960 (cited in

Cowen 2002). However, such ideas have always been hampered by the lack of material strength

necessary to make the cable attachment. The nanotube may be the key to overcoming this

longstanding obstacle, making the space elevator a reality in just 15 years time (Cowen, 2002).

This development, though, will rely on the successful incorporation of nanotubes into fibres or

ribbons and successfully avoiding the effect of copper wires.

Fig 4.3

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CHAPTER 5

MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEM (MEMS)

What is MEMS?

MEMS stands for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems. MEMS techniques allow both

electronic circuits and mechanical devices to be manufactured on a silicon chip, similar to the

process used for integrated circuits. This allows the construction of items such as sensor chips

with built-in electronics that are a fraction of the size that was previously possible. The photo

below shows an optical displacement sensor built with MEMS that can be used as an

accelerometer. MEMS Integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on

a common silicon substrate through micro fabrication technology. MEMS the micromechanical

components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining" processes that selectively etch

away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the mechanical and

electromechanical devices.

Fig 5.1 Nano Mechanical Gear Assembly

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CHAPTER 6

Nanotechnology & International Security

The possible applications of Nanotechnology to advanced weaponry are fertile

ground for fantasy. It is obvious that 3-D assembly of nano- structures in bulk can yield much

better versions of most conventional weapons e.g. guns can be made lighter, easy more

ammunition, fire self guided bullets, incorporate multispectral gun sights or even fire themselves

when an enemy is detected.

Aerospace hardware would be far lighter and higher performance, built with minimal

or no metal, it would be such harder to spot radar. Embedded computer would allow remote

activation of any weapon and more compact power handling would allow greatly improved

robotics. Nuclear weapons can be credited to prevent major wars since their inventions. Nuclear

weapons have high long term cost of use that would be much lower with nanotech weapons.

Nuclear weapons require massive research effort and industrial development, which can be

tracked more easily than nanotech weapons. Greater uncertainty of capabilities of the adversary

less response time to an attack and better targeted destruction of enemys resources during an

attack all make nanotech arm races less stable. Nanotech weapons would be extremely powerful

and could lead to a dangerously to an arm race. Also unless nanotech is tightly controlled the

number of nanotech nations in the world could be such higher than the number of nuclear nationsincreasing the chance of a regional conflict blowing.

6.1 Nanotechnology and Environment :

Nano technology has the potential to substantially benefit environment through

pollution prevention, treatment and remediation. Auborne nano robots can be programmed to

rebuild the removed from water sources and oil spills can be cleaned up instantly. Our

dependence an non-renewable sources would diminish with nano-technology. Many resources

can be developed by nano-machines.

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Fig 6.1 Nanotectnology making transportation easy.

However use of NT is scaled up emissions to environment may also increase and perhaps a

whole new class of toxins or other environment problems may be created.

6.2 Basis of Economy: A Strong possibility:

The purchaser of manufactured product today is paying for its design, raw materials,

the labour and capital of manufacturing, transportations storage and sales. If nano-factories can

produce a wide variety of product when and where they are wanted most of this efforts will

become unnecessary.

6.3Environmental concerns

The potential impact of nano structured particles and devices on the environment is

perhaps the most high profile of contemporary concerns. Quantum dots, nano particles, and other

throwaway nano devices may constitute whole new classes of non-biodegradable pollutants that

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scientists have very little understanding of. Essentially, most nanoparticles produced today are

mini-versions of particles that have been produced for a long time. Thus, the larger (micro)

versions have undergone testing, while their smaller (nano) counterparts have not (ETC Group,

2002a). For example, Vicki Colvin, Executive Director of Rice Universitys Centre for

Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) has recently postulated that

nanomaterials provide a large and active surface for adsorbing smaller contaminants, such as

cadmium and organics. Thus, like naturally occurring colloids, they could provide an avenue for

rapid and long-range transport of waste in underground water (cited in Colvin, 2002).

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

y Nano-structuring is expected to bring about lighter, stronger and programmable materials.y It is not impossible to have devices that can convert house hold waste into fresh food,

diamond rings or antique works of art.

y In medical field we will have microscopic robots floating in our blood streams fightingagainst cancer cells, AIDS HIV virus, genetic disorders or even ageing.

y We can create pollution free environment by having automatic clean up systems ofexisting pollutants.

y Many extinct plants and animals can be studied and even reintroduced.y Some of the novel inventions like airplanes, space crafts and other transport made from

lightweight material are possible with nano techniques.

y Computers billions of times faster and with massive memory but with miniscale storagedevices

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CHAPTER 8

DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLGY

y Nanotech particles will penetrate living cells and accumulate in animal organs, and canperhaps enter the food chain.

y There is no regulatory body dedicated to check this potent and powerful invasiony Their impact on environment is unknown. e.g. Nanotubes of carbon use gallium &

arsenic and minute traces of gallium arsenide in the body could prove toxic.

y Changes in the proteins due to the presence of nano particles in the blood stream couldtrigger dangerous effects like blood clotting

y A whole new class of toxins or the environmental problems may be created due tonanotechnology.

y Reaction of humans and existing environment to these nanoparticles and nanobots andtheir acceptance is not known

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CHPTER 9

CONCLUSION

Thus, what we are seeing is the segment of a revolution caused by our ability to work

on same scale as nature, Nano-technology will afford every aspect of our lives from the

medicines we use power of our computers the energy supplies we require, the food we eat, the

cars we drive, the building we live in, the clothes we wear.

Nanotechnology with all its challenges and opportunities is an unavoidable part of our

future. The researches are filled with optimums and products are filled with optimum and

products based on this technology are beginning to make their mark.

The extent to which non-technology will impact our lives only depends on times of

human in genuinely. Humanity will be faced with a power accelerated social reduction as a result

of nano-technology.

More powerful industrial revolution capable of bringing wealth, health and education

to every person on this planet is just around the corner. Along with the development of

nanotechnology comes the necessary to develop reasonable guidelines procedures and laws in

order to protect humanity from new forms of terror, runaway inanities misuse of

technologies.

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CHAPTER 10

BIBLOGRAPHY

Text books

Nanotechnology -Briuce Venesuwla Applications in nano science -Richard Dev Introduction to nanotechnology .richard feymanns biography - K.Eric.Drexle Nano-self replicatng systems and low cost manufacturing - Ralph C Merkle Nanotechnology: Looking Beyond the Good News.- Eurek Alert

Web sites

www.wikipedia.com www.nanotechweb.com http://www.etcgroup.org/documen ts/nanopatents geno.rtf.pdf http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/Comm_NanoMat_July02.pdf http://www.dti.gov.uk/innovation/nanotechnologyreport.pdf http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/Ecophagy.html http://www.nano.org.uk/nanocom http://www.nano.org.uk/nanocomposites_review.pdf http://www.isis.org.uk/nanotechnology.php http://nanotechweb.org/articles/column/1/11/1/1

Documents

N a n o t e c h n o l o g y