Muslim Civilizations

Chapter 10622-1629Page 302

Section 1The Rise of Islam

• A. Bedouins were first Arab tribe to settle into cities

• Muhammad was born around 570 AD• Mecca- was a market town – Many made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit Kaaba-

ancient temple with statues of pagan gods

• Poor illiterate merchant- went into desert to meditate

• Heard God calling him to be messenger of God• Was cast out of Mecca and went to Yathrib,

later called Medina • Journey known as a Hijra• There gained many followers• Led Medinans against Meccans, won, and

destroyed idols at Kaaba, and rededicated it to Allah

B. Teaching Islam

• Holy book- Quran• Priests not required to mediate• Place of worship called Mosques• 5 pillars of Islam– 1. Declaration of faith– 2. Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca– 3. charity– 4. Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan– 5. Hajj- holy pilgrimage to Mecca if able

• Also Jihad- there are different definitions – 1. – 2.

• People of the book- Jews and Christians believe in same God, but not his third revelation according to Muslims

C. Way of life

• Sharia- body of law that interprets way Muslims suppose to live

• Religion and criminal law not separated– Break religious code, break the law

• Women also put in an inferior role to men, but equal in God’s eyes

• Suppose to dress modestly??• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

BzMl57M54KE

Section 2Building a Muslim Empire

• A. Early challenges to Islam– Muhammad did not name a successor – Who would be the next caliph- – Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father in law becomes

caliph– Consolidated his power and under next four

Caliphs, Islam spread to rest of Arab tribes

B. Division

• Shiite Muslims believed Caliph had to be a descendent of Muhammad

• Sunni’s were the compromise group believed Caliph should be pious male from Muhammad’s tribe

• Majority of Muslims are Sunnis • Sufis- like nuns and monks, Muslim mystics

who travel spreading the faith

C. Umayyad Caliphs build Empire

• Ruled from capital in Damascus• Spread the empire from North Africa to Spain to

Indus valley in India • Treated conquered people well– Could keep religion, just paid tax– Restrictions were put on non-Muslims

• Umayyad became very wealthy• Many thought they were moving away from

true Islam

D. Rise of the Abbasids

• Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, defeats and kills all but one of Umayyad family- 750

• Moves capital to Baghdad • Allowed non-Muslims to hold important

official jobs• Baghdad becomes more powerful and

beautiful then Constantinople• Domes and Minarets-

E. Surviving Umayyad

• Flee to Spain• Set up new independent Muslim State• Brilliant courts and centers of learning • More tolerant

F. Muslim Decline

• 900’s, Seljuk Turks migrated from central Asia• Although they converted to Islam, they took

over Abbasid empire• Put their own Sultans in charge• Stopped Christian Pilgrims from reaching holy

land- caused Crusades• 1216 and 1258- Mongols invade area and sack

Baghdad

Section 3Muslim Civilization

• A. Diverse Culture– Muslim culture included Arab, Persian, Egyptian,

African, European, Mongol, Turk, and Indians – Central location, built a very profitable trading

network connecting Asia with Africa and Europe– Camels- boats of the desert – Spread of idea and goods

• Manufactured goods high sought after– Persian rugs, cotton from Egypt, leather, furniture,

glassware, and tapestries• Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects

to make middle east more arable– Drained swamps, built dams, reservoirs

• Social Mobility in Muslims society- could move up in social rank

• Slavery existed, but discouraged and not near as brutal as American slavery

B. Art, Lit, and Architecture

• Poetry- elaborate versus of chivalry, battles, and glory– Firdawsi- Book of Kings– Omar Khayyam- The Rubaiyat

• Writings– The Thousand and One Nights- tales• Aladdin• Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

– Calligraphy- the art of handwriting

• Art– Domes decorated with geometric figures

C. Knowledge

• Centers of learning created in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu– Must be educated to study Quran

• Ibn Rushd- Put knowledge to test of reason• Ibn Khaldun- scientific study of history-

actually study historic events to understand why things happened the way they did

• Mathematics– Al-Khwarizmi- study of algerbra

• Medicine– Compiled known knowledge of medicine– Required doctors to pass tests

• Muhammad al Razi- chief physician in Baghdad hospital

• Ibn Sina- Canon on Medicine- huge book on medicine

• Cataract cure• Treat body and mind

Section 4India’s Muslim Empires

• A. The Delhi Sultanate– Gupta empire falls, India is fragmented into many

kingdoms– Hindu and Buddhist major religions– Sultan Ghur defeats Hindu armies and made Delhi

his capital– Lasted 1206-1526– Muslim horse warriors faster and more mobile

than war elephants

B. Changes

• Sultans brought changes to Indian gov’t– Increase trade– Migration– Center of learning

• Then in 1398- Mongol Tamerlane smashed into Northern India and sacked Delhi

C. Muslims and Hindus clash

• Muslim conquest led to destruction of Buddhists and Hindu temples

• Many differences in religion• Muslim– One god, much newer, no caste system

• Hindu – Many gods, ancient religion, caste system

• Eventually- Hindu’s were allowed to practice faith by paying a tax

• Rajahs- • Many Indians would convert to Muslim– No caste system– Social mobility

• Nanak- a holy man, created new religion called Sikhism- blended both religions

D. Mughal India

• 1526- Babur rides into India- Turkish/Mongol• Swept away Delhi Sultanate dynasty- • Akbar- Babur’s son, would extend the dynasty

much deeper into India• Treated different religions much more fairly

E. Akbar’s successors

• Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan- Akbar’s grandson- do honor his deceased wife

Section 5The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• A. Ottoman Empire– One of two empires to dominate the middle east– Turkish speaking people migrating from Central

Asia – Mehmet II finally Turk to capture Constantinople

after carrying boats across land– Used Cannon to destroy the walls– Renamed City Istanbul

B. Suleiman the Magnificent

• Golden age under this leader• Extended empire • Even threatened Europe

C. Ottoman Culture

• Men of sword-• Men of Pen-• Men of negotiation

• Other cultures and religions organized into Millets

• Janizaries- elite fighting force• Other religions paid taxes and turn over sons

to be converted and trained in Military

• After Suleiman’s death in 1566, empire would decline but would not disappear until after WWI

• Suleiman killed his two most able sons

D. Safavid Empire

• 1500’s, united parts of old Persian empire, present day Iran

• Abbas the Great- expanded empire- called the Shah

• Between Ottomans and Mughal empire in India

• Was a Shiite Muslim and tolerated other religions

• Built capital at Isfahan

• After Abbas death, empire declined• Pressure from Ottoman, and internal Sunni

rebellion in Afghanistan caused empire to collapse

• Qajars would take over Iran and move capital to Tehran

• Still disputes between Shiites and Sunnis today because of this empire