My journey to study the world's oceans and challenges

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U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon:“slowing or even reversing the existing trends of global warming is the defining

challenge of our ages”

Dr. Chairm

pat

Monday, November 15, 2010









Ω+Ω−

Ω−−

++Ω+Ω−

Ω−−

−=

*),1(

*),1(

), _ , _ *,*),1(

** _ * _ *),1(1*

sC D s

D s

C kr R Dkr R D Dkr C Dkr

C Kr k yk x Dkr

Kc

C C

dt

dC

( )

Ω−+Ω

Ω−

++Ω−+Ω

Ω−+Ω−−=

p K K p

p x K p

C k R Dk RC Dkr D Dkr

C k y Dkr Dk y Dkr K k x

dt

dK

1(*,

_ *,

, _ , _ *),1(*,(

* _ *),1()* _ *,1** _

( )

Ω−+Ω

Ω−−

++Ω−+Ω

Ω−+Ω−−=

,1(*,

* _ *),1(

, _ , _ *),1(*,

* _ *),1(* _ *,1** _

K p K K p

p x K p

C s R D s RC D s D D s

C s y D s D s y D sS s x

dt

dS

−+ΩΩ−

++Ω−+ΩΩ−

−=

D D s D s

C kr R Dkr RC Dkr D Dkr D Kr k yk x Dkr

Kd D D

dt dD

1(*,,

, _ , _ )*),1((*,** _ * _ *,)1(*

+Ω−+Ω

Ω−+Ω−−=

pC S K p K K p

K p K p y K p P p x

dt

dP

, _ *),1(*,

*),1(* _ *,(1** _




So rather then nerd out on you, let me tell about I do, why Ichose this path, my research of this changing Earth.

I take the need to understand where the world going verypersonally for two major reasons.

REASON 1: I grew up in the ocean, swimming, fishing, surfing, skin diving.love the ocean. The ocean has changed significantly in my lifetime.




Mom is an artist and baker

Dad was a wine maker

Yes, from them I was taught how fun &

hard it was to observe the world




Mom is an artist and baker

Dad was a wine maker

Yes, from them I was taught how fun &

hard it was to observe the world




Science is a process with which to explore and understand theMonday, November 15, 2010


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hand lowering a sensor at age 18 on my first ocean cruise




hand lowering a sensor at age 18 on my first ocean cruise




hard hatno computers, datarecorded to paper

instrument cby hanhand lowering a sensor

at age 18 on my first ocean cruise








This oceansare changing

in our lifetime





in our lifetime





in our lifetime





in our lifetime

Reason 2:




Scott

Glenn

Josh

Kohut

Osca

Schof






Net Accumulationin Ocean

PhotosynthesisRespiration

Rivers andwatersheds




Land UseChanges

Net Accumulationin Ocean

PhotosynthesisRespiration

Rivers andwatersheds




So lets go to the office




Current team

PI Hugh Ducklow (MBL)Bacteria-Biogeochemistry

Oscar Schofield (Rutgers) - Phytoplankton

Doug Martinson (LDEO) - Ocean PhysicsDebbie Steinberg (VIMS) - Zooplankton

Bill Fraser (Polar Associates)- Penguins & Fish

Scott Doney (WHOI)- Ocean Modeling

Sharon Stammerjohn (UCSC)

- Climate and Ice

Karen Baker (Scripps)- Data management

& Informatics

Beth Simmons (Scripps)- Education &

Outreach

Our Current g

Acknowledgements to past LTE

Barbara Prezelin, Robin Ross, Langdon QueVernet, Eileen Hoffman, John Monday, November 15, 2010



Winter 2007 Summer 2007

The central hypothesis when the LTER began was that sea ice timing and magnitude structurand composition of the Antarctic ecosystem. The ice dynamics are driven by large-scale int

atmosphere and ocean.






Perennial

Ice

Feb 1979 Feb 1999

0 10050

Sea Ice Concentration (%)




The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming

Black is British Faraday & Ukraine Vernadsky Station

Red is US Palmer Station

Mean Winter TemperaturesSea ice duratio

Air temperatureincreases over the

peninsula








Larson-B ice shelf after its collapseThanks to BAS & A. Clarke





Day 1

Day 10In 2008 the WilkesIce Sheet followedthe Larson Ice Shelf

and began tocollapse




April 6, 2009

March 31, 2009





Melt pools on surface of King GeorgeVI Sound



Melt pools on surface of King George VI Sound(from a BAS twin otter, January 2004)


Seasonal ice has



Y e a r

1 9 8 0

2 0 0 0

M a y 1

F e b 1

5% I c e c o v e r

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migrationto the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman


Seasonal ice has



Y e a r

1 9 8 0

2 0 0 0

M a y 1

F e b 1

5% I c e c o v e r

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migrationto the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman

Key Implications:Regional shifts in the seaice has major ecological

implications


Palmer Station in the present



Palmer Station in the present

photo by Bill FraserMonday, November 15, 2010



Plants at Palmer Stathe greening of Anta


H t i t f A t ti Ci l C t (ACC ld’ l t



Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - world’s largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of

favorable winds.






favorable winds.






favorable winds.

The WAP is theonly location in theAntarctic where theACC is adjacent tothe shelf break. TheACC is Antarctica’s

warmest water




Heating on the WAP is driven by circulation and intrusion of the of the ACCcontinental shelf. Using decadal averages of the scant data, there was a jump aft

ms about μ

1930-1989 Mean Qslope =(2.98 + 0.16) * 105

1990-2004 Mean Qslope =(3.83 + 0.07) * 105

4 2 1 1 7 2 22 181930 20101950 1970 1990

Year

Qslope

(*10

9J/m

2)

2

3

4

~0.7 C warming of 300 mcolumn of water below

winter mixed layer

number of profiles per average




The decadal changes have resulted changes in the phytoplankto

Montes Hugo et al. Science 2009

The change in chlorophyll since the 1970’s

The changes driven by a decice, wind and sun




When chlorophyll is high, phytoplankton cells are big and adiatoms

MMonday, November 15, 2010



Cryptomonas cryophila

Thalassiosira antarctica

Corethron criophilum

Palmer Cryptophytes --> 8 ± 2µm

10µm

100µm

SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn and Hodgson 1993


Wh ill d i t th WAP?



Proportion of total chlorophyll a

associated with cryptophytes

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 P r o p o r t i o

n o f t o t a l c h l o r

o p h y l l

a a s s o c

i a t e d w i t h d i a t o m s

32

33

34

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0

Temperature

S a l i n i t y

DiatomPrymnesiophytes

Who will dominate the warmer WAP?

MMonday, November 15, 2010

Salinity (p.p.t)



% Cryptophytes

0 25 50

33.3 33.6 33.8

64°W

Palmer Station

Antarctic

Peninsula

65°S

65°S







Zooplankton are dominated by krill or salps

Krill greatest biomass o







020406080

100

McClatchie and Boyd 19

020406080

100 Boyd et al. 1984

01020304050

Quetin and Ross 1985

% R

e t e n t i o n b y K

r i l l

5-10

Phytoplankton Size (µ m)

>15

5-10 >15

5-10 >15


From Loeb et al., 1997



0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

K r i l l : S a l p

Year

I c e I n d e x

6

4

2

R2

= 0.56

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

K r i l l : S a l p

Ice Index

6

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

K r i l l : S a l p

Mean Air Temperature (°C)024

R2

= 0.63


Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?



Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?







BREEDING POPULATION CHANGE (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 9 7 5

1 9 7 6

1 9 7 7

1 9 7 8

1 9 7 9

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 1

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 4

1 9 8 5

1 9 8 6

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

A D E L I E ( % C

H A N G E )

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

G E N T

O O & C H I N S T R A P ( %

C H A N G E )

Adelie

Gentoo

Chinstrap


One focus idea of the LTER is testing, is that system is undergoing climate mh d li d h j Ad li i b di



have structured sampling around the major Adelie penguin breeding areapeninsula.

To be expanded by NASAgrant awarded in Dec.

Summerforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins

Winterforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins






Anvers Island


Changing diets for the



Adelie penguins





98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

Adelie penguins





98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

54%

45%

1%

1995-

present

Adelie penguins




-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1 9 7 4

1 9 7 5

1 9 7 6

1 9 7 7

1 9 7 8

1 9 7 9

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

YEAR

N O R

M A L I Z E D O T O L I T H A B U N D A N C E I N D I E T

S A M P L E S

ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH

LANTERFISH

Silverfish

Lanternfish


If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more mois



If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moismore snow. Breeding failure...........




YEAR

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Adelie penguinsWeddell seals

Chinstrap penguinsGentoo penguins

Fur sealsElephant seals




2009

representedthe beginningof the next 6year effort of

the LTER.The grid has

expanded tothe south.

Dec 30, 2008to

Feb 06, 2009






2009 LTER heads to Charcot to see if a penguin colony exists a





Where are we headed? We need your help to communicat



y pwe find as it happens

















Good bye my fr



Good bye my frI hope you come










Old Day Communication

70 West 69 West

Brave New



Old Day Communication

HAM Operator Coms Palmer Station 1988

68 South

AdelaideIsland

OceanStationObama

W

RV Gould

Rutgers

COOLroom

RotheraBaseReal time

comms

Brave NewDay




What is like working at sea?




We leave from Patagonia in so




Move ontoship

Unpack suppliesand build

lab

Tie everythingdown

Builequ




Thabo

it is

sw

peono


Welcome to Palmer Station






Living atstation you

work allthe time,but thesceneryand local

animals arefun and notscared of humans




When ships starts sampling stations instruments arelowered each time. They are controlled from the ship




Water is collected, samples are then filtered for latebiochemical analysis and some samples are incubated

provide a set of measurements.










































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My journey to study the world's oceans and challenges