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MWH - Day 1 - MWH - Day 1 -
1. Fill out notecard with name, email address, do you have regular online access at home?
2. Intro to course, textbooks, understand homework assignments on google calendar
A. Homework sheet – shows the due day for each assignment, test and benchmark
3. Text book is online – see http://mrksmodernworld.pbworks.com/FrontPage
A. Username is cbwest and the password is cbwest or you can e-mail me for the authentication code and set up your own account
4. Get Unit 1 packet –
5. Begin why Study Modern World History project
EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world and its people today are as they are.
MWH Day 1 AgendaMWH Day 1 Agenda
Goal for MWH – (why are you required to take this course?) to understand the world we live in today, (politically, culturally, technologically, militarily, globally, economically) to understand how and why we got here and to be able to be effective and responsible citizens of the world now and in the future
Everything you learn in this course applies to events today!!
Think about our country: where did the following come from?SushiKung-fu (wushu) DemocracyBlack pepperDecimal numbers ChristianityPrinted booksCivil rightsAstronomySurgical MedicineUnderstanding of gravity
Think about our country: where did the following come from?Sushi JapanKung-fu (wushu) ChinaDemocracy GreeceBlack pepper IndiaDecimal numbers ArabiaChristianity JerusalemPrinted books GermanyCivil rights PersiaAstronomy Mesopotamia (now Iraq)Surgical Medicine EgyptUnderstanding Englandof gravity
What specifically can we learn from the study of the modern world?
Why study history?
MWH Day 1 AgendaMWH Day 1 Agenda
History is similar to building a house. You
cannot understand
certain events out of context. You
must understand what occurred
before in order to move on and Unit
I provides the foundation for
understanding the remaining content
of the course
Why Study History?MWH Day 1 AgendaMWH Day 1 Agenda
Why study history?
To learn from good examples To learn from mistakes made in the past To understand the world and its people
Notetaking – a Method Questions to ask
in class.
Connections and discussion linking to current events
Indications of bias
Content – Heading – what is the title of the section?
Subsection heading Key people Key events Explanation of causes and effects
- Or -
Heading
Subsection heading
Key peopleKey events
causes and effects
SH SH
MWH Day 1 AgendaMWH Day 1 Agenda
SEEDS OF CHANGE: EMERGENCE OF THE 1ST GLOBAL AGE (1450-1770)
Unit I
Unit Overview
Current world issues World Geography and Religions Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Explorations and the Columbian
Exchange Intro to Enlightenment
Unit Enduring Understandings
1. Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
4. Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another.
5. Every society has developed some political system by which either the one, the few, or the many rule over others.
Unit Essential Questions
1. How does geography affect people and societies?
2. How can ideas change the world? 3. What is globalization and when did it begin?4. What happens when different cultures
interact? Why do technology, commerce and religion have an impact on inter-cultural interactions?
5. What is the proper relationship between citizens and their government?
THE BEGINNING OF THE “MODERN” WORLD
The present informed by the past
To understand how the current modern world can be understood by what we will learn in this class1. Work in groups to put together ppt – unit link for course2. Present ppt – as audience members take notes in your
graphic organizers.
THE BEGINNING OF THE “MODERN” WORLD
Geography – day 3
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
1. Finish Presentations – conclusions? How will this course help you understand the world issues today?
2. Using your world map on packet page #1, show one location that directly affects the US militarily.
3. Show one location that affects the US economically4. Show one location that affects your life.5. Write a few sentences explaining how these effects
have occurred.6. Themes of Geography
Location
Geographers use latitude and longitude to pinpoint a place’s absolute, or exact, location.
To know the absolute location of a place is only part of the story. It is also important to know how that place is related to other places—in other words, to know that place’s relative location. Relative location deals with the interaction that occurs between and among places.
It refers to the many ways—by land, by water, even by technology—that places are connected.
Place
All places have characteristics that give them meaning and character and distinguish them from other places on earth. Geographers describe places by their physical and human characteristics.
Physical characteristics include such elements as animal life. Human characteristics of the landscape can be noted in architecture, patterns of livelihood, land use and ownership, town planning, and communication and transportation networks.
Languages, as well as religious and political ideologies, help shape the character of a place.
Studied together, the physical and human characteristics of places provide clues to help students understand the nature of places on the earth.
Human/Environment Interaction
The environment means different things to different people, depending on their cultural backgrounds and technological resources.
In studying human/environment interaction, geographers look at all the effects—positive and negative—that occur when people interact with their surroundings.
Sometimes a human act, such as damming a river to prevent flooding or to provide irrigation, requires consideration of the potential consequences.
Movement
People interact with other people, places, and things almost every day of their lives.
They travel from one place to another; they communicate with each other; and they rely upon products, information, and ideas that come from beyond their immediate environment.
Region
Region is an area on the earth’s surface that is defined by certain unifying characteristics.
The unifying characteristics may be physical, human, or cultural. In addition to studying the unifying characteristics of a region, geographers study how a region changes over times.
Using the theme of regions, geographers divide the world into manageable units for study.
Africa
Asia
Oceania
EuropeNorth America
South America
Antarctica
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Arctic Ocean
USA
UK
China
Russia
NigeriaBrazil
Mexico
Iran
Iraq
1 – Philadelphia2 – London3 – Beijing4 – Sydney5 – Pretoria6 – Mumbai7 - Lima
1
2
3
45
6India
7
What geography theme is represented on this map?How could we show the other themes?
Beginning of Modern World
Europe
Beginning of Modern World
Why Europe? Some of the earliest civilizations Geography conducive (favorable) to the
emergence (appearance) of empires Coastlines make it easier to travel, attack, etc.
Beginning of the Modern World
“Modern” Globalization Phase of increasing
trade links and cultural exchange in 19th century
Columbian Exchange- widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (slaves), communicable diseases and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres
World Religions and Geography – day3Interactive Map
A - Geography has an impact on historyB - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideasC - Religion affects how different cultures interact, cooperate, conduct commerce and conflict with each other.1. Share your completed graphic organizer about Religions
with the other group members1. Compare content – discuss difference and similarities2. Complete graphic organizer so that all members
understand the religion2. Complete bottom of pp#10 – wrap up 3. Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most
advanced country during the Renaissance?4. Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major
world powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be powers only in Europe?
World Religions: A Comparison
Buddhism
Name of Deity The Buddha did not teach a personal deity
Founder Siddhartha Gautama – called the Buddha (means The Enlightened One)
Holy Book No one book—sacred texts including the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras
Leadership Buddhist monks and nuns
Basic Beliefs Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by eliminating material possessions;
Nirvana achieved by following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept that good begets good
and bad begets bad.
World Religions: A Comparison
Christianity
Name of Deity God and Jesus Christ
Founder Jesus Christ and the Apostles
Holy Book Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles)
Leadership Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.)
Basic Beliefs There is only one God; Jesus Christ was the son of God. He died to save humanity from sin,
making eternal life possible for others; Persons achieve salvation by following teachings of Jesus
World Religions: A Comparison
Hinduism
Name of Deity Three main Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Founder No one founder
Holy Book No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the Puranas
Leadership Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest
Basic Beliefs The soul never dies but is continually reborn; Persons achieve happiness after freeing
themselves of earthly desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from lifetime of worship,
knowledge, and virtuous acts.
World Religions: A Comparison
Islam
Name of Deity God (Allah)
Founder Muhammad
Holy Book Qur’an
Leadership Sunni and Shi’i have different clergy. Imams, mullahs, Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam –
collectively called the Ulama
Basic Beliefs Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life. These
pillars are faith, almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca, and prayer,
Difference between Islam and Muslim…
Islam is the religion and Muslims are people who understand, believe, and practice Islam properly, i.e. according to the text.
Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to Christians.
War Over Ground Zero-Religious Tolerance Today?
World Religions: A Comparison
Judaism
Name of Deity God (Yahweh)
Founder Abraham
Holy Book Hebrew Bible (including the Torah)
Leadership Rabbis
Basic Beliefs There is only one God; God loves and protects his people but also holds people accountable for their sins and
shortcomings; Persons serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings; major holidays – Rosh
Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat
RENAISSANCE – DAY 4
1300-1600
A - Geography has an impact on historyB - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
1. Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most advanced country during the Renaissance?
2. Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major world powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be powers only in Europe?
Religions of the World
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. France2. Spain3. Germany4. Italy5. Poland6. Great Britain7. Russia
8
9
10
11
12
8.Ukraine9. Greece10. Sweden11. Ireland12. Austria
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark17. Norway18. Czech Republic19. Netherlands20. Belgium
RENAISSANCE – DAY 4
REFORMATION– CHALLENGING THE CHURCH
EXPLORATION – EUROPE MOVES OUTWARD
1300-1600
A - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas1. Get handout and computer to login to text book
2. Map Quiz game3. The Renaissance leads to changes like the rebirth of
humanism and the beginnings of questioning the existing order of religious and political power as well as science.
4. Complete pp#1 of Quattrocento
5. Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento6. Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and
Reformation that challenged the existing order and then explain the impact each has had on the world today.
7. Complete pp#3 and 4 about exploration
Europe Map Game
Test your skills…
Renaissance
Renaissance Overview Rebirth of learning and education, art and
architecture, modern politics & economics Began in Northern Italy
Reasons behind Northern Italy Urbanism
Overseas trade led to large city-states but most of Europe still rural
People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas
Renaissance
Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.) Wealthy merchants
Dominated politics Had to earn their wealth and power Showed their wealth and power by funding the
arts Greek and Roman Heritage
Used as model for the arts Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and
literature Pope’s power declined England and France at war
Renaissance
Renaissance Mentality Humanism—focus of scholars on human potential
and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history, literature, philosophy
Enjoyment of World Pleasures You do not need to sacrifice to please God People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine foods and
music Society became more secular (non-religious)
Patrons of Arts Patrons of the Arts
Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of the arts
Renaissance
Renaissance Mentality (cont.) Renaissance Man
Men were expected to create art and master all areas of study
Men that excelled in these areas were called a “Universal man” or “Renaissance Man”
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier
Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation {showiness} and that impudent {bold} self praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them.
What is he saying here? If you wanted to hire a man like this,
what would the “Want Ad” say?
The personal ad for him would read…
Looking for a man who is charming, witty, and well educated in the
classics. He must be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride horses well, wrestle, and be a fine swordsman. He must be brave in
battle yet humble outside of battle.
Renaissance
Renaissance Mentality (cont.) The Renaissance
Woman Upper class women
should also know the classics and be charming but not seek fame
Should inspire art but not create it and have little influence on politics
What values can we extracted from the pictures below?
Renaissance Art
Religious subjects Two-dimensional Created “ideal”
people
Religious and secular subjects
Realistic portrayal of individual
Medieval Art Renaissance Art
Renaissance Art
New Techniques Perspective
Creates a 3-D appearance
Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the horizon to create dimension
Objects get smaller as farther back.
Where is the focal point in this work?
Renaissance Art
New Techniques (cont.) Pyramid Configuration
Symmetrical composition draws your focus to center of work for climax/focal point
Chiaroscuro The contrast of light and dark are used to
create dimension Fresco
Painting on wet plaster
Renaissance Art
The Last Judgment by Michelangelo FRESCO Mona Lisa by Da Vinci
PYRAMID CONFIGURATION
From Creation Panel of Michelangelo’s
Sistine Chapel CHIAROSCURO
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO
Pieta , 1499
David, 1504
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL
Renaissance Art
LEONARDO Da VINCI
Mona Lisa, 1504Vitruvian Man,
1485
Renaissance Art
The Last Supper 1498
Renaissance Art
Flying Machine, 1488
Renaissance Art
RAPHAEL
School of Athens
The Wedding of the Virgin
Renaissance Art
BOTTICELLI
The Birth Venus
Renaissance Art
JAN VAN EYCK
Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Renaissance Literature and Politics
Literature and Politics Niccolo Machiavelli
An Italian political philosopher Wrote The Prince in 1513 While somewhat controversial, his political
philosophy is still studied and used often in today’s world
“The end justifies the means.”“… there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force: the first method is that of
men, the second of beasts; but as the first is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the
second…”
Should a leader rule like a lion or a fox?
Renaissance: Northern
Northern Renaissance Spreads to England, France, Germany, and
Flanders Why?
France and England involved in 100 Years War (ended 1453)
Plague in northern Europe lasted longer Difference?
More religious in nature than Italian art (less inspired by Greece and Rome)
Young Hare, 1502
(watercolor)
Renaissance: Northern
Apocalypse
(engraving)
DURER
Henry VIII, 1536
HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER
Anne of Cleves, 1539
Renaissance: Northern
Hunters in the Snow
Renaissance: Northern
The Harvesters
BRUEGEL
Renaissance: Northern
BRUEGEL
The Peasant Wedding
Outcomes of Renaissance Strong sense of individualism Increase in secularism Look for answers beyond The Church
Sciences Other religious ideas
Higher literacy rate Emergence of materialism Higher standards of living
Renaissance
REFORMATIONDay 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Enduring Understandings1. Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment
interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
1. Map quiz on Europe and the worldReformation2. Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento3. Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and
Reformation that challenged the existing order and then explain the impact each has had on the world today.
Exploration4. Complete pp#3 and 4 about explorationScientific Revolution1. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship
between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and the Scientific Revolution
Problems in church
Corruption in all levels of the church Poor education of clergy Clergy up to pope focused on worldly
pursuits rather than just religion Resistance to taxation by the newly
secular merchant class and aristocracy
Reformation
Reformation Overview European Christian reform movement that
established Protestantism as a branch of contemporary Christianity
Began as an attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic Church Teaching and sales of indulgences
Sparked when Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses & concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars
Reformation
Martin Luther Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door of
All Saint’s Church Theses criticized Catholic Church
and Pope but concentrated on: Selling of indulgences Doctrinal policies about
purgatory, particular judgment, devotion to Mary and the saints, most of the sacraments, & clerical celibacy
Several reformists followed his lead with help of the printing press
LUTHERAN RELIGION
Ministers (Administers) rather than Priests could marry
No holy relics in Church (no crucifixes) or statues
Services and Bible in German
Prayers of confession and people encouraged to directly communicate with God
Catholic Church has a Counter-Reformation
Pope Leo X demands Martin Luther renounce his Theses upon pain of excommunication.
Luther is tried at the Diet of Worms, refuses to renounce and is excommunicated.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues Edict of Worms – no one can help Luther
Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some church reforms like building schools, gaining new converts and fighting against protestants
At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined Church teachings and opposed protestants in the areas of: Scripture and Tradition Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church doctrine
Reformation spreads
Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt against abuse and corruption in their churches and the princes who were connected to the church.
Luther does not support the peasants – is appalled at their attempt to change the social order
Reformation
Reformation Outside Germany John Calvin and Calvinism
(Switzerland) French theologian that believed
people were always combating evil and religion was guidance to fight one’s tendency toward sin
Other beliefs include: Theocracy—elect those God
has chosen for salvation Predestination/Predetermined
Salvation—”God adopts some to the hope of life and adjudges others to eternal death”
Reformation
Reformation Outside Germany John Knox and
Presbyterianism (Scotland) Modified Calvin’s theocracy Beliefs include:
Sovereignty of God Authority of scriptures Importance of grace
through faith in Christ Presbyterianism becomes
national religion of Scotland
Reformation
Reformation Outside Germany Henry VIII (England)
Henry VIII desire for a male heir and divorce prompted the creation of Church of England
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced female heir (Mary I)
Religious changes slower in England than elsewhere middle way between Roman Catholic Church & Protestant Traditions
Henry VII: Six wives whom he beheaded!
Reformation
Reformation Outside of Germany Henry VIII (England) cont.
Act of Supremacy King head of church and state Pope has no authority All church lands sold to nobles People forced to covert from Catholicism
to Anglican
Reformation: Bloody Mary
Eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of
Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward
VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and
half-sister, Elizabeth I.
Reformation
Reformation Outside of Germany Elizabeth I (England)
Supported establishment of Protestant English Church
Governed on consensus (agreement)
Reign became known as the Elizabethan Era
“Virgin” Queen
Reformation
Effects of Reformation Led to series of religious wars that
culminated (ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Peace of Westphalia
New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin
Weakened the church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion
EXPLORATION
Review page #3-4 – Exploration – why did Europe go exploring and what were the effects on the “natives?”
Beginning of the Modern World
“Modern” Globalization Phase of increasing
trade links and cultural exchange in 19th century
Columbian Exchange- widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (slaves), communicable diseases and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres
Why explore?
Exploration occurred for three basic reasons1. Trade – seeking wealth in competition with
other countries1. Based on the idea of mercantilism – the
power of a country is based on its wealth and the way to achieving wealth for a country is to get gold and silver and to have a trade surplus
2. Spread Christianity3. Technological advancements made it
possible.
Who explored?
Spain Portugal England Netherlands (the Dutch)
Who did it?Who did it?
Results of exploration?
Major global empires for the 4 big exploring countries
Beginning of colonization African slave trade and all of its negative
consequences Exploitation and mass killings of natives in the
colonies Exportation of European ideas including
religion Great wealth – Spain and Portugal from gold,
England and the Dutch through trade
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1. Review page #4 – Scientific revolution2. Write a brief paragraph explaining the causal relationship
between the renaissance, reformation and scientific revolution
3. Complete graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
4. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
5. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment
Enduring Understandings1. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific
achievements2. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from
radical new ideas.
Revolutionary Thinking
The Renaissance and Reformation inspired people to challenge the accepted scientific views of ancient thinkers and the church
Geocentric theory widely accepted prior to this period
Scientific Revolution
What was the Scientific Revolution? Scholars/scientists questioned accepted
ideas about nature, earth and the universe
Old Science v. New Science Old Science based on religion and belief NEW SCIENCE based on math, logic, reason,
observation and data Inductive reasoning – observing and
understanding specific facts to develop a general theory
Scientific Revolution
Influences Renaissance
Education of the Classics Secularism Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Exploration Drive to better understand tides, weather,
winds, currents, Foreign technology-astrolabe
Scientific Revolution
New Discoveries Heliocentric Theory –sun-centered
universe Advancements in Medicine—vaccinations Scientific Instruments
Microscope Telescope
Law of Gravity Chemistry biology
Theories on the Universe 2nd C. AD- Ptolemy recorded the earth was
the center of the universe—Geocentric Theory
Scientific Revolution
Theories of the Universe 1548-Nicholas Copernicus challenges
Ptolemy’s geocentric theory and proves the Heliocentric Theory
Scientific Revolution
Theories of the Universe Johannes Kepler (1600s)—takes the
Heliocentric Theory and perfects it with the Laws of Planetary MotionOne law states that the planets orbit the
sun in elliptical orbits not circular orbits
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Francis Bacon urged scientists to draw conclusions of the world based on their own observations
Rene Descartes believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason “I think, therefore I am.”
Newton explains law of gravity through scientific method
Boyle describes the relationship between volume, pressure and temperature
Importance
This so-called revolution was important because scientists use these approaches today – it is from scientific reasoning that our lives are longer, healthier and filled with so much useful technological developments
Influenced others to study all aspects of society—government, religion, economics, education, etc.
ENLIGHTENMENT
1. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
2. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
3. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment
Enduring Understandings1. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific
achievements2. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from
radical new ideas.
Enlightenment
Enlightenment Overview People try to apply the scientific approach
to all aspects of society Political scientists propose new ideas about
government Philosophes (philosophers) advocate the
use of reason to discover truths Address social issues through reason
Enlightenment
Causes Ideals of the Renaissance
Individualism, secularism, rebirth of classical teachings
Scientific Revolution Logic, reason, mathematics New way of thinking based on willingness to
question assumptions Absolutism
Reaction to government of total control Questioning of Theory of Divine Right
Characteristics of Enlightened Thought
Ideas incorporating the themes listed below were heavily discussed during this era
REASON-justification HAPPINESS-What makes people happy? LIBERTY-freedoms PROGRESS-tolerance, diversity, science NATURE- outside (plants, earth, universe,
etc) and inside (emotion, human interactions, etc)
ENLIGHTENMENT
1. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
2. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
3. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment
Enduring Understandings1. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific
achievements2. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from
radical new ideas.
A graphic organizer of the philosophesIdentify who, where and the key ideas of each of the following
Hobbes Locke Montesquieu
Rousseau Voltaire Wollstonecraft
Adam SmithBeccaria
Enlightenment thinkers
The Origins of Enlightenment?
► RELIGIOUS:e Deism
V The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being but adenial of revealed religion, basingone’s belief on the light of natureand reason.
e Deists saw no point in any particularreligion; they recognized only a distantGod, uninvolved in the daily life of man.
The Origins of Enlightenment?
► RELIGIOUS:
e Gradually, highly educated Protestants & Catholics thought more about God’s work as revealed through science, rather than through the Scriptures.
e Pantheism
V The belief that God andnature are one and the same.
THE SALON
A) Serious workroom of philosophy
B) Various people, all educated
C) Women sharp and witty
Thomas Hobbes
Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
• Living through the brutal English civil wars in the 17th century, Hobbes was very cynical about human nature.
• He wrote in the Leviathan that humans are selfish and wicked. Without government, there would be “war of all against all.”
• Therefore, absolute monarchies are created through a social contract to keep the mean, nasty men from killing each other.
John Locke
"Government has no other end than the preservation of property.”
• He postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa“; people are born without innate ideas
• Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance
• Two Treatises of Government had a profound influence on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
• People have god-given rights that are inviolable
• People will voluntarily, through a social contract, create a government to protect their god-given rights
• If government violates the social contract, then the people have the right to change the government
"Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins."
Voltaire“Those who can make you believe absurdities
can make you commit atrocities.” His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s
greatest writers and philosophers He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of
Sir Isaac Newton In favor of religious tolerance and interested in the study of
the natural sciences• Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.• God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.• If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.• It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.• Love truth and pardon error.
Voltaire• Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his
answers.
• Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference.
• Prejudice is opinion without judgment.
• The way to become boring is to say everything.
• I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
Jean –Jacques Rousseau
“Never exceed your rights, and they will soon become unlimited.”
Contended that man is essentially good, a "noble savage" when in the "state of nature"
Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society
Most important work is "The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society
“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
Jean –Jacques Rousseau
The right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free.
Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.”
Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other.
This social contract was derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible.People would be most free and moral under a republican form of government with direct democracy.
Adam Smith
“Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary
for promoting that of the consumer.” Scottish philosopher and economist famous for his book, “The Wealth of Nations”
written in 1776 Profound influence on modern economics and concepts of individual freedom Father of modern capitalism and influential in the formulation of American Capitalism
1. Economic liberty guarantees economic progress2. Government needs to stay out of economics because:
1. Buyers will buy2. Sellers will sell3. Each will participate in economics out of their own self-interest4. Harmony will results
Montesquieu
Liberty is the key for successful government, but liberty is often eroded by power in the hands of government
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers in government; executive, legislative and judicial
Separated power would lead to checks on power and therefore protecting liberty – developing the theory of checks and balances
largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire
“Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws permit.” -Montesquieu
Beccaria
An independent judiciary should provide justice, not just support the rulers
Opposed torture and arbitrary rulings and procedures
Promoted fair trials with adequate defense of the accused
Punishment should fit the crime
Wollstonecraft
Promoted the value of women Women should be educated Women should be equal to
men in politics and professions
Impact of the Enlightenment
People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems
The individual becomes important as people use their own ability to reason and judge
Absolutism is generally questioned as being the antithesis of enlightenment.
Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the 18th and 19th Centuries
Some monarchs make reforms – the enlightened despots – modified absolutists
Others fight for their continued power
Use your blank map to label the following countries
1. France 2. Spain 3. Germany 4. Italy 5. Poland 6. Great Britain 7. Russia
8. Ukraine 9. Greece 10. Sweden 11. Ireland 12. Austria
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Use your blank map to label the following countries
13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark 17. Norway 18. Czech Republic 19. Netherlands 20. Belgium
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Europe Map Game
Test your skills…
