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mZig: Enabling Multi-Packet Reception in ZigBee
Linghe Kong, Xue LiuMcGill University
2015-09-08
MobiCom 2015MobiCom 2015
MotivationMotivationMotivationMotivation11
PreliminaryPreliminaryPreliminaryPreliminary22
DesignDesignDesignDesign33
ImplementationImplementationImplementationImplementation44
Performance EvaluationPerformance EvaluationPerformance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
MotivationMotivation MotivationMotivation11
22
33
44
55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
ZigBee CommunicationZigBee Communication
• Standard: IEEE 802.15.4• Applications: Sensor networks; Smart homes;
Internet of things; Industrial control; ......
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Convergcast in ZigBeeConvergcast in ZigBee
Tree topology Cluster topology
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5
Collision ProblemCollision Problem
Collision
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Related WorkRelated Work
Collision AvoidanceCollision Avoidance
CSMA/CA[JSAC'04,ToN'08] RTS-CTS[AHNet'03]
backoff, hidden terminal latency
Collision ResolutionCollision ResolutionAnalog NC[SigComm'07], XORs[SigComm'06], Full Duplex[MobiCom'11]
Constructive Interference [IPSN'11, NDS
I'13, TPDS'15]
ZigZag[SigComm'08]
partial known info same content retransmission required
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11
PreliminaryPreliminary PreliminaryPreliminary22
33
44
55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
ZigBee SpecificationZigBee Specification
FrequencyFrequency CoverageCoverage Data RateData Rate # of Chan# of Channelsnels
Rx SensitiRx Sensitibitybity ModulationModulation
2.4GHz World 250kbps 16 -85dBm O-QPSK
868MHz Europe 20kbps 1 -92dBm BPSK
915MHz USA 40kbps 10 -92dBm BPSK
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3
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Baseband Signal in ZigBeeBaseband Signal in ZigBee
Half chip offset 0.5μs
Chip = 1Chip = 0
Duration of one chip 1μs
1 0 1 1
111
0 0
0 00
I Phase
Q Phase
Amplitude
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3
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5
Features of ZigBee ChipsFeatures of ZigBee Chips• Oversampling: sampling rate of recent ADCs
(at RX side) is much higher than 2MHz.
• Known shaping: half-sine.
• Uniform amplitude: O-QPSK, no ASK or QAM.
How to leverage these features to design mZig?
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Chip = 1
Am
plit
ude
Time
0
Chip = 0
0 2μs1μs
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22
DesignDesign DesignDesign33
44
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Table of ContentsTable of Contents
A Novel Technique: mZigA Novel Technique: mZig
Alice
Bob
RX
1 chip
Sign
alSi
gnal
Time
Time
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• mZig leverages the physical layer features and decomposes a multi-packet collision directly.
• Example: a two-packet collision.
Two Categories of CollisionsTwo Categories of Collisions
• with chip-level time offset (w/ CTO)
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Chip-level time offset
Alice
Bob
Packet-level time offset Packet-level time offset
No chip-level time offset
1 chip
• without chip-level time offset (w/o CTO)
CrossICCrossIC
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Packet from Bob
Chip-level time offset
Packet from Alice
RX
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CrossICCrossIC
Alice
Bob
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
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CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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Collision-free samples
Step I: Extract collision-free samples
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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2
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Estimated samples
Step II: Estimate samples to form a whole chip
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
1
2
3
4
5New collision-free samples
Substract the estimated chip from the collision
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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2
3
4
5
Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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2
3
4
5
Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
1
2
3
4
5
Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
1
2
3
4
5
Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
CrossICCrossIC
RX
• Cross Interference Cancellation (CrossIC) for collision w/ CTO.
Alice
Bob
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2
3
4
5
Repeat the extraction and estimation steps
AmpCoDAmpCoD
• Amplitude Combination based Decomposition (AmpCoD) for collision w/o CTO.
Packet from Bob
No chip-level time offset
Packet from AliceAssume Assume α>βα>β
L1 α+β
L2 α-β
L3 -α+β
L4 -α-βLevel L1 L2 L3 L4AliceBob
11
1 0 010 0
L400
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Core DesignCore Design
CrossICCrossIC AmpCoDAmpCoD
Design EnhancementDesign Enhancement
Time Offset DetectionTime Offset Detection Anti-NoiseAnti-Noise
Multipath FilterMultipath Filter Frequency Offset ComFrequency Offset Compensationpensation
ScopeScope
mm-Packet Collision-Packet Collision Bluetooth & WiFiBluetooth & WiFi
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ImplementationImplementation ImplementationImplementation44
55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
RX PHY: ZigBee v.s. mZigRX PHY: ZigBee v.s. mZig
Demodulation
Down-sampling
ADC
RX
Despread
Radio Front-endDmZig
………
M p
aral
lel l
ines
DemodulationDown-
sampling ADC
RX
DespreadRadio
Front-end
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DmZig ModuleDmZig ModuleStart
End
Collision?
CrossIC
CTO?
AmpCoD
Separated?
CrossIC
AmpCoD
Output: Collided original
sequence of samples
Output: Collision-free
original sequence of samples
Output: Collision-free m
sequences of samples
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Hybrid
Input: Baseband samples
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TestbedTestbed
• RX: USRP X310 + PC
• TX: USRP B210*6 + Laptop*6 + iRobots*6
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Experiment SettingExperiment Setting
ConfigurationConfiguration
Sampling rate: 32Msps
TX power: 0dB (1mW)
Channel selection: 26
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FieldField
7.5m×6.8m office
MetricsMetrics
Bit Error Rate (BER)
Throughput
Compared withCompared with
ZigBee
ZigZag
BER: Different Sampling RatesBER: Different Sampling Rates 1
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Reference
BER: Different TechniquesBER: Different Techniques 1
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Reference
Throughput: Different TechniquesThroughput: Different Techniques 1
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Throughput: Different TechniquesThroughput: Different Techniques 1
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4.5X
1X
Throughput: Static v.s. MobileThroughput: Static v.s. Mobile 1
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ConclusionConclusion
• We design mZig, a novel RX design to enable multi-packet reception in ZigBee. Theoritcally, the maximal concurrent transmissions is m=S/2C.
• We implement mZig on USRPs. In our testbed, the throughput of mZig achieves 4.5x of ZigBee with four or more TXs.
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40
Backup
PHY in ZigBee
bits
Modulation DAC
chips
1001Demodulation
Down-sampling ADC
TX
RX
chips
1001Spread
PulseShaping
bits
DespreadRadio
Front-end
Radio Front-end
Time Offset Detection
Anti-Noise Design
• For CrossIC
• For AmpCoD
Multipath Filter
• Channel estimation is required to estimate the impulse responses of multipath.
• Multipath effect is filtered chip-by-chip.
Impulse response of multipath
*=
Estimated chip
Frequency Offset Compensation
• Channel estimation is also required to estimate the frequency offset.
• Compensate the frequency offset chip-by-chip.
I
Q
I
Q
Alice Bob
Scope
mm-Packet Collision in Zi-Packet Collision in ZigBeegBee
BluetoothBluetooth
WiFiWiFi
MAC for mZig
• The conventional MAC for ZigBee cannot be applied directly:– CSMA/CA– ACK
RX m TXs
m concurrent packets
mACK
mZig start
CSMA disable
Simulation
Impact of CTO Impact of SNR
Simulation (cont)
Multipath Filter Freq. Compensation