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M&V Part 3: M&V Part 3: FEMP M&V FEMP M&V
MethodsMethods
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FEMP M&V MethodsFEMP M&V Methods
Definition of Savings FEMP M&V Guidelines Examples & Applications
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FEMP M&V GuidelinesFEMP M&V Guidelines
For federal energy projects Step-by-step procedural guide Defines M&V methods by project type Current version is 2.2 (2000)
Available at http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/, http://ateam.lbl.gov/mv/ or 1-800-DOE-EREC.
FEMP M&VGuidelines
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What the Guidelines CoverWhat the Guidelines Cover
Agreement language. Overview of procedures. Different M&V approaches. Selecting the right approach for a
project.
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What the Guidelines What the Guidelines Don’tDon’t Cover Cover
Specifying an approach for a project. Specific M&V plan for each project. Required uncertainty levels. Specifying how to allocate risk between
ESCO and agency. Project-specific O&M savings.
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FEMP M&V ComplianceFEMP M&V Compliance
Complying with the FEMP guidelines requires:Developing an M&V plan using the defined
methods.Following the M&V plan.
The important consideration is what is in the plan.
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FEMP M&V OptionsFEMP M&V Options
M&V Option How savings are calculated
Option A: Based on measured equipment performance, measured or stipulated operational factors, and annual verification of ‘potential to perform.’
Engineering calculations.
Option B: Based on periodic or continuous measurements taken throughout the term of the contract at the device or system level.
Engineering calculations using measured data.
Option C: Based on whole-building or facility level utility meter or sub-metered data adjusted for weather and/or other factors.
Analysis of utility meter data.
Option D: Based on computer simulation of building or process; simulation is calibrated with measured data.
Comparing different models.
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Options A&B vs. Options C&DOptions A&B vs. Options C&D
Options A&B are retrofit isolation methods.
Options C&D are whole-facility methods.
The difference is where the boundary lines are drawn.
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Option AOption A
Simple approach (& low cost). Performance parameters are measured
(before & after), usage parameters may be stipulated.
Used where the ‘potential to perform’ needs to be verified but accurate savings estimation is not necessary.
Option A is NOT ‘stipulated savings’!
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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StipulateStipulate
To stipulate is to agree to a term or condition.
Under FEMP, to stipulate means to estimate without measurement.
A parameter is either measured or stipulated, but not both.
A measured parameter can be fixed for the contract term.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option A ApplicationsOption A Applications
Projects where performance remains constant,usage can be readily characterized, and uncertainty is not a major issue.
Lighting efficiency. Timeclock controls. Efficient motors. Operations & Maintenance.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option BOption B
Under Option B, some or all parameters are measured periodically or continuously.
Applicable where accurate savings estimation is necessary and where long-term performance needs to be tracked.
Reduced uncertainty, but requires more effort.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option B ApplicationsOption B Applications
Projects with large elements of uncertainty and/or risk ($$$).
Variable speed drives. Chillers and chiller plants. Energy management & control systems. Projects where equipment needs
constant attention.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option B BenefitsOption B Benefits
Reasons to use Option B instead of A: “Real” M&V. Better equipment performance. Improved O&M. Continuous CommissioningSM
Remote monitoring.
‘Continuous Commissioning’ is a service mark of Texas A&M University.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option COption C
Option C looks at energy use and cost of entire facility, not at specific equipment.
Usually simple. Considers weather, occupancy, etc. Applicable where total savings need to be
quantified but component-level savings do not.
Commercial software available.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option C LimitationsOption C Limitations
Does not verify at component level. Requires savings to be significant
(> 15% of baseline consumption). Requires historical data (> 1 year). May take time to evaluate savings. May require baseline adjustment to
account for non-project related factors.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option C ApplicationsOption C Applications
Projects where facility usage remains constant and historical data is present.
Weather-dependent projects. Heating projects. Energy management & control systems. Multiple interacting measures in a single
building.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option DOption D
Option D treats building as computer model.
Flexible, but requires significant effort.
Applications:New construction.Energy management & control systems.Building use changes.Building modifications.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Option D LimitationsOption D Limitations
Uses very specialized software that requires significant experience to use.
Results vary with effort (and $$$) expended.
Requires measurements for calibration. Weather-related usage often stipulated. Still need to verify ‘potential to perform.’
Annual inspections recommended.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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ExamplesExamples
Option A: Lighting Option B: Variable-Speed Drive Option C: Heating Plant Option D: New Construction
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Example Lighting ProjectExample Lighting Project
Consider the following lighting project: Upgrade 5,000 fixtures Existing performance: 86 Watts New performance: 56 Watts Operating hours: 3,000/year Electricity: $0.10/kWh
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Method LE-A-01 / 02Method LE-A-01 / 02
Performance Baseline power consumption is 86 Watts. Proposed power consumption is 56 Watts. Difference is 30 Watts.
Usage Baseline & New: 3,000 hours / year
Financial Energy = $0.10/kWh
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Lighting SavingsLighting Savings
E Savings = QTY * (Before - After) * Hours
ES = (5,000) * (86 W - 56 W) * (3,000 hours) * (1 kW / 1000 W)
ES = 450,000 kWh / year
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Energy Savings)
Cost Savings = (450,000 kWh) * ($0.10/kWh)
Cost Savings = $45,000 / year
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Example VSD ProjectExample VSD Project
Variable Speed Drive on HVAC Fan. Baseline Fan: Operates continuously at
a single speed and power no matter what the cooling load is.
VSD Fan: Speed andpower change with coolingload (outside temperature).
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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VSD-B-01VSD-B-01
Fan Performance Baseline fan: Constant power (140 kW). VSD Fan: Power changes w/ weather.
Fan Usage Fan power changes hourly with cooling load
(outside temperature and sunshine).
Financial Energy = $0.10 / kWh
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Monitor Fan PerformanceMonitor Fan Performance
Variable Speed Drive Fan Power
0
50
100
150
1-Jul-97 6-Jul-97 11-Jul-97 16-Jul-97 21-Jul-97 26-Jul-97 31-Jul-97
VS
D F
an k
W
0
30
60
90
120
Tem
pera
ture
, F
Baseline
Post-retrofit
Air Temperature
baseline fan power
savings
gap in data collection
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Calculate Monthly SavingsCalculate Monthly Savings
Month kWh Saved Cost Savings
July 27,592 $2,759
August 24,316 $2,432
September 26,870 $2,687
October 34,724 $3,472
November 40,858 $4,086
E Savings = (kWBefore - kWAfter) * (1 Hour)
Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Energy Savings)
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Example Heating ProjectExample Heating Project
Heating system upgrade at eastern US military base.
Baseline: Gas-fired boilers with central steam plant provide heat to buildings.
New System: Shut down steam plant. Install gas furnaces in all buildings.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Heating System CharacteristicsHeating System Characteristics
Base Performance Baseline: low-efficiency and steam loss. New: High efficiency, no steam loss.
Energy Usage Driven by weather.
Financial Gas is $0.50/therm.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Compare Gas Use to TemperatureCompare Gas Use to Temperature
Baseline Gas Use for Heating
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
Oct-99 Jan-00 Apr-00 Jul-00 Nov-00 Feb-01
The
rms
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
HD
D b
ase
65
Total Therms
HDD
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Develop Baseline ModelDevelop Baseline Model
Baseline Gas Use Model
Therms = 25.6* HDD - 1,378R2 = 0.742
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200Monthly HDD
Mon
thly
The
rms
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Calculate Monthly SavingsCalculate Monthly Savings
Month Weather, HDD
Baseline,Therms
New Use,Therms
Energy Savings
CostSavings
January 915 22,046 15,432 6,614 $3,307
February 742 17,617 12,332 5,285 $2,643
March 520 11,934 8,354 3,580 $1,790
April 348 7,531 5,272 2,259 $1,130
May 91 952 666 285 $143
June 9 0 0 0 $0July 0 0 0 0 $0
August 1 0 0 0 $0
September 112 1,489 1,042 447 $223
October 364 7,940 5,558 2,382 $1,191
November 442 9,937 6,956 2,981 $1,491
December 823 19,691 13,784 5,907 $2,954
Total 4,367 99,137 69,396 29,741 $14,871
Option A Option B Option C Option D
Baseline, therms = 25.6 * HDD - 1,378
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Example New ConstructionExample New Construction
Proposed building incorporates energy-efficient design features selected by ESCO.
Baseline building is existing design before ESCO modifications.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Develop Computer Model...Develop Computer Model...Option A Option B Option C Option D
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...And Evaluate Results...And Evaluate ResultsOption A Option B Option C Option D
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Calculate SavingsCalculate Savings
Energy Use, kWh
Alternative Lights Cooling Other Total Savings
Base Case 1,500,298 955,263 2,447,979 4,903,540 -
Efficient Lighting 1,125,240 860,062 2,365,638 4,350,940 552,600
Efficient Chiller 1,500,298 788,681 2,426,812 4,715,791 187,749
Chiller & Lighting 1,125,240 708,933 2,346,427 4,180,600 722,940
Evaluate energy use for each scenario. Calculate savings for each scenario relative to base case.
Option A Option B Option C Option D
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Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion
Total energy use and savings are a function of both usage and savings.
Options A & B are retrofit-isolation methods.
Options C & D are whole-facility methods.
Can mix & match methods.
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Review QuestionsReview Questions
What two factors determine energy savings?
How does one ‘comply’ with the FEMP Guidelines?