mypptongis-120908073451-phpapp01.pptx

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PRESENTATION

ONGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO:SUBMITTED BY:- Dr Swagaa "#os#

Gis and Spatial Planning S#auriya

B.plan(201-1!"

A1#$100

SESSION 201-1!




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CONTENTS

Geographical Information System

GIS Capabilities

The Need For GIS

Components of GIS

Cross Disciplinary Nature of GIS

Creating GIS

How to combine Geographical Information

How Does GIS Wors

Information is organi!ed into layers"

Why Is GIS #ni$ue

Top %ene&ts 'f GIS

GIS (pplications



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Introduction To Geographical Information System

Geo:- )(*TH

Geography:- Study of earth and where things are+

Information:- For capturing, managing, analy!ing and understanding Information+

System:- ( set of Software, hardware and Data+

Geographical Information System -GIS. is a computerbased information system used to %&'&all) *+p*+,+nand analy!e the '+'*ap&/ +a*+, p*+,+n on theEa*, ,*a/+ an% + +3+n, a a4&n' pla/+ n &.

Geographic Information Systems pro/ide a method forintegrating and analy!ing ,pa&al -digital map based.information such as 0where is the nearest mo/ie theater10

(longside related non2spatial information -what mo/iesare playing there1.+

3any people are becoming far more a5&l&a* with seeingthe results both te4tually 2 for e4ample when their phoneshows them the nearest pub 2 and on open map systemssuch as Google 3aps+



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The real world has a lot of spatial data manipulation, analysis and modeling can be e5ecti/e

and e6ciently carried out with a GIS the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house location of historical sites to /isit

The earth surface is a limited resource rational decisions on space utili!ation fast and $uality information in decision maing

The Need For GIS:

( woring Geographic Information Systemseamlessly integrates &/e ey components"

Components of GIS:-



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Hardare:-

' Computer' Digiti!er' Scanner' 7rinter87lotter

Softare :-

GIS software pro/ides the functions and tools needed to store, analy!e, and display geographicinformation+ T+ 6+) /5pn+n, GIS S7a*+ a*+:-

Tl, for entering and manipulating geographicinformation such as addresses or political boundaries

( database management system -D%3S. Tl, a /*+a+ &n+ll&'+n %&'&al 5ap, you can

analy!e, $uery for more information, or print forpresentation

(n easy2to2use graphical user interface -G#I."ata:-

GIS incorporates geographical features with tabulardata in order to map, analy!e, and assess real2worldproblems+

Data that is in some way *++*+n/+% l/a&n, n+ +a*+ (ttribute data can be generally de&ned asadditional information about each of the ,pa&al+a*+,.

Geographic data and related tabular data can beproduced by digiti!ing images from aerial photographsor published maps+

(n +8a5pl+ of this would be college+ The actuallocation of the College is the spatial data+

(dditional data such as the College name,speciali!ation, capacity would mae up the attributedata+

C#OSS-"ISCI$%IN&#'

N&T(#E OF GIS




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)* "igital +apping:-

. If you want to use already e4isted maps which are not indigital form, but in a form that can be recogni!ed bycomputer can be used in GIS by con/erting them intoDigital form so that they can be used+

. 3aps can be digiti!ed by hand2tracing with a computermouse on the screen or on a digiti!ing tablet to collectthe coordinates of features+

. )lectronic scanners can also con/ert maps to digits+

,* $hotogrammetry :-

7hotogrammetry is art, science, and technology ofobtaining the geometric properties -of shape, si!e,relati/e position of &gures, and the properties ofspace.of ob:ects from photographic images+7hotogrammetry is as old as modern photography+

* Sur.eying :-

S*3+)&n' or lan% ,*3+)&n' is the techni$ue,profession, and science of accurately %++*5&n&n' +*++-%&5+n,&nal p,&&n p&n, an% +%&,an/+, an% an'l+, 9+7++n +5(relative position

of points or physical and cultural details".

These points are usually on the surface of the )arth,and they are +n ,+% +,a9l&, lan% 5ap,;9n%a*&+, * 7n+*,&p or go/ernmental purposesand cultural details about the area or land+



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/* #emote Sensing:-

*emote sensing is the techni$ue of deri/inginformation about ob:ects on the surface of the earthwithout physically coming into contact with them butwith the help of sensors lie cameras scanners carriedon airplanes, satellites+

*#ese sensors collec daa in #e form of images.

These sensors are at a considerable height from theearth surface and recording the obser/ations on asuitable medium -images on photographic &lms and/ideotapes or digital data on magnetic tapes.+

0* Statistical data1ases:-

There are many di5erent designs of D%3S;s, but in GIS the relational design has been the most useful+

In the relational design, data are stored conceptually as a collection of tables+ Common &elds in di5erenttables are used to lin them together+

Spatial relational databases e4actly the same as any other relational database

-*D%S. e4cept that at least some of the Tablesconsist of entities with a geographic location+

geographic information about Geographic ob:ects in the Table+ 7lace name, longitude, latitude, 7in code,

description++etc+

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2* Computer &ided "esign:

C(D is an automated system for the design, draftingand display of graphically oriented information+

C(D is used with GIS and the bene&t is C(D allows auser to create a /ery accurate drawing whether it is a

map, site plan, pro&le, etc+

All #e abo,e defined sysems are used wi# "-S o make

i more efficien.

elaing info. fromdifferen sources

Daa capure

Daa inegraion

/roecion and regisraion

Daa srucures

Daa modeling

How Does GIS Works

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)* #elating Information From "i3erent Sources:-

o. The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate

%&<+*+n &n*5a&n &n a ,pa&al /n+8 an% *+a/ a /n/l,&n a9 &, *+la&n,&p.

o. 3ost of the information we ha/e about our worldcontains a location reference, placing that informationat some point on the globe+

o. ( GIS, therefore, can re/eal &5p*an n+7

&n*5a&n a l+a%, 9++* %+/&,&n 5a4&n'.

, * "ata Capture:

3aps can be digiti!ed by hand2tracing with a computermouse on the screen or on a digiti!ing tablet to collect thecoordinates of features+

( GIS can be used to emphasi!e the spatial relationshipsamong the ob:ects being mapped+

* "ata Integration" ( GIS maes it possible to lin, or integrate, information

that is di6cult to associate through any other means+ Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped /ariables

to build and analy!e new /ariables+

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/* $ro4ection 5 #egistration:

7ro:ection is a fundamental component of mapmaing+ (pro:ection is a mathematical means of transferringinformation from the )arth<s *++-%&5+n,&nal; /*3+%,*a/+ a 7-%&5+n,&nal 5+%&5=paper or a

computer screen+

Di5erent pro:ections are used for di5erent types of mapsbecause each pro:ection is particularly appropriate forcertain uses+

0* "ata structures :

Can a property ownership map be related to a satelliteimage, a timely indicator of land uses1 >es, but,because digital data are collected and stored in /ariousways, the two data sources may not be entirelycompatible+ So a GIS must be able to con/ert data fromone structure to another+

Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS tocon/ert data into di5erent formats

F* +8a5pl+; a GIS may be used to con/ert asatellite image map to a /ector structure by generatinglines around all cells with the same classi&cation, whiledetermining the cell spatial relationships, such asad:acency or inclusion+

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GIS organi!es information inmany layers+ )ach layerrepresents a particular themeor feature of map+

Information is organi6ed into layers:

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7hat ma8es data spatial***999

Characteristics of spatial data

The shape of a building or county The course of a ri/er, the route of a road The shape of the landscape+

/lacename"rid coordinae

/oscode

Disance 3

bearing

Descripion

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