MW GS 2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSMAINS WORKBOOK (GS-2)

UPSC mains examination requires in depth understanding as well as a wide coverage of International relations topics. The subject is dynamic as it requires keeping abreast of day to day events happening in the fi eld of International Relations as well developing a basic conceptual clarity regarding history between two countries or regions, issues between them and ideas to tackle them. Holistic view of such issues keeping in mind India’s interest and its role in the larger international politics is one of the main aspects of International relations in UPSC mains syllabus. Thus students must endeavor to gain a perspective about international issues and also write in a coherent manner. GS score International relations workbook aims to fulfi ll both these objectives.

How will the workbook help students? The workbook is meant to give you an understanding of prominent International relations issues and topics. It will also help you in answer writing practice. For the correct usage of this workbook, a student must fi rst attempt each set by himself. Then compare your answers with model hints given in the book. This exercise will enable you to develop confi dence, in enrichment of your answers and in coverage of syllabus.It has been designed in a manner that you will be able to develop an understanding of recent issues, become aware of facts and also see international issues from Indian point of view and its repercussions on India.

The GS SCORE Interna onal Rela ons Workbook consists of ques ons from the following topics:

Total 12 Sets:

Indian Foreign Policy (1 Set)

India and Its neighbourhood (11 Sets)

India and its neighbourhood - relations. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interestsEffect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate

**********

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSWORKBOOKSET:1-12

QUESTION & ANSWER

6

WORKBOOK | GS MAINS PAPER - 2 www.iasscore.in

Trace the evolution of India’s Foreign Policy since independence. Do you see a Q1. paradigm shift in this evolution? Comment

Vision of new world order has emerged as the major objective of India’s foreign Q2. policy. What are the challenges faced in this regard and what are the recent steps India have taken to achieve this? Elucidate

The remarkable positive change in India’s foreign policy towards neighbourhood is Q3. fraught with problems such as lack of trust and confl ict between local political parties of the neighbouring countries on the one hand and geopolitics of regional and global powers on the other, which would delay the efforts to bear fruits. Elaborate.

In abandoning strategic restraint in favour of strategic proactivism, India is transiting Q4. from a strategic doctrine of offensive deterrence to compellence with respect to Pakistan? What do you understand by this? Discuss.

There has been a shift in India’s foreign policy stance with focus on ‘use of hard Q5. power’ alongside ‘soft power”. What are the possible benefi ts of this policy in context of Pakistan? Assess the long-term effi cacy of this policy.

Indian defence diplomacy will have to play an increasingly important role as it tries to Q6. emerge as a credible strategic partner of the regional states. In this context critically examine India’s defence diplomacy. Also bring out contrast with Chinese defence diplomacy.

While regional and multilateral organizations are not able to reach desirable outcomes Q7. and agreements due to various reasons in recent past, sub-regionalism is the way forward. Critically evaluate.

“India’s foreign policy over the last several decade represents a more of Continuity Q8. and less Change, however the rise of Realpolitik in India’s foreign policy in recent times indicating a pragmatic shift. Critically examine the statement.

“The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is not only a step towards combating climate Q9. change, but also an important tool in India’s foreign policy.” Elaborate.

India must revise its nuclear policy and keep its strategy opaque. Critically discuss Q10. the statement.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (SET-1)

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

7

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSwww.iasscore.in

Trace the evolution of India’s Foreign Policy since independence. Do you see a 1. paradigm shift in this evolution?

(250 words)

APPROACH

Overview of broad objectives of foreign policy 1. (40 words)

Discuss in details various phases of our foreign policy 2. (150 words)

Conclude by highlighting fundamental objective of policy 3. (60 words)

HINTS

Jawaharlal Nehru is considered as the architect of India’s foreign policy. While shaping this policy, he was largely infl uenced by the international developments after the Second World War, the weakening of the forces of imperialism and growth of the forces of democracy and progress.

For assessment purpose, India’s foreign policy can be divided into following distinct historical sections:

Period I: 1947 till 1962- Nehruvian EraConsidered as the initial benchmark for India’s Foreign Policy approach.

This period was the most idealistic phase of India’s foreign policy.

The key characteristic of this period was Nehru’s emphasis on ’Nuclear Disarmament’ in order to transform the global order.

The fi ve principles of peaceful coexistence or Panchsheel doctrine was formulated to set vision for India’s bilateral engagements, especially with China.

This was followed by Nehru’s binding interest in ’multilateral institutions’ in promoting global peace and delegitimizing colonial enterprise through his policy of Non-Alignment (NAM). Nehru played a critical role in ideationally challenging the notion of colonialism and the norms of imperialism.

Nehru emphasized on low military expenditure during this period.

Above discourse is blamed for the disaster of 1962 i.e. India-China War. This led to fi rst major shifts in Indian foreign policy since Independence.

Period II: 1962 till 1991- The Cold War periodThis began with disastrous defeat in 1962 at hands of China and ends with end of Cold War in 1991.

India gradually shifted from early idealism to more realistic approach.

There was strategic dependence on the Soviet Union, particularly after 1971.

In general, it was a favourable time in Indian foreign policy arena, as India emerged as regional leader in South Asia.

However, this period retained the Nehruvian rhetoric in terms of its objectives.

Period III: 1991 till 2013- Post Cold War eraThis phase began with the end of the Cold War. Following which many structural shifts could be observed in India’s foreign policy approach.

The era is marked by a pragmatic foreign policy with close to principles of Realism.

These were characterized by the attempts to improve relations with the United States and much of the advanced industrial world.

8


1990’s onwards, there was a steady acceptance of the role ’material power’ in international affairs and India fi nally embraced the signifi cance of the same.

Period IV: Post 2014- Modi EraImportant changes of foreign policy under NDA government are:

Overcoming Historic Hesitations: The Modi government has strengthened India’s partnership with competing powers. For example, fast growing and deepening relationship with countries like USA, Israel and Japan etc.Intensifi ed focus on neighbourhood fi rst: PM Modi dreams of a ‘thriving well-connected and integrated neighbourhood. For example, the latest SAGAR Approach in Indian Ocean region is in line with this theme.From Rule-taker to Rule-maker: The government is willing to share responsibilities on important global issues.Fast growing importance of Indian Diaspora: The government has qualitatively and quantitatively enriched engagement with the Indian Diaspora now. For example, the extensive focus on Diasporas in different countries during PM’s visits or Rescue missions like in Yemen etc.Strengthening Cultural Ties: PM Modi has talked extensively on shared values, traditions and heritage and strengthened ancient ties. For example, Project MAUSAM which will focus on the ancient trade and cultural linkages and emphasize on future maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region stretching from Southeast Asia to East Africa with the central location of India.

Stressed on the need for an “Act East Policy “that should replace India’s over two decade-old “Look East Policy” emphasizing a more proactive role for India in this region.However, the fundamental theme of “Continuity with Change” is still maintained under current regime too. For example, India recently voted in support of UN Resolution against USA regarding condemning its recent decision of recognizing Jerusalem as Israeli Capital. This is strictly in line with India’s historical stand of “Two-State solution” on the issue despite its clearly growing ties with both USA as well as Israeli.Thus, despite all Pragmatic shift in Indian foreign policy, the fundamental objective of “Enlightened Self Interest” remains the paramount concern for New Delhi.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES:

Even before independence, the Government of India maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the Aden Settlement), who sent and received full missions, and was a founder member of both the League of Nations and the United Nations.

After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the Commonwealth of Nations and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the Indonesian National Revolution. The partition and various territorial disputes particularly that over Kashmir will strain India’s relations with Pakistan for years to come. During the Cold War, India adopted a foreign policy of not aligning itself with any major power bloc. However, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union and received extensive military support from it.

The end of the Cold War signifi cantly affected India’s foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States, the European Union trading bloc, Japan, Israel, Mexico, and Brazil. India has also forged close ties with the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the African Union, the Arab League and Iran.

Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia, Israel has emerged as India’s second largest military partner while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.

The foreign policy of Narendra Modi indicated that Neighbourhood First remains India’s foreign policy priority, but the emphasis has shifted from SAARC to BIMSTEC as BIMSTEC is a bridge between South Asia and South East Asia.

9


Vision of new world order has emerged as the major objective of India’s foreign 2. policy. What are the challenges faced in this regard and what are the recent steps India have taken to achieve this?

(250 words)

APPROACH

Briefl y introduce new world order 1. (40 words)

Discuss the major objective of India’s foreign policy 2. (50 words)

Discuss the emerging challenges in achieving rightful place in New 3. (60 words)World Order Suggest some measures to overcome these challenges & to establish 4. (60 words)itself as a major global power in the New World Order Conclusion 5. (40 words)

HINTS

New world order has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. First, it was used after 1st World War in connection with Woodrow Wilson’s effort to establish the League of Nations. The term again used to highlight the bipolar world after 2nd world war &unipolarity with hegemony of USA after disintegration of USSR. Apart from many interpretations of New World Order, it primarily focuses on ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve.

New World code (Global Governance) as a major objective of India’s F. Policy.The democratic, representation of ground realities in world institutions like UN especially Security Council which is dominated by west, World Bank & IMF & consensus based solution of global issues.Prioritizing an integrated neighbourhood; “Neighbourhood First. To leverage international partnerships to advance India’s domestic development.

As the balance of power is shifting with rise of Asia, still there are challenges in achieving rightful place in New World Order which include:

USA & Russia doesn’t want major changes in the UN reforms, especially when it comes to Veto Power to new members. China, because of strategic purposes has not cleared its position regarding India’s inclusion in Security Council.USA’s Congress has resisted even nominal decrease in quota of USA in IMF in spite of the fact India has not yet got its rightful share.The strategically & fi nancially important world institutions are dominated by the countries like USA, UK, Japan, Germany & France in which there is far less share of Asian, South American & African countries.Old order don’t want to devolve more power in these institutions to emerging powers as it might hurt their already stagnant economies & strategic interests.Countries like Italy & Pakistan are against more powers to India in UN & other institutions. India’s non agreement to NPT & CTBT is hurting its cause of being considered as a responsible global power.

10


India has fi nancial & technological challenges to enhance its pace of development. It has to look toward developed countries for its need in these sectors.

India’s limitations in material power have proven the primary obstacle to establishing political hegemony among its smaller neighbours.

In order to overcome these challenges & to establish itself as a major global power in the New World Order, India has taken following initiatives.

India has promoted the UNSC reforms leading the G4 group including the countries Japan, Germany, and Brazil along with itself. UN general assembly has formally accepted the proposal on UN reforms.

Due to India continuous effort, voting rights of India has been increased from 2.3% to 2.6%, however it is far less compared to increase in china’s voting rights to 6% yet it refl ect the rise of India at world level.

India is focusing the BRICS platform, New Development Bank (BRICS Bank) is established as alternative to IMF & World Bank to support the developing countries & to avoid the CAD crisis.

India is leading the Group of developing & least developed countries to protect their rights for development in UNFCCC.

India is using its soft power & fi eld of expertise for mutual benefi ts in African, Latin American & central Asian countries & establishing close relations in fi eld of security, economy, & cultural relations.

India has moved forward with “Act East Policy” from just “Look East Policy”.

ConclusionDespite the Challenges from the old order India has to push forward its agenda of reforms, a more representative & multi polar world where global issues are not just decided in the interest of fi nancial & military muscles. To achieve its objective of New World Order fi rst India has to establish itself as a regional powerhouse by improving its relations with neighbours, acting as a engine of world economy with successful implementation of programme like “Make in India” when China has lest the place and by sharpening its diplomacy in multilateral & regional forum.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

India is rising in a world system that has been largely favourable to its rise, but one that India was not involved is in creating. India is not yet fully in a position to lead, or set the rules of the international order, but it is taking steps to seek full membership of the most important global governance platforms. India is already a member of the G20, the East Asia Summit, and the BRICS coalition, a testament to its status as a large country with a fast-growing economy.

New Delhi also naturally aspires for permanent membership on the UN Security Council as well as actively lobbying for full membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and Missile Technology Control Regime.

India has been trying to bolster its leadership credentials, whether through international relief efforts in Yemen and Libya, reminders of its history of UN peacekeeping, or the public reclamation of its contributions to the World Wars. The successful outcome of the COP21 climate summit in Paris and India’s constructive role have also gone some way towards shedding its reputation as a multilateral ‘naysayer’ and ‘obstructionist’.

India’s foreign policy limitations are linked intimately to its weaknesses at home. Therefore, if India is to realise its great power ambitions, it has to accelerate economic reforms, strengthen India’s institutions, preserve its constitutional ethos, and protect its internal cohesion, all of which have fl oundered dangerously in recent years.

11


The remarkable positive change in India’s foreign policy towards neighbourhood 3. is fraught with problems such as lack of trust and confl ict between local political parties of the neighbouring countries on the one hand and geopolitics of regional and global powers on the other, which would delay the efforts to bear fruits. Elaborate.

(250 words)

APPROACH

Briefl y introduce the foreign policy of a country 1. (50 words)

Explain what is India’s Neighbourhood fi rst Policy 2. (80 words)

Discuss Major Challenges of neighbourhood integration in front of India 3. (70 words)

Conclusion 4. (50 words)

HINTS

The foreign policy of a country is the product of the complex interplay of history, geography, past experience, present requirements, perception of ruling elites of national interest and ideological consensus. It is also shaped & moulded by domestic balance of forces; and the regional & international balance of forces.South Asia is a unique case of global integration without regional integration and the largest economic power of south Asia i.e. India till recent past was more focused on the global powers then its immediate neighbours. India changed its position towards its neighbour’s since Gujral doctrine (i.e. continuous engagement even without reciprocity from smaller neighbour), was accepted as a part of Indian foreign policy.

Neighbourhood fi rst Policy:Government has given the primary importance to its neighbours & has taken the proactive steps to improve the relations with them along with aligning the “Look East Policy” to “Act east Policy”. Media has termed it as a neighbourhood fi rst policy. This will have far reaching consequences favouring India’s position in the region if implemented successfully. This will also pave way for the regional integration as India is the focal point to integrate the multi diversity region. However, the current incidents show that path is not smooth to trade.

Major Challenges of neighbourhood integration include: Trust Deficit: there has been lack of trust especially when it comes to relations with Pakistan & China. Past experiences of breach of trust by china through 1962 war & its incursion in the Indian Territory in Laddakh region are mainly responsible for it. Pakistan supported cross border terrorism and border dispute in J&K are Deeping this trust deficit. Recent issues of blockade of supplies to hilly area of Nepal by Madhesis in Tarai region was also seen as a step supported Indian government which culminated in lowest point in India Nepal relations.Local party politics especially in Tamil Nadu toward Tamil Issues in Sri Lanka is hampering the development of relations in the country. Water sharing of Tista River between West Bengal & Bangladesh also has been politicized as a regional issue. Many a times, countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh are playing the China card in negotiations & draw extra benefi ts. Regional integration is impeded by the swinging relations of India & Pakistan. SAARC failure is a major example of regional geopolitics.Superpowers like USA, China to enhance their infl uence over south Asia region is using the region as their playground. Pivot to Asia policy of USA to contain the rise of China & China’s policy of One Belt One Road to extend its infl uence is the major interplay of these global powers. Continuous instability of Afghanistan & terrorism in the region is adding the vulnerability of the region.

12


Weak and delayed execution of undertaken projects such as energy grid project.

ConclusionIn spite of all these challenges India’s efforts to improve relations with neighbours & its policy of continuous engagement even without reciprocation will bear fruit in time to come. India need to brush aside its image as big brother & should cooperate with its small neighbours. India should provide its expertise in fi eld of IT, education, and medical to win the confi dence of these neighbours & should refrain from the domestic politics of these countries.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

New government is actively focussing on Improving the ties with India’s immediate neighbours which is being termed as neighbourhood fi rst policy in the media.

Indian scientists are asked to take the endeavour to develop a dedicated SAARC satellite to share the fruits of the technology like tele-medicine, e-learning etc. with the people across South Asia to complement the currently operating Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme program in the region.

The Bay of Bengal is fast becoming a key area of economic and strategic competition in the Indo- Pacifi c. It’s the largest bay in the world and forms an important part of southern Asia. The limitations of SAARC due to multiple reasons have led to South Asian region being the least integrated region in the world vis-à-vis the European and ASEAN experiences.

Both SAARC and BIMSTEC focus on regions which are geographically overlapping but this does not make them equal alternatives. SAARC is a purely regional organization, whereas BIMSTEC is interregional and connects both South Asia and ASEAN. Hence, SAARC and BIMSTEC complement each other in terms of functions and goals and India has a unique opportunity to connect with ASEAN through 3Cs (Commerce, Culture and Connectivity)

In abandoning strategic restraint in favour of strategic proactivism, India is 4. transiting from a strategic doctrine of offensive deterrence to compellence with respect to Pakistan? What do you understand by this? Discuss.

(250 words)

APPROACH

Briefl y defi ne the changing nature of India’s engagement with Pakistan 1. (30 words)

Defi ne the term strategic doctrine of offensive deterrence 2. (50 words)

Explain why India is transiting from a strategic doctrine of offensive 3. (120 words)deterrence to compellence with respect to Pakistan. With suitable examples


HINTS

While defi ning the changing nature of India’s engagement with Pakistan, compellence states as, to drive the action of Pakistan as per India’s ‘pre thought strategy’ which is the opposite of deterrence. India has changed its attitude in dealing with Pakistan from offensive deterrence to compelling Pakistan to come on discussion form by Bilateral Talks.

13


What does this strategic doctrine of offensive deterrence implies?Strategic doctrine means to translate power into policy which comprises of:

Whether the goals of a state are offensive or defensive.

whether it seeks to achieve or to prevent a transformation

Its strategic doctrine must defi ne what objectives are worth contending for and it should determine the degree of force appropriate for achieving them.

Strategic doctrine can be defensive, offensive, deterrent or compellent.

A state’s strategic doctrine precedes its military doctrine in which political leadership determines the strategic doctrine in accordance with the nation’s values and aims whereas the military formulates the military doctrine to refl ect and enable the strategic doctrine.

Being an ultimate arbiter, the Military power is a consequential component of grand strategy as a state’s strategic doctrine. The effectiveness of the military instrument is not only a function of military budgets, sound strategy, leadership etc but also of appropriate military doctrine.

Reasons for India’s transition from a strategic doctrine of offensive deterrence to Compellence form.

The war of 1971: It was a watershed in India’s military history in post Independence that has given a sharp change in India’s military doctrine which has been on deterrence based on counter offensive capability. But since deterrence was not suffi cient to deter the threat from Pakistan in the form of proxy war, hence the Army moved towards a greater offensive bias in its military doctrine. This has culminated in the proactive doctrine of Cold Start that can be taken to countenance compellence in case of Pakistan’s continued provocation.

This period represented a quantum leap in Indian employment of the military instrument, from defensive and restrained military operations to taking the war into the enemy’s territory. This meant having manoeuvrable forces in order to hit him in depth on his lines of communication, rather than merely infl ict casualties.

1980’s: A strategic dialectic that is ongoing to the present day. Indian strategic orientation in the period had two prongs – diplomatic and military. Among the many peace initiatives included efforts to bring about better understanding through discussion on drafts of ‘No War Pact’ proposal by Pakistan and a ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ proposed by India and setting up of an Indo-Pak Joint Commission.

A bilateral agreement on non-attack on nuclear installations proposed by India in December 1985 was signed in December 1988 and fi nally came into force with the exchange of lists of locations on 01 Jan 1992. On the military front it was a movement away from the defensive posture of the Seventies to an offensive posture. Therefore, the resulting ‘carrot and stick’ approach can be characterised as a strategic doctrine of deterrence, one inducing self-restraint on the other side.

1990’s: there were three factors which had a retarding effect on the turn to the offensive seen in the previous decade.

Proxy War by Pakistan and Its continuance in Punjab and Kashmir.

Declining defence budgets.

Effect of Nuclearisation that was initially covert, but requiring the military taking cognisance of the emerging security situation.

Thus, even as the threat heightened in terms of a more aggressive Pakistan, India could not leverage its power. Pakistani acquisition of the nuclear capability rendered India’s conventional superiority questionable. Therefore the doctrine of ‘deep strike’ could not be employed with impunity.

2000-2010: began with heightened terrorism in Kashmir, a result of inability to control infi ltration and momentary diversion of attention from counter insurgency during the Kargil episode. Thereafter, terrorism spread in the rest of India, spurred on by Pakistan but also due to local roots brought about by a worsening communal situation. Overt nuclearisation further cramped India’s conventional might particularly during Operation Parakram.

14


This, along with the earlier Kargil War, served to impel doctrinal thinking through which the military instrument was to be brought back into the reckoning of signifi cance to its employability however it was the presence and action of the US in the vicinity in the form of the Global War on Terror. Nevertheless, by decade end, the situation has stabilised in Kashmir, even as Mumbai 26/11, the late November 2008 multiple terror attacks in Mumbai as well as recent Pathankot and Uri attacks indicated continuing vulnerability to terror.

The Limited War thinking in the early part of the decade led to acknowledging ‘the importance of strategic (politico-military) doctrine is much higher for limited war than those that are full scale, leave alone total wars. “In India’s case, there has not been a clearly articulated strategic doctrine. India has a strategic doctrine of deterrence predicated on punishment. Therefore, it maintains a dissuasive defensive posture on the border, even as it has reserves to deliver a counter offensive.

ConclusionUndermining the changing scenario observed that, India has an active diplomatic prong to complement deterrence for the China front it needs to replicate this for the Pakistan front. On this score, its cancellation of the talks with Pakistan right at the inception is counter-productive. The self-fulfi lling prophecy could well kick in; India’s tendency towards compellence can only prompt Pakistan’s ‘deep state’ or ‘establishment’ to up-the-ante and vice versa. India can do without such dissonance in its strategic and diplomatic dealings and exchanges.

There has been a shift in India’s foreign policy stance with focus on ‘use of hard 5. power’ alongside ‘soft power”. What are the possible benefi ts of this policy in context of Pakistan? Assess the long-term effi cacy of this policy.

(250 words)

APPROACH

Briefl y introduce shift in India’s foreign policy 1. (50 words)

Elaborate benefi ts of this change 2. (70 words)

Discuss its long term effi cacy 3. (80 words)


HINTS

India has faced various diffi cult situations in its neighbourhood. Terrorism has been a main issue between India and Pakistan which has affected bilateral relations in past and continues to effect in present also. In past India has attempted methods like securing its borders, snapping cultural ties, dialogue, urging international community to force Pakistan desist from terrorism.

Recently, there has been a change in the attitude on Indian side with regards to range of responses considered. After Uri attack, there demand of scrapping the Indus Water Treaty, surgical strikes across the border, raising the Baluchistan issue, increased strategic co-operation with West Asian countries, focusing on terrorism through all platforms like BRICS, G20, SAARC, etc., shutting talks till terrorism continues have been some of the responses which indicate a change in the attitude on Indian side.

Benefi ts of the policy:It has given India an alternative way to respond and added an element of unpredictability. Till now the terrorists in Pakistan were assured that India will not take any overt operation against them, which was luring for them as it assured that they can infl ict damage on India without suffering anything in return.

15


Hard power policy has added costs to Pakistan for pursuing any inimical agenda against India. These costs could be anything like greater isolation, threat of losing on water from Indus and tributaries, greater damage to Pakistan image globally etc.

It will also send a message to Pakistan that India is ready take the things head on. This may tilt the equilibrium in favour of those seeking peace with India in Pakistan.

With respect to geo-strategic importance India is utilising its soft powers in dealing with their resourceful neighbour Afghanistan involves winning “hearts and minds” and strengthening its cultural as well as political relationship backed with the ideas of nation building and political stability.

Pakistan primarily relies on military means and hard power and completely neglects the use of soft power methods such as art, culture, education to promote their foreign policy objectives as a result Indian impact and the sway of soft power has resulted in a much greater acceptance and support in Afghanistan as compared to that of Pakistan.

Long term effi cacy:But it must be kept in mind that such hard power-based policy and efforts to isolate Pakistan globally cannot be continued for long if they do not bring results, as these have fi nancial and economic costs for India. Also, efforts to isolate Pakistan may become mere slogans at global foras, if India fails to persuade other countries with proper proof, through leverages etc.

For India stakes lies in normalizing the relationship along western border and ensuring peace, prosperity of the whole region through any permutations and combinations of hard and soft power. Steps must be taken which help the democratically elected government in Pakistan to control military. International pressure through UNSC and other forums to curb terrorism, stopping the fi nancing of terrorism, co-operation with gulf countries to dissuade Pakistan from continuing anti-India activities must be considered.

ConclusionSoft power plays an important role in developing friendly and diplomatic relations with nations and cannot be neglected. This is not to say that hard power should be completely neglected. A balance and combination of hard and soft power is required to achieve the required goal. If Pakistan wishes to infl uence and have stable relations with other nations it ought to use soft power means rather than solely relying on hard power and military tactics.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

Soft powerSoft power is the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without resorting to force or coercion. India has always been a country with tremendous ‘soft power’—as can be seen from the fact that unlike the rise of China, its ‘rise’ is not being viewed with trepidation and alarm in many countries. Soft power of any country lies in a country’s attractiveness and comes from three resources:

Its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), Its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and Its foreign policies (when they are seen as legitimate and having moral authority).

India poses all these elements of soft power.

Culture is the most important source of soft power. India is at a very advantageous position as far as culture is concerned and has historically enjoyed much soft power. Indian spiritualism, music, movies, values carried by Indian Diaspora has long been cherished by countries. India has historical cultural linkages with most of the Asia countries. Lately Yoga, zero, etc., have been new additions in this category.

16


India as a Nation is seen with respect because of its democratic traditions, inclusive society and its attempts to ensure social justice, free and fair elections etc. Indian have been helping many countries in fair conduction of elections, drafting of Constitutions etc. Various programmes of engagement among the politicians have been going to gain from it.

India’s foreign policy has been based on moral values from the time of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who remains a tremendous infl uence on Indian foreign policy even today.

Moreover, even before independence, leaders of the Indian National Congress supported the freedom struggles of people under colonial rule in Asia and Africa. This support, both political and material, continued even after independence. India also strongly decried Apartheid and racial discrimination at international fora. Its refusal to join either bloc during the Cold War and sending a medical contingent rather than armed combatants to the United Nations (UN) force in Korea in 1950 also enhanced its standing in the world community, particularly the countries of the Third World.

Indian defence diplomacy will have to play an increasingly important role as it tries 6. to emerge as a credible strategic partner of the regional states. In this context critically examine India’s defence diplomacy. Also bring out contrast with Chinese defence diplomacy.

(250 words)

APPROACH

Briefl y introduce the term defence diplomacy and also explain it in 1. (50 words)Indian context Elaborate, How is it helpful for India in emerging as a credible strategic 2. (70 words)partner of the regional states Also mention joint military exercises and bilateral defence ties of India 3. (50 words)with other countries Describe the potential of India in arms sale and also mention problems 4. (60 words)related with the arms sale Conclusion 5. (20 words)

HINTS

Defence diplomacy: In international politics, defence diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities. India has been traditionally lagged behind in using military diplomacy as an effective tool in its diplomacy. But this has been gradually changing over the last few years. Some of the recent actions of India including the participation in the quadrilateral exercises are steps in the right direction. India is emerging as a credible strategic partner of the regional states due to its new defence diplomacy as smaller states in the region reach out to it for trade, diplomacy and potentially as a key regional balancer.

The ‘Look east’ policy is now the cornerstone of India’s engagement with the world’s most economically dynamic region. India’s proximity to the region and its growing capabilities make it a natural partner of most states in East and Southeast Asia.

At the broader regional level, India continues to make a strong case for its growing relevance in the East Asian regional security and economic architecture with greater urgency than ever before.

17


India has also strengthened its bilateral defence ties with some of the Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore. It is important to augment this beyond the traditional level of bilateral joint exercises to include multilateral exercises in our neighbourhood and beyond as well as to engage in arms sales.

So far as joint military exercises are concerned, India has not fared too poorly. For example,

Exercise name Details

Al-Nagah-II 2017 India-Oman joint military exercise.• Held in Dhauladhar Ranges in Bakloh belt of Himachal • Pradesh.

Ajeya Warrior 2017 India-UK Military Exercise• Held in Bikaner•

AUSINDEX 2017 India-Australia Naval Exercise• Will be held in Freemantle, Australia•

CORPAT (India and Indonesia Coordinated Patrol)

India and Indonesia maritime exercise• Held in Andaman and Nicobar•

DRUZBA 2017 Joint military exercise between special forces of Pakistan • and RussiaHeld in Minralney Vody, Russia•

Hand in Hand India and China joint military exercise• Aims to enhance cooperation and maintain peace and tran-• quillity along border areas of both countries.

Maitree 2018 India-Thailand Military Exercise• Held in Thailand•

SIMBEX-2017 India and Singapore Joint Naval Exercise• Held in South China Sea•

Varuna 2018 India-France Joint Naval Exercise• Held in Reunion Island in Indian Ocean Region•

Military diplomacy, conducted as part of India’s overall diplomacy, will act as a signifi cant catalyst in strengthening its ties with friendly countries. Keeping in mind larger strategic interests and not just commercial ones, India needs to step up arms transfer relations with important countries. Commercial considerations coupled with strategic interests in all the buyer countries would be signifi cantly benefi cial to India.

India’s potential for arms sale: There are many reasons, including technological and economic, why India should consider foreign arms sales but an important one is to prevent China or Pakistan from gaining an advantage in areas of India’s concern.

India should consider selling items such as the Brahmos cruise missile and the INSAS small arms systems. With reference to Brahmos, since it was jointly developed with Russia, there might be objections from Russia. However, such issues could be sorted out. For instance, Brahmos has generated interest in South Africa, South Korea and Vietnam. Commercial considerations coupled with strategic interests in all of these three countries would be signifi cantly benefi cial to India.

18


India has instituted ‘2+2’ dialogue mechanism to combine the synergies of foreign and defence teams. A good number of bilateral military industrial conferences were held with different partners to explore mutually benefi cial opportunities under ‘Make in India’ and ‘Make with India’ framework.India is also offering Line of Credit (LOC) for the purchase of defence equipment to the neighbours like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.For the fi rst time, on the Republic Day Parade 2018, India presented its indigenous defence capabilities before the heads of all 10 ASEAN nations.MCGS Barracuda to Mauritius (the Barracuda is India’s fi rst ever export of a home built warship), and DRDO developed HMS-X2 Sonar’s to Myanmar. Similarly, the INSAS small arms systems have evinced interest in some of the smaller western African countries. Other weapon systems that India could potentially do business with include Dhruv – the Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH).Among non-lethal weapons, India could possibly sell trucks, other military vehicles and radars. India is already selling trucks to the Malaysian Army; other military vehicles to some African countries and air defence radars – Indra - have been supplied to Sri Lanka. The effectiveness of the Indra radars may be questionable but it could still serve some limited purpose.

Problem Areas in Arms saleIndia’s plans to export arms and equipments will be faced with huge problems unless the current export policy is revamped between the DGFT and the MOD. India has to fi nalize on a policy that is attractive enough to sell these weapons systems without much delay and red-tapeism. Revamping the export policy would also involve updating the Munitions List and the list of the Waasenaar Arrangement.While the Indian armed forces retained a measure of international presence through their participation in the United Nations peacekeeping operations, the People’s Liberation Army largely remained in the shadows. In the last decade, Beijing has put a special emphasis on military diplomacy as an important element of China’s national security strategy. As its interests become global, China’s international military footprint is rapidly growing.

Conclusion India’s defence diplomacy will have to play an increasingly important role as India tries to emerge as a credible strategic partner of the regional states. Neither India nor other regional states have incentive to defi ne their relationship in opposition to China. But they are certainly interested in leveraging their ties with other states to gain benefi ts from China and bring a semblance of equality in their relationships.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

China defence diplomacy As China rises and India emerges, their military engagement with the rest of the world has steadily grown. As they turned inwards in the 1950s, both Beijing and Delhi turned insular in the military domain too.In the last decade, Beijing has put a special emphasis on military diplomacy as an important element of China’s national security strategy. As its interests become global, China’s international military footprint is rapidly growing.The PLA’s military diplomacy covers the full range from high-level contacts, professional exchanges, personnel training, joint exercises and training, international arms control and public diplomacy. It involves the general headquarters/departments, armed services and the area commands of the PLA.

19


While the external interaction of the Indian armed forces has grown considerably since the early 1990s, Beijing scores over Delhi in the better institutionalisation and greater integration of its military diplomacy with the conduct of external relations. A recent report in the PLA Daily underlines what it calls the “splendour” of China’s military diplomacy.PLA’s military diplomacy has “enriched the conduct of foreign relations, cemented and deepened China’s cooperation in defence and security with other countries and played a unique role in creating a good external environment for China’s development.”In the last few years, China has stepped up its efforts to improve the quality and value of its arms exports to the developing countries, according a recent annual survey of global arms trade conducted by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) in Washington. The CRS reports that “from 2006-2009, the value of China’s arms transfer agreements with developing nations averaged over $1.9 billion annually”.A signifi cant portion of China’s totals can be attributed to the major contract with Pakistan, a key client, associated with the production of the J-17 fi ghter aircraft. China has been an important source of missiles and related technology in the developing world’s arms market, especially to North Korea, Pakistan, and the Middle East.China has also supplied small arms and light weapons to African and other developing states. Since the prospects for signifi cant revenue earnings from these arms sales are limited, China likely views such sales as one means of enhancing its status as an international political power, and increasing its ability to obtain access to signifi cant natural resources, especially oil.

While regional and multilateral organizations are not able to reach desirable 7. outcomes and agreements due to various reasons in recent past, sub-regionalism is the way forward. Critically evaluate.

(200 words)

APPROACH

Defi ne why the regional and multi-lateral organizations are experiencing 1. (70 words)emergence of sub-groups and sub-regionalism Explain the regionalism in the form of SAARC 2. (80 words)


HINTS

The end of the cold war has provided momentum to the growth of regional organizations and trading blocks. The countries all over the world, spurred on by globalization and the rapid emergence of market economies, have assembled themselves into regional associations for economic upliftment, collective bargaining capability, and group solidarity against external pressures.However, the regional and multilateral organization that thus, emerged have been held hostage by bilateral issues among its members. Such issues have also ensured that due to a particular member or group of members the group is not able to move ahead with agreements and joint declarations. Thus, the regional and multi-lateral organizations are experiencing emergence of sub-groups and sub-regionalism. Most evident of this is Group of 77 within ambit of WTO.

Regionalism in context of SAARC:-The regionalism in the form of SAARC has further progressed toward sub-regionalism of the four countries, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal due to mutual differences between India and Pakistan.

20


There is some ambivalence vis-a-vis the concept of sub-regionalism within the broader concept of regionalism. There have been questions about the functioning of the growth quadrangle of the four countries within the seven-country SAARC.

However, as per several study reports, the positive signs indicating a bright future for sub-regionalism in SAARC are more impressive than those of a negative or ambivalent in nature.

There is a growing realization that in the changed global scenario, the countries of the region have to sink or swim together. The countries are forced to cooperate, beyond the bilateral level, to exploit the resources, particularly, water resources for the development of the region.

Similarly the environmental concerns, rise of terrorism and other non-state factors have ensured that no state independently or bilaterally can solve these issues.

ConclusionThus, regional cooperation is must. However, in case there are problems within regional groups, sub-regional groupings can develop and work for mutual benefit of the group and can take the matters forward. Regionalism is giving strength to the regions which were earlier neglected like Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia. The consequences of regionalization are in terms of security and development. For example, SAARC, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) and various other regional groups has been formed for the regional security and development with the cooperation of all the member nations.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

RegionalismRegionalism is an ideology and political movement that seeks to advance the causes of regions. As a process it plays role within the nation as well as outside the nation i.e. at international level. Both types of regionalism have different meaning and have positive as well as negative impact on society, polity, diplomacy, economy, security, culture, development, negotiations, etc.

Regionalism and Sectionalism: Regionalism can be differentiated from localism or sectionalism. The latter is motivated by very narrow interests of a class or a particular community, the former is founded on cultural or ethnic factors viz., linguistic or traditional peculiarities. It furnishes a ground for conceiving a sub-nationality.Regionalism and Sub-Regionalism: It is rather diffi cult to draw a line between regionalism and sub-regionalism precisely in the contemporary Indian political scenario. However, factually speaking, a sub region refers to a small area within a region having different characteristics. As such it can claim distinct identity. For example the Telangana Movement for carving out separate Telangana state being a part of the Telugu speaking region of Andhra Pradesh may be categorised as sub-regionalism.Characteristics of Politics of Regionalism in India: The following are the salient characteristics of Politics of Regionalism in India:A Product of Diversities: India is a land of diversities. Indians have varied cultures. They speak different languages. They observe different customs. Their socio-economic development also varies from state to state and even from one part of a state to the other. Even after the redrawing of maps of the states on the linguistic basis, some areas of certain states are keen for their regional autonomy.It has resulted in series of agitations for furthering their individual regional interests. A mention may be made of such agitations—Marathawada in Maharashtra ; a Saurashtra in Gujarat, a Jharkhand in Bihar and Orissa, Chhattisgarh in Madhya Pradesh, a Bundelkhand or Uttrakhand in Uttar Pradesh, a Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir and Telengana in Andhra Pradesh and Punjabi Suba in Punjab.

21


Linguistic Affi nity: Linguistic attachment constitutes another salient factor in this regard. In 1948, the report of Das Commission which opposed the creation of the states on the language basis earned appreciation at the hands of Indian National Congress. But soon after the top leaders of the Congress—Sardar Patel and J.L. Nehru endorsed the creation of Telugu speaking state. There was a strong agitation in Madras and the eventual inception of Andhra state in 1953. It opened the Pandora Box. Henceforth political reorganization of the country on linguistic basis gained momentum.Economic Disparities: Economic disparities in the state resulting in injustice to a certain part of the state aggravate discontent among the people and resentment begins. The protection of interests of Maharashtrians was led by Shiv Sena (formed in 1967) to agitate against the non-Maharashtrians. Later the All Assam Students Union and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad did the same in Assam to safeguard the interests of the original Assamese. The safeguarding of the interests of the sons of the soil as apparent in the move for separate Telangana state out of Andhra Pradesh, has become an essential ingredient of the politics of regionalism.Perpetuation of Social Injustice: Social injustice with a section of people in a part of state compels them to forge a united front and struggle for social equality and social justice. The tribals of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh voiced their sentiments for a separate Jharkhand state as they were conscious of social injustices and poor economic plight. Likewise people of Meghalaya and agitationists in Uttarakhand could not stand social inequalities and injustices and fought for separate states. The Gorkhas of Darjeeling ask for Gorkhaland and Bodos of Assam demand Bodoland.Federal System and Urge for more Autonomous States: We have opted for federal mechanism of Government. It assures regional autonomy. Hence the people living in a vast country like that of ours’ aspire for autonomous regions out of the big states which formed Union of Indian states after merger and integration of princely states and Indian provinces in the Indian Union.

Regionalism in international arena & Its impactRegionalism in International sense can be with respect to –Physical regions, refer to territorial, military, and economic spaces controlled primarily by states, and functional region, which are defi ned by non-territorial factors such as culture and the market that are often the purview of non-state actors

European Union

ASEAN

Regional Economic Instituions in Asia-Pacifi c

CAREC SAARC

ASEM

MyanmerLae

CambodiaBrunei

PhilippinesThailandMalaysiaSingapore

JapanSouth Korea

ASEAN+3

China

APEC

RussiaCanada United States Mexico PeruChile Taipei, Hong Kong

Mongolia

AustraliaNew Zealand

Marshall IslandsVanuatuSolomon Islands Tonga Palau

Papua New Guinea PIF

Kyrgyz RepublicTajikistan

BangladeshBhutanNepal

Sri LankaMaldives

KazakhstanUzbekistaAzerbaijan

PakistanIndia

Afghanistan

Indonesia Vietnam

Currently, Economists take regions as institutionally granted, for example, the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ASEAN, proposed Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), etc. to study changes in the shares of intra- and interregional trade.

22


Regionalism is giving strength to the regions which were earlier neglected like Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia. The consequences of regionalization are in terms of security and development. For example, SAARC, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) and various other regional groups has been formed for the regional security and development with the cooperation of all the member nations.It helps the regions and the countries within in achieving Self-reliance, with respect to their social development, economic needs, technological needs, etc. With the help of regionalism economic policies may remain more stable and consistent. As it is, in practice in European Union, though Euro zone crisis is learning for the member nation to create an environment for more predictable and stable economic environment.

Regional confl icts could be resolved, with the help of regionalism and it eliminates distorted investment patterns, since the “security fund” (military expenditures) can be tapped for more productive use and can give peaceful dividend to the nation as well as to the region.

“India’s foreign policy over the last several decade represents a more of 8. Continuity and less Change, however the rise of Realpolitik in India’s foreign policy in recent times indicating a pragmatic shift. Critically examine the statement.

(250 Words)

APPROACH

Mention about the Continuity and Changes in India’s Foreign policy. 1. (30 words)

Change from Idealist to Realist foreign policy. 2. (70 words)

Consequences of Realpolitik foreign policy. 3. (70 words)

Criticism of the shift in foreign policy. 4. (50 words)

Way Forward 5. (30 words)

HINTS

National Interest is the sole goal of any foreign policy. Foreign policy is determined in such way that the national interest is not compromised. Continuity and Changes are the features of all foreign policies. Foreign policy of a nation refl ects continuity because it is based on, and guards, the long term national interests of the nation. Continuity in foreign policy refl ects the foresightedness and the vision of the foreign policy makers whereas Change refl ects pragmatism of the policy makers holding this responsibility. Change is necessary because the environment, both internal and external, is constantly at fl ux.

Continuity in India’s foreign policy is seen with respect to:-India’s foreign policy since ancient times has had elements of both continuity and change. The elements of continuity include quest for securing peace in the neighbourhood, increasing trade, attracting foreign investments, playing a major role in the global arena.

Maintained strategic autonomy.

Foreign policy is based on universal values like freedom, tolerance and peace.

India has not signed NPT because she considers this as a discriminatory.

23


Change in India’s foreign policy is seen with respect to:-Idealism to pragmatism in which idealism is primarily associated with Nehru’s way of dealing war through international laws and negotiations whereas India’s foreign policy has over time abandoned its hectoring, moralizing quality and embraced a more pragmatic mode of business.

Its economic diplomacy and this change have signifi cantly contributed to Indian pragmatism in foreign relations.

Its Domestic politics i.e. bringing changes at federal level and emergence of regional parties.

Its International order i.e. being a rule maker from a rule breaker.

As per foreign policy analysts like C Raja Mohan, SD Muni, Harsh Pant presently India’s foreign policy has become more pragmatic.

India’s stance against the Rohingya refugees refl ects a shift from its traditional stance of welcoming refugees though India is not a party to UN convention on refugees

India is pursuing de- hyphenation approach towards Israel - Palestine. India has stopped looking at Israel from the prism of Palestine.

India’s offensive defensive strategy against Pakistan was visible when it conducted a surgical strike which was a departure from the past.

India is seen to have left the theatres of Non Alignment and is now considering Multilateralism.

India’s growing relations with USA especially in defence cooperation is seen as a partnership of 21 st Century.

SAARC has hit a roadblock with the recent summit being cancelled after Pakistan’s aggression towards India. India has now shifted its focus to sub regional groupings like BIMSTEC

India also showed diplomatic maturity during the Doklam standoff and prevented it from escalating into a full scale war

Consequences of increasing reliance on RealpolitikIndia would no longer be considered as a “soft state”.

Concerns of a two – front war from China Pakistan alliances

India would be projected as a country which can take initiative thus helping its case for a permanent seat at UNSC.

Increasing closeness with countries like USA and Israel is pushing our traditional allies like Russia to realign its relationship with China and Pakistan.

Criticism of rise of Realpolitik in India’s Foreign PolicyIndia’s focus on hard power (military power) for foreign policy outcomes sidelines our rich soft power (ideological power, goodwill) attributes.

The concerns among the small neighbouring countries like Nepal against India’s ‘big brother’ attitude

Even though countries like China have the military might to use hard power, there is an increased focus on soft power. The BRI is an important part of China’s Soft power. It seeks to make the countries economically dependent on it.

Basing a foreign policy on immediate practical concerns is not advisable in a dynamic global scenario.

It would reduce the element of trust in bilateral ties. Example, USA’s reversal of many of the commitment’s given by the previous government has reduced the trust on US.

24


Way ForwardIndia’s foreign policy has evolved in interesting ways as its power has increased in international affairs. While the quest for strategic autonomy has remained a fundamental objective, the con-tent of Indian foreign policy has undergone a pragmatic transformation and is far more oriented toward economic diplomacy today than ever before. In the changing geopolitical order India must build a strong foundation based on both India’s civilization values as well as new considerations. The world order today is based on COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE. There is CONFLICT, COOPERATION, and COMPETITION all at the same time. India must continue with its growth story and leave the hesitations of history in its national interest.

“The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is not only a step towards combating 9. climate change, but also an important tool in India’s foreign policy.” Elaborate.

(250 words)

APPROACH

What is ISA? 1. (40 words)

How it helps in combating Climate Change? 2. (80 words)

India’s Role in ISA 3. (80 words)

What is Solar Diplomacy? 4. (50 words)

it.5. HINTS

What is International Solar Alliance?The International Solar Alliance is a treaty based international inter-governmental alliance of 121 solar insolation rich countries lying fully or partially between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

ISA was launched in November, 2015 through joint collaboration of India and France. The interim Secretariat of the ISA is in India. In March 2018, India, also,hosted inaugural ISA summit.

How it helps in combating Climate Change?The Alliance aims to provide a platform for prospective member countries to collaborate and address the identifi ed gaps through a common agreed approach.

ISA has been envisioned as a dedicated platform that aims to contribute towards the common goal of increasing utilization and promote solar energy and solar applications in the prospective member countries to help the world transform to a low-carbon and greener society.

India’s Role at ISA:

Government of India has dedicated 5-acre land in NISE campus for the ISA Headquarters and has contributed Rs 175 crore for ISA corpus fund and for meeting expenditure for initial fi ve years.

Government of India has also offered training support for ISA member countries at NISE and support for demonstration projects for solar home lighting, solar pumps for farmers and for other solar applications.

Solar diplomacy and role in foreign policy:

ISA has helped India in improving its credentials among its peers in the developing world. It will be part of India’s reach for stronger international leadership on a “south-to-south” basis.

The ongoing issues on economics of solar appliances with US and Africa Solar Mamas can have a solution through solar diplomacy.

25


Conclusion:The International Solar Alliance can be a tremendous step forward for India on the world energy and environment stage. If India, with the cooperation of the other nations that constitute the ISA steering committee, can give practical, value-added substance to the ISA’s mission, its position as a world leader will be signifi cantly enhanced. Standing at the junction of technology, fi nance, and consumer application, India, through its domestic solar bet and the International Solar Alliance, can have a transformative effect on the application of solar power and earn its place in the sun.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

The International Solar Alliance was inaugurated by the Indian Prime Minister and French President in National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gwalpahari,Gurgaon along with the interim Secretariat of the ISA.

It has been set up with UN as strategic partner.

It is the India’s fi rst international and inter-governmental organization of 121 Countries to have headquarters in India with United Nations as Strategic Partner.

It creates a collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies to enhance energy security and sustainable development.

It improves access to energy and opportunities for better livelihoods in rural and remote areas and to increase the standard of living.

It will work with partner countries to formulate projects and programmes to accelerate development and deployment of existing clean solar energy technologies, the potential for which largely remaining untapped.

It develops innovative fi nancial mechanisms to reduce cost of capital and builds a common knowledge e-Portal.

It also facilitates capacity building for promotion and absorption of solar technologies and Research and Development among member countries.

It will encourage multilateral bodies like IRENA, REEEP, IEA, REN21, UN bodies, bilateral organizations, corporates, industry, and other stakeholders to contribute towards the goal of increasing utilization of solar energy in the member countries.

In the absence of any specifi c body in place to address the specifi c solar technology deployment needs of the solar resource rich countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. International Solar Alliance (ISA) was conceived as a coalition of solar resource rich countries to address their special energy needs. It is jointly led by India and France as part of an outreach programme, aims to create solar projects in the Pacifi c nations

As of now 65 countries have signed the ISA framework Agreement.

India must revise its nuclear policy and keep its strategy opaque. Critically 10. discuss the statement.

(200 words)

APPROACH

Brief introduction on India’s nuclear policy 1. (70 words)

Analyse whether the policy needs to be opaque or the current policy 2. (90 words)

26


is already good enough Way Forward 3. (40 words)

HINTS

A national nuclear doctrine represents, the collective set of beliefs or principles held by the nation with regard to the utility of its nuclear weapons.Post 1998 nuclear test, India came up with a comprehensive nuclear doctrine to clear doubts and misunderstandings prevailing around world regarding India’s Nuclear weapon policy. The Cabinet Committee on Security enunciated the details in 2003. By charting out a clear and principled nuclear policy, India has not only clarifi ed its stand (both nationally and internationally) but also has earned valuable global support and credibility by diligently following the restraints.

Arguments against:India’s current policy has helped India secure crucial international deals, such as the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) waiver as part of the Indo-U.S. nuclear deal in 2008.

More recently, India signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with Japan even though Japan is known for its staunch anti-nuclear stance and India is not a signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).India is currently also seeking to join the NSG as a permanent member which is a doctrinal shift and is only going to give China more reason to delay India’s entry. This posture would also play into the hands of Pakistan, which has long accused India of duplicity over its no fi rst use policy and called India’s expanding arsenal a threat to the region’s stability.

No First Use policy is effi cient: It builds stability into deterrence by credibly promising nuclear retaliation in the face of extreme provocation of a nuclear fi rst strike by one’s adversary.

Change in stance will create issues: All the gains enjoyed by India in the international community by the restraint of India nuclear posture would be frittered away if there is change in stance of nuclear doctrineIt would enormously complicate and increase the expenditure incurred by us in regard to our command and control mechanisms which would have to be reconfi gured to engage in calibrated nuclear war fi ghting.It would weaken the possibility of our engaging in conventional warfare insulated from the nuclear overhang.It would encourage the use of tactical nuclear weapons against under the illusion of no massive response.It would facilitate the painting of South Asia as a nuclear fl ashpoint and thereby encourage foreign meddling.

Arguments in support:No fi rst use:

Such an approach unnecessarily kept India on the back foot and on the defensive and made it axiomatic that India would have to face the consequences of a fi rst strike before being able to respond. Moreover, it prevented India from keeping a potential adversary off balance.

Evidence of Pakistan’s proclivity to use tactical nuclear weapons against India is already present: Pakistan’s acquisition of a tactical nuclear weapons such as the Hatf IX missile, with a range of 60 kilometres and capable of carrying a nuclear warhead of an appropriate yield, has attracted widespread attention in various Indian debates on strategic stability.

It has been argued that Pakistan’s acquisition of TNWs has lowered the deterrence threshold and thereby affected the overall strategic stability in the region.

27


Emphasizing this change in India’s strategic environment, the proponents of doctrinal review argue that India’s existing doctrine is ill-suited to deter Pakistan from using tactical nuclear weapons against India.

Advocates of a change in India’s NFU policy would like its nuclear doctrine mimic those of most of the established Nuclear Weapon States which contemplate the use of nuclear weapons even in sub nuclear confl icts.

Way forward:Periodic statements about the nurturing and upgradation of India’s nuclear arsenal and systems including alternate command structure.

An indication that India’s nuclear arsenal will be large enough to take care of all adversaries and will have to be in the mid triple digits.

Appointment of a Chief of Defence Staff and upgradation of the NTRO as a capable apex technical organization which would in a fool proof manner provide indicators of any attack on us and ensure swift and massive nuclear retaliation infl icting unacceptable damage.

Nuclear testing:

Two things need to be done to confi gure and laboratory-test sophisticated thermonuclear weapons designs.

The laser inertial confi nement fusion facility at the Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, needs to be refurbished on a war-footing, and a dual-axis radiographic hydrodynamic test facility constructed.

SUPPLEMENTRY NOTES

Main Features of India’s Nuclear Doctrine

Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent.

A “No First Use” posture; nuclear weapons to be used only “in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere”.

Nuclear retaliation to a fi rst strike will be “massive” and designed to infl ict “unacceptable damage”.

Nuclear retaliatory attacks to be authorized only by civilian political leadership through the Nuclear Command Authority.

Non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states.

Continuance of strict controls on export of nuclear and missile related materials and technologies, participation in FMCT negotiations, continued moratorium on testing.

India to retain option of retaliating with nuclear weapons in the event of a major attack against it with biological or chemical weapons.

Continued commitment to goal of nuclear weapon free world, through global, verifi able and non- discriminatory disarmament.

**********

28


China’s increasing assertiveness with respect to border dispute with India has Q1. increased in recent times. What implications it can have on bilateral relations? What should be India’s strategic response to the border question?

‘India has failed to use its position in international groups for its advantage, something Q2. which China has been doing with ease. The number of territories that China has gained strong foothold into are more than the number of territories, where India is actively engaged’. Critically analyse.

Recent years marks a turning point in India-China relations. It began with India Q3. taking a strong stance against China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and it ended with China tightening its grip on South Asia. Is the narrative true? Critically analyse the statement in the context of India-China relations.

What are the major reasons of India’s huge trade defi cit with China? Suggest measure Q4. to reduce the trade defi cit.

As a rising China challenges the US primacy in Asia, navigating between Beijing and Q5. Washington is a major challenge for India. How shall India respond in order to fi nd a new balance?

“China has continued to push a new economic initiative of building a “Maritime Q6. Silk Road” linking the Indian and Pacifi c Oceans, in an apparent attempt to counter regional anxieties about its fast-expanding naval presence.” Elaborate. How does India perceives the project? What are possible implications for India’s strategic interest?

In the past few years, Indian Ocean region (IOR) has become a geopolitical hotspot. Q7. China’s string of pearls and maritime Silk Road signifi cantly altered the politics in IOR. In this context discuss the motives behind china’s such move of expansion in Indian Ocean. Also discuss the steps India has taken and regional cooperation to counter move of China.

There have been concerns regarding increasing Chinese infl uence in the Indian Q8. Ocean and strategic encirclement of India. Critically analyse

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (SET-2)

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

29


China is a mighty newly emerging global power that naturally deserves space to Q9. expand its sphere of influence and so, ‘engage China’ would be better option for the existing world order rather than ‘contain China’ policy. Comment.

What is the signifi cance of Chinese closeness to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iran with Q10. regard to its “One Belt and One Road” strategy (OBOR) and the geo-politics of the Middle East and how it Will enhanced China- Iran ties to reshape the geopolitics of the gulf region?

**********

Documents

MW GS 2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS