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8/17/2019 Myp1213 Chapter 1 Note
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/myp1213-chapter-1-note 1/42
MKPP 1213MKPP 1213
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MKPP 1213MKPP 1213
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IntroductionIntroduction
• What is Applied Geoscience & Geophysics orPetroleum Geoscience?
• The disciplines of geology and geophysicsapplied to understanding the origin and
distribution, and properties of petroleum and
petroleum-bearing rocks
• The importance of petroleum geoscience is to
find petroleum !petroleum pro"ince# and help
produce it
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• To become a petroleum pro"ince, fi"eingredients or elements are in"ol"ed$
the source,%eal !cap rock#,
reser"oir, and o"erburden rock
trap formation, and
timing of petroleum migration !Generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons#.
• These elements Petroleum system
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• A petroleum system contains a pod of acti"e
source rock and all genetically related oil and
gas accumulations• 't includes all the geologic elements and
processes that are essential if an oil and gas
accumulation is to e(ist
• Practical application of petroleum systems can
be used in e(ploration, resource e"aluation, and
research
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
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(Foreland Basin Example)
!er"urden #oc$
%eal #oc$
#eser!oir #oc$
%ource #oc$
&nder"urden #oc$
Basement #oc$
'op il indo
'op Gas indo
Geographic )(tent of Petroleum %ystem
Petroleum #eser!oir ()
Fold*and*'+rust Belt
(arros indicate relati!e ,ault motion)
Essential
Elements
o,
Petroleum
%ystem
!modified from *agoon and +o, ../#
% e d i m e n t a r y
B
a s i n F i l l
%tratigraphic
)(tent of Petroleum
%ystem
Pod o, -cti!e
%ource #oc$
)(tent of Prospect01ield
)(tent of Play
.ross %ection , - Petroleum %ystem
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• '+e source2
• A source rock is a
sedimentary rock thatcontains sufficient
organic matter , hen it is
buried and heated it ill
produce petroleum• Good e(amples2 shale
and claystone0mudstone
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• 3igh concentrations of organic matter tend to
occur in sediments that accumulate in areas
of high organic matter producti"ity and
stagnant ater• To preser"e organic matter, the o(ygen
contents of the bottom aters and interstitial
aters of the sediment need to be "ery lo
or 4ero, and a rapid sedimentation rate
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• '+e %eal2
• %eals tend to be fine-grained
or crystalline, lo-permeabilityrocks Typical e(amples
include mudstone0shale,
cemented limestones, cherts,
anhydrite, and salt !halite#
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• %eals to fluid flo can also de"elop along fault
planes, faulted 4ones, and fractures
• The presence of a seal or seals is critical forthe de"elopment of accumulations of
petroleum in the subsurface
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• '+e 'rap2
• The geometry of the sealed petroleum-bearing
container
• The simplest trapping configurations are domes
!four-ay dip-closed anticlines# and fault blocks
• The mapping and remapping of trap geometry is
a fundamental part of petroleum geoscience
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• '+e #eser!oir 2
• The rock plus "oid space
contained in a trap
• The petroleum together ithsome ater occurs in the pore
spaces beteen the grains !or
crystals# in the rock
• 5eser"oir rocks are most
commonly coarse-grained
sandstones or carbonates
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• Porous roc$ and porosity2
• Porosity is the "oid space in the rock, reported
either as a fraction of one or as a percentage
• *ost reser"oirs contain 678 to 9/78 porosity
• Permea"le roc$ and permea"ility/
• Permeability is a measure of the degree to hich
fluid can be transmitted The unit for permeabilityis the darcy !+#, although the permeability of
many reser"oirs is measured in millidarcies
!m+#
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• '+e timing o, petroleum migration:
• The timing of petroleum migration relati"e to the
time of deposition of the reser"oir0seal
combinations and the creation of structure ithinthe basin
• 'n order to determine hether the reser"oir, seal,
and trap are a"ailable to arrest migrating petroleum,
it is necessary to reconstruct the geologic history ofthe area under in"estigation
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Petroleum %ystemsPetroleum %ystems
• Petroleum %ystem In!estigation2
'dentifies,
names,
determines the le"el of certainty, and
maps the geographic, stratigraphic, and
temporal e(tent of a petroleum system
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Petroleum %ystemsPetroleum %ystems
• To identify a petroleum system, the
e(plorationist must find some petroleum
• Any :uantity of petroleum, is proof of a
petroleum system• An oil or gas seep, a sho of oil or gas in a
ell, or an oil or gas accumulation
demonstrates the presence of a petroleum
system
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Petroleum %ystemsPetroleum %ystems
• The name of a petroleum system contains
se"eral parts that name the hydrocarbon fluid
system2
The source rock in the pod of acti"e sourcerock
; The name of the reser"oir rock that contains
the largest "olume of in-place petroleum
• < The symbol e(pressing the le"el of certainty
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Petroleum %ystemsPetroleum %ystems
• A petroleum system has three important
temporal aspects2
• Age - the time re:uired for the process of
generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons• ; =ritical moment - the time that best depicts the
generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons in
a petroleum system
• < Preser"ation time - begins immediately after thegeneration migrationaccumulation process occurs
and e(tends to the present day
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Prud+oe Bay/ E!ent 'iming Fa!orsPrud+oe Bay/ E!ent 'iming Fa!ors
-ccumulation o, %+u"li$ il and Gas-ccumulation o, %+u"li$ il and Gas
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Timing of formation of the major elements of apetroleum system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela.
From %c+lum"erger il,ield Glossary
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Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles
• 'imescales/
• Petroleum maturation, migration and trapping ofoil can occur in a fe million years
• Geologic time is di"ided, using a hierarchicalscheme, into a "ariety of named units
• The basic unit in this scheme is the period
• The se:uence of periods ith their attendant
subdi"isions and supra-di"isions makes up thestratigraphic column
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'+e Geologic 'imescale'+e Geologic 'imescale
• The geologic timescale - a 0calendar o, Eart++istory
• The largest defined unit of time shon on thegeologic timescale is the supereon, composed
of eons• )on - the greatest e(panse of time• The earliest is the 3adean !beneath the )arth#
)on, ranging from /> to < billion yrs ago
• The earliest-knon life forms appear in rock fromthe Archean !ancient# )on, about < to ;@billion yrs ago
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'+e Geologic 'imescale'+e Geologic 'imescale
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Generali4ed %tratigraphy of *alay asin
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'+e Geologic 'imescale'+e Geologic 'imescale
• The Archean )on ga"e ay to the Protero4oic!early life# )on !;,@77-@/< mya#
• The beginning of the Phanero4oic !"isible life#)on, @/< mil years ago, marks the first point at
hich e find abundant fossil e"idence• Phanero4oic subdi"ided into three eras/ the
Paleo4oic !@/<-;@; mya# , *eso4oic !;@;->@mya# , and =eno4oic !>@ mya-present day#
• The first part of the Paleo4oic !ancient life# )raas dominated by marine in"ertebrates, such ascorals, clams, trilobites, and later fish andamphibians
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'+e Geologic 'imescale'+e Geologic 'imescale
• The *eso4oic !middle life# )ra as dominatedby marines and terrestrial reptiles, including thedinosaurs
• The =eno4oic !recent life# )ra, hich continuestoday, is distinguished by its rich "ariety ofmammals
• )ras are subdi"ided into periods• Periods are subdi"ided into epoc+s
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Plate 'ectonic .ontext o,
Petroleum Basins
• asins are generated by plate tectonics, the
process responsible for continental drift
• The )arthBs crust is made up of about ;7 rigid
plates
• Plates may be stretched and broken or pushed
together, or may rotate past each other )ach of
these processes Cdi"ergence !e(tension#,con"ergence !compression#, and strike-slip !or
rench#Ccan lead to the formation of basins
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.ontinental ri,t.ontinental ri,t
• The idea that continents,particularly %outh America and
Africa, fit together like pieces ofa Digsa pu44le
• 3oe"er, little significance asgi"en this idea until AlfredWegener !.@# proposed acontro"ersial hypothesis of
continental drift
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.ontinental ri,t.ontinental ri,t
• Wegener suggested that thecontinents float on a denserunderlying interior andperiodically break up and driftapart
• Today the concepts of seafloorspreading and plate tectonics are firmly established
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Plate Tectonic =onte(t ofPlate Tectonic =onte(t of
Petroleum asinsPetroleum asins
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%ea,loor %preading%ea,loor %preading
• The rates of spreading !from mid-ocean ridges# on either side rangefrom to > cm0year or total ratefrom ; to ;cm0year
• At this rate it ould ha"e takenabout ;77 million years for thepresent Atlantic Ecean to attain itspresent idth
• An interesting feature about themid-ocean spreading ridges isthat they are sites for both"olcanic and earth:uake acti"ities
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Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics
• 'n the .>7s, an e(citing ne hypothesiscalled plate tectonics re"olutioni4ed ourunderstanding on ho the outer portion ofthe )arth functions
• According to this theory, the uppermostmantle, along ith the o"erlying crust,beha"e as a strong, rigid layer, knon asthe lithosphere, hich is broken into
pieces called plates and their mo"ementas plate tectonics
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Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics
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Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics .ontext o,
Petroleum Basins
• The lithosphere !rigid plate# o"erlies a eakerregion in the mantle knon as theasthenosphere
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Plate 'ectonic .ontext o,
Petroleum Basins
• Plate oundaries2 there are three basic typesof plate boundaries or margins +i"ergent plate boundaries =on"ergent plate boundaries Transform plate boundaries
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Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics
• Where to plates con"erge, they produce anarro, deep depression as the subductingplate bends donard into the mantle %uchdepressions are called oceanic trenches
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