Music+Facts+Band.doc

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Music FactsBand

1. Rhythm and Note Parts

1Beat orCountthe rhythmic pulse of music. In band, we show the pulse (orbeats) by tapping

our foot. We can say or count the rhythm by giving each note or rest a number or syllable.

2 urationthe number of beats or counts that a note or rest lasts

3 !otationthe way in which music is written down, usually on a staff, indicating specific pitches

and the duration of each pitch or rest.4 "hythmthe notation (or written form) of sound and silence using notes and rests

5 !otea symbol which shows the duration of the sound and the pitch of the sound

6 "esta symbol which shows the duration of silence between notes

7 !ote headthe oval shaped part of a note

8 #temthe vertical line attached to the right or

left side of the note head

9 $laga flag%shaped symbol attached to the

right side of a stem which changes the durationof a note

10 #tem direction ruleif the note head is on or

above the third line of the staff, the stem goesdown and is attached to the left side. If the note

head is below the third line, the stem goes upand is attached to the right side.

2. Basic Notes and Counting11 &ine notesnotes whose note heads circle a line

in the staff

12 #pace notesnotes whose note heads arebetween ' lines in the staff

13 Whole note counts of sound

Counting * % % % (wuh%uh%uh%un)

14 Whole restone complete measure of silence

Counting " % % % (reh%eh%eh%est)

15 +alf note' counts of sound

Counting * %, or' %, or - (wuh%un, ortoo%ooh,orthree%ee)

16 +alf rest' counts of silence

Counting " - (reh%est)

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1 uarter note* count of soundCounting *, or', or, or (one, ortwo, orthreeorfour)

1! uarter rest* count of silenceCounting " (rest)

1" otted half note counts of sound

Counting * % %, or' % % (wuh%uh%un, ortoo%oo%

ooh)

2# /e (pronounced /01)the syllable for the second half of a count, or the off beat

21 otted 2uarter note* 3 counts of sound

Counting * %, or - (wuh%un, orthree%ee)

22 4ighth note*5' count of soundCounting note on the beat*, or', or, or6

note off the beatte (pronounced tay)

23 4ighth rest*5' count of silenceCounting r (rest)

24 4ighth notes' or more eighth notes beamed

together. ' eighth notes e2ual * count.Counting note on the beat*, or', or, or6

note off the beatte (pronounced tay)

25 #i7teenth notes*5 count of sound. si7teenthnotes e2ual * count.

Counting * ta te ta, or' ta te ta, or ta te ta, or ta te ta (pronounced tah tay tah)

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3. $ta%% $ym&o's

26 #taffthe five lines and four spaces on whichmusic is written. /he lines and spaces are

numbered from the bottom to the top.

2 Bar linea vertical line which divides the staffinto measures

2! 8easurethe space between ' bar lines

2" ouble bar linea thin line and a thic9 linewhich shows the end of a piece of music

3# "epeattwo dots placed before a double bar

line, which mean to go bac9 without stopping tothe beginning or to an interior repeat and play

again

31 /reble clefthe clef sign used for the staff on

which notes for higher sounding pitches arewritten, also called : clef because it circles the

: line

32 Bass clefthe clef sign used for the staff onwhich notes for lower sounding pitches are

written, also called $ clef because the ' dots are

on either side of the $ line33 &edgera short line above orbelow the staff

used to write notes higher orlower than the

notes in the staff

34 Interior repeatrepeat the music enclosed by

the repeat signs

35 8ultiple measure restmore than one measure

of rest, the number tells you how manymeasures to rest

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4. Meter and (ime $ignatures

36 8eterthe grouping of accented and unaccented beats in a pattern of two (;!4, two, ;!4,two) or three (;!4, two, three, ;!4, two, three) or combinations of two and three, which

gives organi


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6. *rticu'ation

45 0rticulationthe use of the tongue and airflow to start and stop the sound of a note

46 /onguingthe placement and movement of the tongue on the roof of the mouth or on the tipof the reed which starts the airflow which produces the sound on wind instruments

4 0ccenta symbol placed above or below the

note head which means to play the note with

more emphasis orstress4! /iea curved line connecting ' or more notes of

the same pitch. /he note values are addedtogether and the notes are played as one note.

In band, only the first note under a tie istongued.

4" #lura curved line connecting ' ormore notesof different pitch. In band, only the first note

under a slur is tongued.

. *ccidenta's

5# 0ccidentalsmusic symbols which alter the pitch of a note. /hey include flat, sharp, andnatural.51 $lata symbol that lowers the pitch of a note

by one half step. /he flat sign is placed to theleft of a note and to the right of the letter

name.

52 #harpa symbol that raises the pitch of a note

by one half step. /he sharp sign is placed to theleft of a note and to the right of the letter

name.

53 !aturala symbol that cancels the effect of a

flat orsharp. /he natural sign is placed to theleft of a note and to the right of the letter

name.

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!. ey $ignatures

54 @ey signaturesharps or flats placed at the beginning of a composition or line to tell whichnotes to play with sharps or flats throughout the music and to show the scale on which the

music is based.

55 @ey of Cno flats orsharps

56 $lat 9ey namesmemori


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". P'aying /irection

5! $irst and second endingsplay through the firstending and repeat6 second time through s9ip

the first ending and play the second ending

5" 8easure repeatrepeat the preceding measure

6# $ine (pronounced fee%nay)a music term which

shows the end of a piece of music6 from theItalian word meaning finish

Fine

61 a Capo (pronounced dah caw%po)a musicterm which means to go bac9 to the beginning

of a piece of music and play again6 from the

Italian phrase meaning to the head

1#. /ynamics

62 ynamicsterms and symbols which tell how loud orsoft to play

63 =ianissimovery soft volume

64 =ianosoft volume

65 8e


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11. (em+o

2 $ermataa symbol which means to hold a note orrest longer than its time value

3 /empothe speed or pace of music

4 &entovery slow tempo

5 0dagio (ah%dahA%ee%oh)slow tempo6 8aestoso (my%stoh%soh)moderately slow, maAestic tempo

0ndante (ahn%dahn%tay)wal9ing tempo

! 8oderato (mod%uh%rah%toe)moderate tempo

" 0llegro (ah%lay%gro)lively tempo

!# =restofast tempo

!1 ivace (vee%vah%chay)very fast

12. oice Parts and Num&er o% Parts

!2 #opranothe highest female voice

!3 0ltothe lowest female voice

!4 /enorthe highest male voice

!5 Bassthe lowest male singing voice

!6 uettwo different musical lines played or sung together as one composition

! #olomusic sung or played by one performer who is called a soloist

!! /rioa composition with parts sung or played together

!" nisontwo or more parts performing the same pitches or melody at the same time

"# #olimusic played by one section of the same instrument

13. Me'ody and armony

"1 8elodya succession or pattern of notes forming a musical line6 considered the mostimportant part

"2 +armonytwo or more pitches played together which result in a pleasant musical sound

"3 Chordthree or more different tones or pitches played or sung at the same time"4 0ccompanimentmusic that goes along with a more important part6 often harmony or

rhythmic patterns accompanying a melody.

14. -'ements o% Music

"5 =itchthe highness or lowness of a particular note (see also DE)

"6 "hythmbeats per measure (see also D)

" +armonytwo or more tones sounding together (see also DE')

"! ynamicsvarying degrees of loud and soft (see also D?')

"" /imbre2uality of sound that distinguishes one instrument, voice, or other sound source from

another

1## /e7turenumber of sounds occurring at the same time

1#1 $ormthe organi)

1#3 8elodya succession or pattern of musical tones or pitches (see also DEF)

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15. ther (erms and $ym&o's

1#4 0lto $or e7ample a Capo al $ine (bac9 to the beginning, play to the $ine)

1#5 4mbouchure (ahm-bah-shure)the position of your mouth on the mouthpiece and5or reed ofa wind instrument

1#6 Breath mar92uic9ly breathe and continue

playing

1# =ic9%up or0nacrusisone ormore notes at the

beginning of a musical phrase in an incompletemeasure. /he beats for the pic9%up notes are

ta9en from the last measure.

1#! =hrasea complete musical thought. =hrases are played in one breath on wind instruments.

1#" =hrasingdividing musical sentences into melodic and5or rhythmic sections, similar to

punctuation in language.

11# 0cousticsthe science of sound generation

111 0uralrelating to the sense of hearing or listening

112 Body =ercussionsounds produced by the use of the body clap, tap, snap, slap, tap, stomp,

whistle, etc.

113 Concerta musical performance for an audience, re2uiring the cooperation of several

musicians

114 Conductordirector of an orchestra or chorus

115 Cuea signal given by the director of a performing group to begin the music

116 $ol9 musicmusic of a particular people, nation, or region, originally transmitted orally. sed

to accompany manual wor9 or for rituals.

11 8IIan acronym for 8usical Instrument igital Interface. #tandard specifications that let

electronic instruments communicate together and with computers.

11! "epertoirea variety of musical pieces

11" #tylethe distinctive or characteristic manner in which the elements of music are treated

16. nstrument Fami'ies12# Woodwindsflute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, sa7ophone

121 Brasstrumpet, $rench horn, trombone, baritone, tuba

122 #tringsviolin, viola, cello, string bass, guitar, banAo

123 =ercussionsnare drum, bass drum, cymbals, timpani, triangle, tambourine, wood bloc9,bells, orany instrument that ma9es a sound by being struc9 orhit

124 Windsany instrument that uses air to ma9e the sound (woodwinds and brasses)

1. $ca'e) nter7a') (ona'ity

125 #calea series of pitches in ascending or descending se2uence. /he notes of the scale areused to compose melody and harmony.

126 Intervalthe distance between ' notes orpitches

12 /onalitythe 9ey or tone center of a piece of music12! 8aAor 9ey or tonalityuses the notes of the maAor scale. +as a happy, Aoyous sound.

12" 8inor 9ey or tonalityuses the notes of the minor scale. +as a sad, unhappy sound.

13# issonanceharsh, uncomfortable sounds

131 Consonancecomfortable, pleasing sounds

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1!. nter7a's and -nharmonics

132 Intervalthe distance between ' notes orpitches

133 !aming Intervalscount all the letter namesbetween ' pitches ornotes. $or e7ample C%$

(C, , 4, $) is called a fourth because there are letter names. 0lternatively, if you are finding

the name of an interval in notated music, countthe number of lines and spaces beginning withthe first note and ending with the last note.

134 Chromaticpitches one half step apart which use different notes with the same letter name

changed by an accidental. $or e7ample C and CD, 0 and 0b

135 +alf stepthe smallest interval between notes. !otated by adding a sharp when ascending anda flat when descending. 47ceptions are 4%$ and B%C, which are already a half step apart in

pitch.

136 4nharmonictwo notes written differently that sound and are fingered the same

13 4nharmonic rule/o find the enharmonic name of a flat note, go bac9 one letter name and adda sharp (BbG0D). /o find the enharmonic name of a sharp note, go forward one letter name

and add a flat (CDGb). 47ceptions BDGC, CbGB, 4DG$, $bG4

1". Com+osition

13!Composera person who writes music

13" Compositionthe completed arrangement of music

14# Ballada song which tells a narrative or story

141 Chorusthe repetitive part of a song that occurs between verses

142 Call and responsea song style that follows a 2uestion and answer pattern where a soloist

leads and a group responds

143 8ovementthe divisions or sections of a musical composition

144 "ounda song imitated at the same pitch by a second (or third) group of singers who begin ata designated time during the song ("ow, "ow, "ow 1our Boat)

145 #corea notation showing all the parts of a musical composition

146 /wo%part songssongs written for performance by two distinct voices

14 :enrea category of musical composition, such as symphony, opera, string 2uartet, cantata,concerto, etc.

14! =olyphonypolymany, phonysounds. /wo or more melodic sounds sounding at the same

time

14" Counterpoint%%melodic lines imitated at different intervals at designated times in a piece ofmusic. &i9e a comple7 round.

15# +omophonica melody with chords for accompaniment

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2#. Musica' Periods o% 8estern Cu'ture

151"enaissance (*FF%*?FF):olden 0ge of =olyphony (see D*>). ocal music was moreimportant (dominant). 8usic was performed in the church and for the upper classes. 8ore use

of maAor5minor tonality (see D*'>, *'H). 8aAor Composers os2uin des =reJF)=opular (secular) music is more in style (predominant) over church

(sacred) music. Comple7 (elaborate) design in music, painting and architecture. =olyphony(see D*>) and counterpoint (see D*H) were still the most important te7tures, buthomophonic te7ture (see D*E) was becoming more important. !ew instrumental forms (solo,

sonata, concerto, overture, etc.) and vocal forms (aria, recitative, opera, oratorio, cantata,etc.) were developed. 8aAor Composers ohann #ebastian Bach, :eorge $rideric +andel,

0ntonio ivaldi

153 Classical (*>JF%*H'F)0ge of 4nlightenment ("eason). 8usic became more obAective andrestrained (less influenced by emotions) and had a clear form (see D*FF) of short regular

phrases (see D*F>). Instrumental music became more popular than vocal music. 8ore use of

dynamics (see D?*). issonance (see D*'E) is resolved to consonance (see D*F). 8aAorComposers Wolfgang 0madeus 8o


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21. Basic Conducting Patterns

15$our Beat =atterndown, left, right, up orfloor, wall, wall, ceiling.

15! /hree Beat =atterndown, right, up orfloor, wall, ceiling.

15" /wo Beat =atterndown, up orfloor, ceiling

22. Musica' Cu'tures and $ty'es

16#4uropean or Western musicdeveloped from the 8iddle 0ges to the present in 4urope andspread to the countries coloni

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Music+Facts+Band.doc