MY HISTORY REPORT PAPERS

8/19/2019 MY HISTORY REPORT PAPERS

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11. Giblet

On the site of the Phoenician port of Byblos

Extensively refortified during the twelfth century

Ancient defenses were rebuilt as a new curtain wall with square towers and substantial

two storey keep

Byblos Castle is a castle in Byblos, Lebanon !t was built by the "rusaders in the #$th

century fro% indigenous li%estone and the re%ains of &o%an structures 'he finished structure

was surrounded by a %oat !t belonged to the genoese E%briaco fa%ily, whose %e%bers were

the Lords of (ibelet )as Byblos was called during *iddle Ages+ aladin captured the town and

castle in ##-- and dis%antled the walls in ##./ Later, the "rusaders recaptured Byblos and

rebuilt the fortifications of the castle in ##.0 !n #12., the castle had to fend off an attack

fro% "ypriot vessels fro% 3a%agusta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybloshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embriaco_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famagustahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybloshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embriaco_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famagustahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle


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4!'O&5

Gubal was a "anaanite city during the Bron6e Age, at which ti%e it also appears

as Gubla in the A%arna letters 7uring the !ron Age the city is called Gebal in Phoenician and

appears in the 4ebrew Bible under the na%e Geval !t was %uch later referred to as Gibelet ,

during the "rusades 'he city8s "anaanite9Phoenician na%e )GBL, ie Gubal , Gebal , etc+ can

be derived fro% gb, %eaning :well: or :origin:, and El , the na%e of the supre%e god of Byblos8

pantheon 'he present;day city is known by the Arabic na%e Jubayl or Jbeil , a direct

descendant of the "anaanite na%e 4owever, the Arabic na%e is %ost likely derived fro% the

Phoenician word GBL %eaning :boundary:, :district: or :%ountain peak:< in the =garitic

language GBL can %ean :%ountain:, si%ilarly to Arabic jabal

'he Byblos "astle has distinguished historical buildings for neighbors >ear it stand a few

Egyptian te%ples, Phoenician &oyal >ecropolis and the &o%an a%phitheatre 'hese are

testa%ent to the varied and rich history of the town of Byblos

12. Chastel Pelerin, Atlit (Pilgrim’s castle)

?as built by the 'e%plars with the help of the 'eutonic knights and of the %any pilgri%s

to who% it deserves its na%e

"astle now in ruins, but plan is clearly decernable

tands upon a peninsula co%%anding the approach to one of the principle passes

between the coast and the Palestinian interior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_lettershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_amphitheatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_lettershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre


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Château

Pèlerin )"astello Pelegrino

in !talian+, also Atlit

ortress and Castle

Pilgrim, is a "rusaderfortress located near Atlit on

the northern coast of !srael,

about #1 kilo%etres )-# %i+

south of 4aifa

'he @nights 'e%plar began

building the fortress in #$#-

during the 3ifth "rusade

One of the %aor "rusader

fortresses, it could support

up to ,/// troops

in siege conditions !t was

conquered by the *a%luks in August #$.#, shortly after the 3all of Acre !t re%ained intact for

several hundred years, until suffering da%age in the (alilee earthquake of #-10 !n %odern

ti%es, the castle is part of a training 6one for !sraeli >aval co%%andos !t has been described

as the 8crowning exa%ple of "rusader %ilitary architecture:

!est"ar# $ie" o Atlit %ortres

"onstruction began in early spring #$#- during the period of the %ith Crusa#e by the

@nights 'e%plar, replacing the earlier castle of Le 7estroit which was situated slightly back fro%

the coast 'he castle was built on a pro%ontory, with two %ain walls cutting the citadel off fro%

the land 'he outer wall was approxi%ately #C %etres high and 2 %etres thick, with three square

towers situated about %etres apart, proecting out by #$ %etres with a level platfor% on the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Destroithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Destroit


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roof probably for artillery !n front ran a shallow ditch dug at sea level cut into the bedrock 'he

inner wall was approxi%ately 1/ %etres high by #$ %etres, with two square towers, the north

and south each approxi%ately 1 %etres tall As the inner wall was taller than the outer wall,

defenders were able to shoot at targets over the first wall allowing greater protection fro% return

fire by the besiegers Part of the design of the castle included a protected harbour on the southside of the pro%ontory !t also had three fresh water wells within its enclosure 'he castle was

capable of supporting up to /// troops during a siege, as it did in #$$/ 'he settle%ent

of Atlit developed outside the castle8s outer wall and was later fortified 'he castle8s position

do%inated the north;south coastal route, and surrounding countryside allowing it to draw

revenue fro% tolls and rents, going so%e way to pay for the running costs of the castle< as well

as providing protection for pilgri%s 'he castle probably got its na%e fro% pilgri%s who

volunteered their labour during its construction

1&. 'aone

At the north of (ebel Alawi

?as built on a site previously fortified by the (reeks in By6antine fashion

?ith a thin outer curtain wall punctuated with shallow rectangular towers and a keep

co%%anding the %ost valuable part of the curtain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlit


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6/8

'he Cita#el o 'alah #*in ) ArabicD Qal'at Salah al-Din+ is a castle in yria !t is alsoknown as 'a+ne or 'ala#in Castle !t is located 0 k% east of Al;4affah town and 1/ k% east of

the city of Latakia, in high %ountainous terrain on a ridge between two deep ravines

and surrounded by forest, the site has been fortified since at least the %id #/th century !n .0C

the By6antine E%peror ohn ! '6i%iskes captured the site and it re%ained under By6antine

control until around ##/- Early in the #$th century the 3ranks assu%ed control of the site and itwas part of the newly for%ed "rusader state of the Principality of Antioch 'he "rusaders

undertook an extensive building progra%%e, giving the castle %uch of its current appearance

!n ##-- it fell to the forces of aladin after a three;day siege 'he castle was again besieged in

#$-0, this ti%e both defender and belligerent were *a%luks !n $//2, the castles of Fal8at

alah El;7in and @rak des "hevaliers was recognised as a ?orld 4eritage ite by -'C

'he site is owned by the yrian govern%ent

/0/!

'a+ne was built on a ridge so%e 0// %etres )$,1// ft+ long between two deep gorges !t

guarded the route between Latakia and the city of Antioch 'he spur on which the castle is builtis connected to a plateau in the east 'he By6antines defended the site by building a wall across

the east side of the ridge 'he walls created an irregular enclosure and were studded with

flanking towers Adacent to the fortification, at the eastern end of the ridge was a

settle%ent One of the %ost %agnificent features of the fortress is the $- % deep ditch, which

was cut into living rock 'he creation of the ditch has been attributed to the By6antines 'his

ditch, which runs #C2 %eters along the east side, is # to $/ %eters wide and has a lonely $- %

high needle to support the drawbridge

'he entrance to the castle is through an entrance on the south side of the fortress On the right

of the entrance is a tower, a bastion built by the "rusaders 'here is another a few %eters

further 'here is a cistern for water storage and so%e stables ust next to a %assive keep that

overlooks the ditch 'his keep has walls of C % thick and it covers an area of nearly $ %G

3urther on to the north is the gate where the drawbridge used to be Also evident are the

By6antine citadel, located at the center of the fortress, another large cistern, the "rusader tea

house, and a "rusader church adoining one of two By6antine chapels

As for the Arab additions to the fortress they include a %osque, which dates back to

sultan Falawun, and a palace, which includes baths with courtyards and iwans 'his has been

slightly restored

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haffahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haffahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun


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1. 3ra4 o the 3nights

7escribed by ' E Lawrence as the best preserved and wholly %ost ad%irable castle in

the world

!s the eastern a chain of five castles sited so as to secure the 4o%s (ap

'he plan is co%pletely concentric, having two lines of defence, the inner raparts lying

lose close to the outer and continuously do%inating the%

A0C56C60

Plan of @rak des "hevaliers fro% (uillau%e &ey Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture

militaire des croiss en Syrie et dans l'!le de "hy#re )#-0#+ >orth is on the right

'he inner court seen fro% the south


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4all of the knights, $//.

?riting in the early $/th century, 6. . 7a"rence, popularly known as Lawrence of

Arabia, re%arked that @rak des "hevaliers was :perhaps the best preserved and %ost wholly

ad%irable castle in the world, Ha castle whichI for%s a fitting co%%entary on any account of the

"rusading buildings of yria: "astles in Europe provided lordly acco%%odation for their owners

and were centers of ad%inistration< in the Levant the need for defence was para%ount and was

reflected in castle design @ennedy suggests that :'he castle scientifically designed as a

fighting %achine surely reached its apogee in great buildings like *argat and "rac des

"hevaliers

@rak des "hevaliers can be classified both as a spur castle, due to its site, and after the #1th;

century expansion a fully developed concentric castle !t was si%ilar in si6e and layout to Jadu%

acob, a "rusader castle built in the late ##0/s *argat has also been cited as @rak des

"hevaliers8 sister castle'he %ain building %aterial at @rak des "hevaliers was li%estone<

the ashlar facing is so fine that the %ortar is barely noticeable Outside the castle8s entrance

was a :walled suburb: known as a burgus, no trace of which re%ains 'o the south of the outer

ward was a triangular outwork and the "rusaders %ay have intended to build stone walls and

towers around it !t is unknown how it was defended at the ti%e of the #$0# siege, though it has

been suggested it was surrounded by a ti%ber palisade outh of the castle the spur on which it

stands is connected to the next hill, so that siege engines can approach on level ground 'he

inner defences are strongest at this point, with a cluster of towers connected by a thick wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob's_Fordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob's_Fordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob's_Fordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob's_Fordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine

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