Music&with&Technology& … · $11.$$The$Skids $ $ $ $ $ How&Punk&Started&P&Historical&and&Cultural&Context&of&Punk& $ To$find$the$reasons$why$punk$music$(and$punk$culture$in$general)$started,$it

Music&with&Technology&Understanding&20th&and&21st&Century&Music&(National&5)&

Unit&code:&H245& 75&

Genres&and&Styles&Booklet&Number&1:&‘Punk’&&

This%booklet%can%be%used%to%assist%in%the%completion%the%following%aspects%of%the%unit%Outcomes%and%Assessment%Standards%Outcome&1&&The$candidate$will:$

$

1& Describe&how&technological&developments&relate&to&20th&and&&& 21st&century&music&by:&&1.1$ Describing$a$range$of$genres$and$styles$ ✓ $

1.2$ Describing$the$main$technologies$used$by$a$range$of$genres$and$$

$ styles$$ $ $ $ $ $ ✓$$

1.3$ Explaining$in$simple$terms$the$need$to$protect$intellectual$$

$ property$ $ $ $ $ $ ✗ $

Outcome&2&&2$ Use&listening&skills&in&the&context&of&20th&and&21st&century&&& music&by:&&2.1$ Identifying$examples$of$a$range$of$genres$and$their$main$

attributes$ $ $ $ $ $ ✓$$

2.2$ Identifying$examples$of$a$range$of$relevant$musical$concepts$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ✓$

This%booklet%cannot%on%its%own%be%used%to%gather%all%the%necessary%evidence%to%generate%the%necessary%assessment%evidence%for%the%Outcomes%and%Assessment%Standards%relating%to%this%Unit.%It%should%be%used%in%conjunction%with%additional%resources.%%%%%

Punk&(also$known$as$‘punk$rock’)$is$a$rock$music$genre$that$developed$in$the$UK,$USA,$and$Australia$between$1974$and$1976.$

$

Punk$music$can$be$described$as$being$‘hard$edged’.$$The$songs$were$usually$short,$had$a$fast$

tempo$and$used$basic$instrumentation,$usually$electric&guitar,$bass&guitar$and$drum&kit.$$Sometimes$the$lyrics$of$punk$songs$would$make$a$strong$political$statement.$$$

$

Before$you$find$out$more$about$punk&music,$here$are$some$famous$punk$bands$you$have$perhaps$heard$about.$$Your$teacher$might$be$able$to$play$you$audio$or$video$examples$of$these$

bands.$

$

1. The$Sex$Pistols$$

$$

$

2. The$Ramones$$

$

$

3.$ The$Clash$ $ $

$

Formed:$ $ London,$1975$

$

Members:$ Johnny$Rotten$(later$Lydon)$

(lead$vocals),$Steve$Jones$

(guitar),$Glen$Matlock$(bass$

guitar)$and$Paul$Cook$

(drums).$$(Matlock$replaced$

by$Sid$Vicious$in$1977)$

Manager$–$Malcolm$McLaren$

Notable$Album$ ‘Never$Mind$the$B******S,$

Here’s$the$Sex$Pistols’$

Notable$Singles$ ‘God$Save$the$Queen’,$$

$ $ $ ‘Anarchy$in$the$UK’$

Formed:$ $ New$York,$1974$

$

Members:$ Founding$members$were$

Douglas$Colvin$(lead$vocals/$

$ $ $ bass$guitar),$John$Cummings$

$ $ $ (lead$guitar),$Jeffrey$Hyman$$

$ $ $ (drums);$however,$the$band$

$ $ $ members$later$used$made$up$

$ $ $ names$all$using$the$surname$

$ $ $ ‘Ramone’.$

Notable$Album$$ ‘The$Ramones’$

$

Notable Single ‘Blitzkrieg$Bop’$

$

$ $Formed:$ $ London,$1976$

$

Members:$ Founding$members$were$Joe$$

$ $ $ Strummer$(lead$vocals/$

$ $ $ rhythm$guitar),$Mick$Jones$$

$ $ $ (lead$guitar/vocals),$Paul$

Simonon$(bass$guitar/$

vocals)$and$Nicky$‘Topper’$

Headon$(drums$–$joined$‘77)$

$

Notable$Albums$ ‘The$Clash’,$‘London$Calling’&&&Notable$Singles& ‘London$Calling’,$‘Should$I$

& & & Stay$or$Should$I$Go’$

$

$ $

4.$ The$Damned$

$

$$

$ 5.$ Siouxsie$and$the$Banshees$

$ $$

$ 6.$ Generation$X$

$

$$

$ 7.$$ The$Undertones$

$


$


Dave$Vanian$(lead$vocals),$

Brian$James$(guitar),$Captain$$

$ $ $ Sensible$(bass$guitar),$Rat$

$ $ $ Scabies$(drums)$

$

Notable$Album$$ ‘Damned$Damned$Damned’&&&Notable$Single& & ‘Neat$Neat$Neat’$

$

$ $


$

Members:$ Original$members$were$$

$ $ $ Siouxsie$Sioux$(lead$vocals),$

$ $ $ Steven$Severin$(bass$guitar),$$

$ $ $ Kenny$Morris$(drums),$John$

$ $ $ McKay$(guitar)$

$

Notable$Albums$ ‘Juju’,$‘The$Scream’&&&Notable$Single& & ‘Happy$House’$

$

$ $


$

Members:$ Bestfknown$linefup$was$

$ $ $ Billy$Idol$(lead$vocals),$

$ $ $ Tony$James$(bass$guitar),$$

$ $ $ Bob$Andrews$(guitar),$Mark$

$ $ $ Laff$(drums)$

$

Notable$Albums$ ‘Generation$X’,$‘Valley$of$the$$

$ $ $ Dolls’&&&Notable$Single& & ‘Ready$Steady$Go’$

$

$ $Formed:$ $ Londonderry,$1975$

$


Feargal$Sharkey$(lead$

vocals),$John$O’Neil$(rhythm$

guitar/vocals),$Damian$

O’Neil$(lead$guitar/vocals),$$

Michael$Bradley$(bass$

guitar/vocals)$and$Billy$

Doherty$(drums)$

Notable$Album$$ ‘The$Undertones’$

&Notable$Single& & ‘Teenage$Kicks’$

$

$ $

$ 8.$ Buzzcocks$

$

$ $$

$

$ 9.$ The$Jam$

$ $

$ $

$ $$

$

$ 10.$ The$Stranglers$

$

$

Formed:$ $ Bolton,$1976$

$

Members:$ Founding$members$were$$

$ $ $ Pete$Shelley$(vocals/guitar)$$

$ $ $ and$Howard$Devoto$(vocals)$

$

$

Notable$Album$$ ‘Singles$Going$Steady’$

&Notable$Single& & ‘Ever$Falling$In$Love$(With$

$ $ $ Someone$You$Shouldn’t’ve)$

$

$ $

Formed:$ $ Surrey,$1972$(Began$$

$ $ $ recording$in$1977)$

$

Members:$ Bestfknown$linefup$was$Paul$$

$ Weller$(Guitar/lead$vocals),$

$ Bruce$Foxton$(bass$

guitar/vocals),$Rick$Buckler$$

$ (drums)$

$ $

Notable$Albums$ ‘All$Mod$Cons’$

&Notable$Singles& ‘Going$Underground’,$‘Town$$

$ $ $ Called$Malice’$$

$

Note$–$The$Jam$stated$off$as$a$Punk$band,$but$later$$

developed$styles$of$music$known$as$‘new$wave’$$

and$‘mod$revival’.$$More$on$this$later.$

Formed:$ $ Surrey,$1974$$

$

Members:$ Bestfknown$linefup$was$

Hugh$Cornwell$(guitar$lead$

and$backing$vocals),$$

$ JeanfJacques$Burnel$(bass$

guitar,$lead$and$backing$

vocals),$Dave$Greenfield$

(keyboards/backing$vocals),$$

$ Jett$Black$(drums)$

$ $

Notable$Album$$ ‘No$More$Heroes’$

&Notable$Singles$ ‘No$More$Heroes’$

$ (The$band$also$had$notable$

hit$single$called$‘Golden$

Brown’,$but$this$song$was$

not$in$the$punk$style!)$

$ 11.$ $The$Skids$

$

$ $

$

How&Punk&Started&P&Historical&and&Cultural&Context&of&Punk&$

To$find$the$reasons$why$punk$music$(and$punk$culture$in$general)$started,$it$is$important$to$

recognise$the$various$problems$that$were$in$the$world$during$the$1970s.$$$

$

For$many$countries$(including$the$UK$and$the$USA),$economic$performance$in$the$1970s$was$

very$poor.$$It$was$a$time$of$high$inflation,$the$decline$of$large$industries$and$a$high$level$of$

workers’$strikes.$$$$As$a$result,$it$was$a$time$of$high$unemployment$with$many$teenagers$having$

little$chance$of$finding$a$job$when$they$left$school.$$In$addition,$there$was$something$called$the$

‘Cold$War’$between$the$USA$and$the$Soviet$Union$(Russia)$which$created$a$lot$of$tension$in$the$

world$as$it$seemed$that$a$devastating$nuclear$war$could$begin$at$any$moment.$$Young$people$

felt$that$those$in$power,$the$politicians,$were$not$listening$to$their$problems$and$doing$nothing$

to$improve$their$lives.$$They$felt$left$out$and$‘alienated’.$$

$

As$well$as$feeling$alienated$and$having$very$little$prospect$of$finding$a$job,$many$teenagers$in$

the$early$1970s$were$also$disillusioned$with$1970s$culture$in$general.$$The$music$charts,$for$

example,$contained$acts$that$they$either$couldn’t$relate$to$or$bands$that$just$seemed$to$be$out$

of$place$given$the$harsh$and$difficult$nature$of$dayftofday$life.$$$

$

These$included$‘easy$listening’$acts$such$as$The$Carpenters,$Barry$Manilow$and$Neil$Diamond;$

large$and$elaborate$‘prog$rock’$bands$such$as$Yes,$Genesis$and$Rush;$and,$sofcalled$‘cheesy$pop’$

acts$such$as$Abba,$The$Osmonds$and$David$Cassidy.$$In$fact,$even$the$famous$‘glam$rock’$stars$

of$the$day$(for$example$Elton$John,$Slade,$T.Rex,$The$Sweet,$Rocky$Music$and$David$Bowie’s$

‘Ziggy$Stardust’$character)$were$deemed$by$many$teenagers$to$be$alien$and$remote$in$

comparison$to$their$own$harsh$personal$situation.$$(Although$glam$rock$was$in$fact$to$play$a$

role$in$influencing$the$development$of$punk$music.)$$As$most$young$people$had$very$little$

money,$the$simply$couldn’t$afford$to$go$to$these$large$and$elaborate$concerts$and$the$musicians$

playing$the$music$seemed$to$have$nothing$in$common$with$their$own$teenage$lives.$$$

$

This$led$to$the$rise$in$popularity$of$small$bands$playing$small$venues,$where$young$people$

could$listen$to$live$music$for$free,$enjoying$themselves$with$their$friends.$$In$these$free$concerts$

(or$‘gigs’),$music$fans$could$get$close$to$those$playing$the$music$as$well$as$meet$the$performers$

after$the$gig.$$In$the$UK$(and$in$London$in$particular)$this$became$known$as$‘pub$rock’.$$London$

Formed:$ $ Dunfermline,$1977$$

$

Members:$ Founding$members$were$$

$ Richard$Jobson$

(guitar/vocals),$Stuart$

Adamson$(guitar/vocals),$$

$ William$Simpson$(bass$

guitar/vocals),$Thomas$

Kellichan$(drums)$

$ $

Notable$Album$$ ‘Scared$to$Dance’$

&Notable$Single$ ‘Into$the$Valley’$

$

Like$The$Jam,$The$Skids$were$by$some$considered$to$

be$a$‘new$wave’$band,$rather$than$‘punk’.$$$

$Other$bands$worth$listening$to$who$were$influenced$by$punk$(especially$in$their$early$

albums)$include$Blondie,$The$Police,$Joy$Division,$The$Cure,$Public$Image$Ltd,$The$

Boomtown$Rats$and$Adam$and$the$Ants.$$Your$might$be$able$to$discover$more$bands$to$

add$to$this$list.$$Some$of$these$bands$were$considered$to$play$in$the$‘new$wave’$style.$

pubs$would$provide$a$venue$for$the$bands$to$play,$bringing$in$crowds$of$young$people$who$

would$spend$money$at$the$bar.$$These$pub$rock$bands$tended$to$play$music$that$was$relatively$

simple$to$play,$such$as$1950s$rock$‘n’$roll$and$1960s$rhythm$and$blues.$$In$addition,$bands$

would$use$‘back$to$basics’$instrumentation:$electric$guitar,$bass$guitar$and$drums,$all$played$

through$small$and$portable$amplifiers.$$The$music$was$played$with$a$high$level$of$energy,$with$

the$songs$played$at$a$faster$tempo$than$the$original$1950s/1960s$recording.$$Most$songs$

would,$therefore,$only$last$for$around$2$minutes$in$length.$

$

Eventually$bands$started$to$experiment,$writing$their$own$songs$with$lyrics$reflecting$their$

own$lives,$all$being$played$with$the$same$instruments$(guitars$and$drums)$and$at$the$same$

high$level$of$energy$and$fast$tempo.$$Consequently,$this$was$the$beginning$of$the$punk$musical$

style.$$In$the$USA$this$form$of$music$was$known$as$‘Garage$Rock’$as$bands$would$often$rehearse$

in$the$large$car$garages$that$existed$in$many$American$houses.$$$

$

In$addition$to$being$influenced$by$1950s$rock$‘n’$roll$and$1960$rhythm$and$blues,$punk$music$

was$also$influenced$by$‘glam$rock’$acts$such$as$T.$Rex,$Sweet,$Lou$Reed$(and$his$band$The$

Velvet$Underground),$Iggy$Pop$and$New$York$Dolls.$$In$fact,$although$they$were$part$of$the$

‘glam$rock’$scene,$The$New$York$Dolls$are$considered$by$many$to$be$one$of$the$first$bands$to$

play$music$in$the$punk$style.$$The$New$York$Dolls$were$highly$influential$in$the$development$of$

both$punk$music$and$rock$music$in$general.$$For$example,$there$would$probably$be$no$Guns$N’$

Roses$(or$many$other$great$rock$bands$for$that$matter)$if$it$weren’t$for$The$New$York$Dolls.$$$

$

As$well$as$the$development$of$punk$music,$punk$fashion$also$came$into$being$around$the$mid$

1970s.$$One$of$the$key$figures$in$the$development$of$punk$fashion$was$Malcolm$McLaren.$$

McLaren$was$a$musician,$a$visual$artists$and$clothes$designer$who$owned$a$London$fashion$

boutique$that$originally$sold$clothes$in$the$1950s$rock$‘n’$roll$style$(also$known$as$‘Teddy$Boy’$

clothes).$$However,$following$a$visit$to$New$York$(where$he$met$the$band$The$New$York$Dolls)$

McLaren$returned$to$London$and$completely$changed$the$theme$of$his$boutique.$$He$started$to$

sell$clothes$that$became$part$of$punk$fashion$culture,$including$the$famous$coloured$patent$

leather$costumes$which$he$cofdesigned$with$his$then$girlfriend$Vivienne$Westwood.$(Vivienne$

Westwood$eventually$became$a$famous$fashion$designer.)$$Punk$fashion$was$born.$$

$

$$

Some$examples$of$punk$fashion.$

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$$ $

$Key&Innovator&$

Malcolm$McLaren$(1946$–$2010)$

$

As$well$as$developing$punk$fashion,$McLaren$was$

famous$for$being$the$manager$of$The$Sex$Pistols.$$

He$later$wrote$and$performed$his$own$music$in$a$

range$of$styles$including$hip&hop&and$world&music.&

Punk$culture$also$influenced$visual$art.$$The$design$of$many$punk$album$covers,$concert$

posters$and$flyers$attempted$to$incorporate$the$‘shock’$characteristic$of$punk$culture.$$This$

eventually$led$to$punk$art$being$displayed$in$many$art$galleries$and$exhibition$spaces.$

$

$$

$

Here$are$some$more$examples$of$punk$art:$

$

$$

Features&of&Punk&Music&Including&Instruments&and&Significant&Technologies&$

One$of$the$ideas$behind$the$punk$movement$was$that$anyone$could$form$or$join$a$band,$you$

didn’t$have$to$be$a$great$musician$(or$own$an$expensive$instrument)$to$be$part$of$the$punk$

music$scene.$$Punk$songs$were$short,$musically$simple$(most$songs$only$used$a$few$chords)$

and$not$that$hard$to$play.$$Consequently,$punk$bands$would$change$personnel$(their$‘linefup’)$

all$of$the$time,$with$players$moving$from$one$band$to$another$on$a$regular$basis.$$$

$

Therefore,$by$its$very$nature$punk$music$used$simple$‘back$to$basics’$instrumentation,$usually$

consisting$of$rhythm$and$lead$electric&guitar,$bass&guitar$and$drum&kit.$$Some$bands$(such$as$The$Stranglers)$would$also$have$a$keyboard$player,$playing$keyboard$instruments$such$as$the$

Hammond$electric$organ,$Minimoog$synthesizer&and$early$polyphonic&synthesizers$such$as$the$Oberheim$FVSf4.$$However,$for$most$punk$bands$it$was$simply$vocals,$guitars$and$drums.$$

$

Amplification$was$also$kept$simple.$$Many$punk$bands$would$play$small$venues,$travelling$up$

and$down$the$country$playing$many$gigs$during$the$course$of$a$week.$$All$musical$equipment$

had$to$fit$into$the$back$of$a$van$(usually$a$Ford$Transit!),$meaning$only$a$few$amplifiers$and$a$

basic$PA$system$would$be$used.$$However,$all$of$this$just$seemed$to$‘fit’$the$overall$philosophy$

of$punk$culture,$helping$to$shape$the$sound$and$character$of$the$music.$$$

$

This$is$a$famous$example$of$punk$art.$$

It$was$used$to$promote$the$song$‘God$

Save$the$Queen’$by$the$Sex$Pistols,$

appearing$on$the$front$cover$of$the$

single$and$on$other$promotional$

material.$$$&

The$simple$nature$of$punk$music$means$that$is$it$difficult$to$find$a$‘significant$technology’$that$

originated$in$the$development$of$this$musical$genre.$$$However,$one$development$was$the$use$

of$overfcompressed$distorted$guitar$on$many$punk$recordings.$$Distortion$had$of$course$been$used$before$punk,$but$recording$engineers$started$to$experiment$with$the$effect$known$as$

compression,$using$more$compression$than$was$previously$deemed$to$be$acceptable$especially$when$recording$instruments$such$as$the$electric$guitars.$$When$added$to$distortion,$

this$high$amount$of$compression$helped$to$create$the$harsh$‘in$your$face’$electric$guitar$punk$

sound.$$$$$

$

SubPgenres&of&Punk&&Like$most$musical$styles,$punk$eventually$led$to$a$number$of$related$movements$known$as$

‘subfgenres’.$$$Here$is$a$list$of$punk$‘subfgenres’$and$bands.$

$

Subfgenre$ $ $ Examples$of$Bands$$

$

New&Wave& & & Blondie,$Talking$Heads,$The$Jam$

$

2&Tone&& & & &(or&‘two&tone’&a&mixture&& The$Specials,$Madness,$The$Beat&of&punk&and&‘ska’)&&Hardcore&Punk& & Black$Flag,$Minutemen,$Suicidal$Tendencies,$Wasted$Youth$

(usually&just&known&as&‘hardcore’)&$

PostPpunk& The$Psychedelic$Furs,$Joy$Division,$The$Cure,$Echo$and$The$

Bunnymen,$Sonic$Youth$

$

$

$

Finally,$here$are$some$modern$bands$that$have$been$influence$by$punk.$$You$will$no$doubt$be$

able$to$add$more$to$this$list.$

$

Green$Day$

Blinkf182$

The$Offspring$

My$Chemical$Romance$

Rise$Against$

The$Strokes$

$

$

$

Now$that$you$have$learned$about$punk$music,$complete$the$tasks$on$the$following$pages.$$This$

can$then$be$used$as$assessment$evidence$for$you$to$fulfil$the$requirements$of$this$Unit.$$$

$

$

$

However,$before$that$it’s$time$to$do$something$a$bit$more$exciting$f$grab&a&guitar,&get&together&with&your&mates,&write&some&2&minutes&killer&songs&and&form&a&band!&&Call&&

$

Understanding+20th+and+21st+Century+Music+(National+5)+

Unit+assessment+task+1:+candidate’s+response+sheet++Candidate’s&name&& &

Genre& &

Date& &&Description$of$at&least&three&main&features$of$the$genre$you$have$chosen.$&

Feature& Description&

$

Typical&instrumentation&used&!

&

&Historical&context&(eg&decade,&earlier&genres&which&influenced&this&one,&influential&events&happening&in&the&world)&&

&

&Cultural&context&(eg&geographical&area,&ethnic&groups,&other&related&developments&in&the&arts)&&

&

&&Key&innovators&&

&

&SubPgenres&&

&

&A&significant&technology&used&within&this&genre&&

&

&&&&

List$here$any$examples$of$music$of$this$genre$that$you$have$listened$to$which$have$helped$you$

to$develop$your$understanding:$

$

Note$–$this$needs$to$be$done$for$at$least$another$two$

genres$in$order$to$fulfil$the$requirements$of$this$Unit$

Listen$to$some$example$of$punk$music.$$With$your$teacher,$discuss$the$various$musical$

concepts$that$are$present$in$the$music.$$$

Understanding+20th+and+21st+Century+Music+(National+5)+

Unit+assessment+task+4:+listening+log+—+identifying+concepts+Candidate’s&name&& &$

Title&of&song/piece& $

Genre/style& $

Date&completed:& $

In$this$piece,$I$have$identified$the$following$music$concepts:$

Melody/harmony& $

Rhythm/tempo& $

Texture/structure/form& $

Timbre/dynamics& $

$


Genre/style& $

Date&completed:& $


Melody/harmony& $

Rhythm/tempo& $


Timbre/dynamics& $

$


Genre/style& $

Date&completed:& $


Melody/harmony& $

Rhythm/tempo& $


Timbre/dynamics& $

$

$

$

Note$–$to$fulfil$the$requirements$of$this$Unit$the$pupil$must$eventually$undertake$

an$assignment$where$they$can$identify$at$least$six$appropriate$genres$and$their$

relevant$musical$concepts.$$$$

Attributes&I&hear&that&help&me&to&identify&the&punk&genre:&&&&&&&$

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Documents

Music&with&Technology& … · $11.$$The$Skids $ $ $ $ $ How&Punk&Started&P&Historical&and&Cultural&Context&of&Punk& $ To$find$the$reasons$why$punk$music$(and$punk$culture$in$general)$started,$it