Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

Chapter 3

The Nature and Nurture

Of Behavior

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint

_________________ threadlike structures made of DNA that

contain the genes __________________

complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

has two strands-forming a “double helix”- held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint

_________________ biochemical units of heredity that

make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of

synthesizing a protein

Genes: Their Location and Composition

Nucleus Chromosome Gene

Cell DNA

Evolutionary Psychology

_________________ Charles Darwin

Galapagos IslandsFinch’s (Beak Size) Impact on biology

Recent trends in Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary Psychology

__________________ the principle that, among the range of

inherited trait variations, those that lead to increase reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Mutation a random error in gene replication that

leads to genetic damage

Evolutionary Psychology

Handout of Traits That Will Lead To More Reproduction (Class Participation)

_________________ the study of the evolution of behavior

and the mind, using the principles of natural selection

Evolutionary Psychology

Ask the Class In one study ___ percent of adult video

customers were female. Most romance novel readers are female. Men ___% Women ___% “If 2 people

really like each other its ok for them to have sex even if they have known each other a very short time.”

Evolutionary Psychology

Poll the Class More women mention affection as a

reason for having first sexual intercourse,

Think about sex multiple times per day. Men ___% and Women ____%

More likely to attribute friendliness to sexual interest.

More likely to initiate sexual activity.

Evolutionary Psychology Men preferred __________________

suggesting youth and health Women preferred __________________

Behavior Genetics

_______________ study of the relative power and

limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Environment every nongenetic influence, from

prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Behavior Genetics

_______________ develop from a single

fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

_______________ develop from separate

eggs genetically no closer

than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

Identicaltwins

Fraternaltwins

Samesex only

Same oropposite sex

Twin and Adoption Studies

Twin Studies Identical twins tend to share similar

personalities _____________________ Think Critically: What are the

Implications? Story of the two Jim’s

Page 75

Twin and Adoption Studies

Adoption Studies People who grow up together whether

related or not do not resemble each other much.

What does this suggest about parenting? Parenting plays a smaller role than initially

suspected. ______________________________ Parents make a difference in their ability

to provide enriching environments.

Environmental Influence

Experience affects brain development

Impoverishedenvironment

Rat braincell

Rat braincell

Enrichedenvironment

Behavior Genetics

________________ a person’s characteristic emotional

reactivity and intensity Interaction

the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Environmental Influence _____________

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

____________ an understood rule for accepted and

expected behavior Personal Space

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

X Chromosome the sex chromosome found in both men

and women females have _____; males have one an X chromosome from each parent

produces a female child Y Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from

the mother, it produces a male child

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

__________________ the most important of the male sex hormones both males and females have it additional testosterone in males stimulates

growth of male sex organs in the fetus development of male sex characteristics during

puberty

Role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Gender in psychology, the characteristics, whether

biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female

Gender Role a set of expected behaviors for males and

females ______________

one’s sense of being male or female Gender-Typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

___________________ theory that we learn social behavior by

observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Gender Schema Theory theory that children learn from their

cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

Two theories of gender typing