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My Introduction
Name : Kustanto Address: Perum. Puri Malangjiwan 3.
N0. 12. Colomadu Highest education: S2 TE UGM Concentration : Computer Systems
Informatics
Final Assessment
Presence = 5% Task = @15% Midterms = 30% Final Exams = 35%
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-2
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-5
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
6
CPU and Main Memory
CentralProcessing
Unit
MainMemory
Chip that executes Chip that executes program program commandscommands
Intel Pentium IIIIntel Pentium IIISun Sparc Sun Sparc ProcessorProcessor
Primary storage area Primary storage area for programs and data for programs and data that are in active usethat are in active useSynonymous with RAMSynonymous with RAM
7
Secondary Memory Devices
Floppy Disk
Hard DiskMain
Memory
CentralProcessing
Unit
Secondary memorySecondary memorydevices providedevices providelong-term storage,long-term storage,namely:namely:
Information is movedInformation is movedbetween main memorybetween main memoryand secondary memoryand secondary memoryas neededas needed
•Hard disksHard disks•Floppy disksFloppy disks•ZIP disksZIP disks•Writable CDsWritable CDs•TapesTapes
8
Input / Output Devices
Monitor
Keyboard
MainMemory
CentralProcessing
Unit
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
I/O devices allow userI/O devices allow userinteractioninteraction
Monitor screenMonitor screenKeyboardKeyboardMouseMouseBar code scannerBar code scannerLight penLight penTouch screenTouch screen
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-9
Architecture Components Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions Provides input and output
Software Instructions executed by the system
Data Fundamental representation of facts and
observations Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-10
Hardware Component
Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit CU: control unit Interface unit
Memory Short-term storage for CPU calculations
11
Memory
Main memory is Main memory is divided into many divided into many memory locations (or memory locations (or cellscells))
9278927892799279
92809280928192819282928292839283928492849285928592869286
Each memory cell has Each memory cell has a numeric a numeric addressaddress, , which uniquely which uniquely identifies itidentifies it
12
Storing Information
9278927892799279
92809280928192819282928292839283928492849285928592869286
Large values areLarge values arestored in consecutivestored in consecutivememory locationsmemory locations
1001101010011010Each memory cell Each memory cell stores a set number of stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or bits (usually 8 bits, or one one bytebyte))
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-14
CPU: Central Processing Unit
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical
calculations CU: control unit
Controls processing of instructions Controls movement of data within the CPU
Interface unit Moves instructions and data between the CPU
and other hardware components Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power
between different components
15
The Central Processing Unit A CPU is also called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memoryRetrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what theDetermine what theinstruction isinstruction is
execute
Carry out theCarry out theinstructioninstruction
16
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU contains:
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Registers
Control Unit
Small storage Small storage areasareas
Performs calculations Performs calculations and decisionsand decisions
Coordinates Coordinates processing processing stepssteps
17
The Central Processing Unit The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock
The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals
The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-18
Memory
Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)
Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept)
19
Storage Capacity Every memory device has a storage capacity,
indicating the number of bytes it can hold Capacities are expressed in various units:
KBKB 221010 = 1024 = 1024
MBMB 222020 (over 1 million) (over 1 million)
GBGB 223030 (over 1 billion) (over 1 billion)
TBTB 224040 (over 1 trillion) (over 1 trillion)
UnitUnit SymbolSymbol Number of BytesNumber of Bytes
kilobytekilobyte
megabytemegabyte
gigabytegigabyte
terabyteterabyte
20
Memory Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if
the electric power is removed Secondary memory devices are nonvolatile
Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly
The terms direct access and random access are often used interchangeably
A magnetic tape is a sequential access device since its data is arranged in a linear order - you must get by the intervening data in order to access other information
21
RAM vs. ROM RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access) ROM - Read-Only Memory The terms RAM and main memory are basically
interchangeable ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate
device, such as a CD ROM Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access
devices! RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory
ROM
RAM
22
Monitor
The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen
Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc.
A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024)
High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures
23
Modem Data transfer devices allow information to be sent and received
between computers Many computers include a modem, which allows information to
be moved across a telephone line A data transfer device has a maximum data transfer rate A modem, for instance, may have a data transfer rate of 56,000
bits per second (bps)
24
Networks A network is two or more computers that are
connected so that data and resources can be shared Most computers are connected to some kind of
network Each computer has its own network address, which
uniquely identifies it among the others A file server is a network computer dedicated to
storing programs and data that are shared among network users
25
A Computer Specification
Consider the following specification for a personal computer:
600 MHz Pentium III Processor 256 MB RAM 16 GB Hard Disk 24x speed CD ROM Drive 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x
1024 resolution 56 KB Modem
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-27
Software Component Applications Operating System
API: application program interface
File management I/O Kernel
Memory management Resource scheduling Program communication Security
Network Module
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-28
Communications Component
Hardware Communication channels
Physical connections between computer systems Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable,
infrared light, radio waves
Interface hardware Handles communication between the computer and the
communication channel Modem or network interface card (NIC)
Software Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-29
Computer Systems
All computer systems, consists of the following: At least one CPU Memory to hold programs and data I/O devices Long-term storage
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-30
Protocols
Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs
Examples HTTP: between Web servers and Web
browsers TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet
and local area networks ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-31
Standards
Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols
May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use
Examples: Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB
Telecommunication model Terminals
office equipment , telephones , ...
Telecommunications processors modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...
Telecommunications channels and media copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ...
Computers host computers, network servers, ...
Telecommunications control software telecommunication monitors, network operating systems, ...
O’Brien 125
Telecommunication Components
End-user workstation
Telecommunicationssoftware
Computers
Telecomprocessors
Telecomprocessors
TelecomChannels and Media
5 components
O’Brien 126
LANPC-workstation PC-workstation
PC-workstationPC-workstationPC-workstation
PC-workstation
NetworkServer
Port toother networks
Shared hard disk
Sharedprinter
Databases and Software packages
O’Brien 127 - 128
WAN - Internetwork
networkin US
networkin Europe
Mainframe,hosts
Internet
networkin Australia
LAN’s
LAN’s
Cisco corporation network
Client/server network
Intranet
Company A
IntranetCompany B
Mainframe host system
Router
Router
Internet
Firewall
Firewall
text: O’Brien p 178
Client - Server
Clients
Clients
comm.server
comm.server
DB.server
Printserver
DB.server server
server
The Internetwork-enterprise
The Internet
Intranets
Intranets
Intranets
Intranets
Extranets
Client
Enterprise
Supplier
Other Organizations
Electronic Commerce
text: O’Brien p 180
Media and Channels Signals
analog digital
Cables Twisted-pair interference Coaxial cable 20x more expensive
5.500 simultaneous phone calls
Fiber-optic 1 fiber 30.000 phone calls
Wireless microwave satellites
Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing GPS global positioning system
Medium Transmission speedMetal wire .0012Mbps - 10 MbpsMicrowave .256 Mbps - 100MbpsFiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps
text: O’Brien p183 - 186
Communication hardware Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps
Transmission mode Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction
Half-duplex1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions
Transmission accurateness parity bits forward and backward error correction
Processors multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks
with peripheral equipment
text: O’Brien p 187 - 189
Network Topology
Star all communications go via the central system
Bus can easily be extended at the ends
Ring more secure
Star network With directconnections
- Efficient , also for high speeds- With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem
O’Brien 147 - 148
Point-to-point lines
Star network (multiplexed)Access viamultiplexedlineseventually rented
- local speed up to 2000 char/sec , 1M char/sec very expensive - internationally 1000 char/sec commonly available
Shared usage of abroadband network
- more complex hardware- simpler cabling system
Multidrop lines
Bus network
O’Brien 191
Public data networks
PAD
Data Network
E.g..: DCS 1000 - 6000 char/sec , cost / volume data ( X25 ) Due to high connection cost ($ 30.000 year) usage of PAD
PAD =Packet Assemblerand Disassembler
ISDN
ISDN
- universal network for telephone and data- > 6000 char/sec
ISDNIntegrated servicesDigital network
49 | 51
Communication Systems13th
lecture
Chair of Communication Systems
Department of Applied Sciences
University of Freiburg
2008
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-50
Textbook Overview Web site: http://www.wiley.com/college/englander
Part 1 (Chapter 1) Computer system overview
Part 2 (Chapters 2-5) Number systems and data formats
Part 3 (Chapters 6-12) Computer architecture and hardware operation
Part 4 (Chapters 13-18) Software – operating systems, applications, development
environments Part 5 (Supplementary Chapters 1-3)
Digital logic, addressing modes, and communication channel technology
Text books (german): Jochen Schiller, Mobilkommunikation Bernhard Walke, Mobilfunknetze und ihre Protokolle,
Grundlagen GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), ...
Link (see seminar slides and papers):
http://www.ks.uni-freiburg.de/download/papers/telsemWS05/UMTS-nextGeneration/UMTS-Seminararbeit-Stefan%20Nagy.pdf
Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-51