Muslim Civilizations

Muslim Civilizations

Followers called Muslims Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad

Born in Mecca AD 570Age 40 became the prophet of Islam

called by the angel Gabriel

Muslim Civilizations

Islam Monotheistic Quran – sacred text

Word of God as revealed to Mohammed Mosque – house of worship Key Duties

Five Pillars of Islam Declaration of faith Pray 5 times daily Give charity to the poor Fast during Ramadan Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

Sharia – Islamic system of law Governs daily life

Muslim Civilizations

Muslim Empire Leadership

Caliph – successor to Mohammed Victories

Persian Empire Byzantine Empire

Crusades Division

Split into Sunni and Shiite Choosing Muhammad’s successor

Muslim Civilizations

Beliefs of Sunnis and Shiites Sunni

Any pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe may lead Leaders have no religious duties or powers

Shiites Only descendants of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, may lead Leaders are divinely inspired and interpret the Quran

Both Differing religious practices, laws, and rules for daily life Worship the same God Believe in the Quran and Five Pillars of Islam

Muslim Civilizations

Social and economic advances Excelled in business, literature, arts, and sciences Build international trade network

Social mobility Change rank in scholarly, religious, and military

achievements Learning

Study philosophy, math, and medicine Translate ancient texts

Muslim Civilizations

Math Al-Khwarizmi Algebra

Wrote math textbook Medicine

Test physicians and pharmacists Hospitals Muhammad al-Razi wrote medical textbooks Ibn Sina wrote about disease

Encyclopedia of medical knowledge

Muslim Civilizations

Ottoman Empire Turkish speaking nomads Asia Minor and Balkan peninsula

Constantinople – capital 1453 Ottoman control

Decline Corrupt government bureaucracy European advances in commerce and military technology Lose land to Russia and Europe North Africans break away