3. Socio-historical ContextLOCATIONOccidental Mindoro is the
western part of the island of Mindoro,south of Batangas. It is
bounded on the north by the Calavite Passage,on the east by
Oriental Mindoro, on the west by ApoEast Pass, and onthe south by
the Mindoro Strait.THE LANDOccidental Mindoro consists of high
rolling mountains in the east. Tothe west are coastal plains where
the towns are situated. Numerousrivers flow from these mountain
ranges: Pagbahan and amburao-Matamayor in the north, Mompong and
Amnay in the center, andCaguray and Busuanga in the south. The
climate is dry fromNovember to April and wet during the rest of the
year. The provincelies in the path of destructive typhoons.
4. Socio-historical ContextCultural Context Oriental Mindoro
NorthMangyan group (Iraya, Tadyawan, Alangan)and South Mangyan
group (Batangan, Buhid,Hanunoo)
5. Brief History of Mindoro Mindoro, formerly called Mait, was
known to Chinese traders even before the coming of the Spanish. In
15 70, the Spanish began to explore the island and named it "Mina
de Oro" (mineof gold) after finding some of the precious metal,
though no major gold discoveries were ever made. Missionaries
became active around Ilin Island off the southern tip, Lubang
Island off the northern tip,and Mamburao.
6. Brief History of Mindoro Moro raids later forced them to
abandon these places. In 1754, the Muslims established strongholds
in Mamburao and Balete (near Sablayan). From there, they launched
raids against nearby settlements. An expedition sent by Governor
Simon de Anda put an end to these raids. In the early years,
Mindoro was administered as part of Bonbon, now Batangas.
7. Brief History of Mindoro Early in the 17th century, the
island was separated from Bonbon and organized into a
corregimiento. In 1902 the island of Lubang, which was formerly a
part of Cavite, was annexed to Mindoro. In the same year Mindoro
and Lubang were annexed to Marinduque when the latter became a
regular province. Mindoro became a regular province in 1921. On
June 13, 1950, under Republic Act No. 505, Mindoro was divided into
two provinces, Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro.
8. THE PEOPLE The plains of Occidental Mindoro are inhabited by
the Tagalogs and the remote forested interior by the Mangyans.
Extensive tribal settlements of Mangyans in the province belong to
such sub-groups as the Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Buhid, Hanunuo,
and Bangon. The Mangyans are simple people. They were once coastal
dwellers driven into the mountains to avoid religious conversion by
the Spaniards, raids by Moro pirates, and the influx of recent
migrants. They now lead a semi-nomadic existence.
9. THE PEOPLE
10. THE PEOPLEMen wear a loincloth of pounded bark while
thewomen have a coil of woven nito, a sturdy blackvine, and rattan
around their hips.Mangyans practice animism and are
superstitious.
11. Concept Map Geography: Mindoro, Mt. Halcon Kaingin Socio-
historical Context Issues Marginalization of culture Cultural
preservation
12. IssuesThe Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107islands
with a population of 84 millionspeaking over 120 languages.
13. Cultural Preservation &Marginalzation of Culture Out of
the 110 indigenous people (IP) groups in the country today, only
four still use their original scripts. Other ethno-linguistic
groups now write in the Roman alphabet of the colonizers.
14. the Hanunuo Mangyanscript is very muchalive and being
taughtin Hanunuo Mangyanschools
15. Their Distinctive heritage Mangyans, with eight different
languages and cultural traditions, possess a rich and distinctive
cultural and literary heritage. One manifestation is the various
traditional musical instruments used during festivities, special
occasions and for courting: guitar, violin, flute, gong, and
jews-harp.
16. With a pointed knife, Hanunuo Mangyans inscribe notes and
poems on bamboo trees in the forests or on bamboo slats. These
ambahanswritten or recited in poetic languageallegorically express
situations or characteristics.
17. The Hanunuo and Buhid Mangyans weave and embroider their
own traditional attire.
18. The Iraya and Alangan Mangyans skillfully weave nito and
rattan into elaborate baskets. The other groups also produce
baskets, bags, hats, hammocks and other crafts made of forest
vines, and all the eight tribes practice beadwork.
19. Unfortunately they do not have security of land tenure.
Their unrecognized traditional right over their ancestral domain is
evident in the continuous influx of so-called government
development projects. Private business interests have also harassed
them: mining, tourism, hydro- power, and even reforestation.
Illegal titling of lands by non-Mangyans also continues. The
implementation of these projects often undermines their culture and
traditional right to protect, manage and utilize the resources in
their ancestral domain. More important, the Mangyans have lost
their land to these projects.
20. The Mangyans subsistence-level livelihood is based on
swidden cultivation: planting upland rice, sweet potatoes, corn,
beans, bananas, cassava, yams and other root crops.
21. Mangyan education There are few public elementary schools,
no public high school, and no functional health center. Public
elementary schools in Mangyan communities usually do not offer all
the elementary grade levels. Classes are multi-grade. Teachers do
not report regularly. There are few or no books at all for
students.
22. Mangyan education Students walk for hours and make numerous
river crossings to go to school, which can be dangerous for young
children.
23. Before the last decade, no Mangyan was elected to a
municipal or higher position, further limiting the indigenous
peoples opportunities to be heard and to participate in
decision-making. There are also very few Mangyan government
employees. Discrimination by lowlanders hinders Mangyans from
attaining the development level they deserve. Lowlanders often buy
their products at very low prices. Often the Mangyans are
exploited.
24. The Mangyan situation illustrates the complexity of
heritage conservation. To preserve the endangered traditional
script, language, literature, crafts and lifestyle, there is need
to improve their education, livelihood and governance. However, any
government or NGO assistance given to the Mangyans must not be done
in an insensitive manner. Any kind of help must be granted with
visionin the framework of true understanding of the Mangyan
culture, ensuring its preservation, but also giving the people the
benefits of the 21st century.
25. Concept Map Geography: Types (Vocal, Mindoro, Mt.
Instrumental) Halcon Kaingin Socio- Musical historical Forms
Context Issues Marginalization of culture Cultural
preservation
26. Musical Forms Igway (song), Marayaw (spirit song),
Pamuybuyen (legend) - it means fear of water
27. Musical Forms Flute (Bangsi),- is an external duct flute,
whichhas a chip glued on to the tube ofthe flute Jaws Harp
(Subing),- is a bamboo jawharp
28. Musical Forms Lute (Gitgit),- a three-string
indigenousviolin with human hair forstrings. Gongs (Agong),- a
metal shaped like a pailwith a circle in the middle
29. Musical Forms Sticks (Kalutang)- This is percussion sticks
playedin pairs to produce harmonies onseconds, thirds, and fourths.
Video
31. Musical ContextMarayaw is a genre of Iraya-Mangyansongs
used to communicate withspirits in rituals for healing the sick
orprotecting the community.
32. Musical ContextMusic for the Hanunoo is part of
celebratingordinary and festive occasions. Accompanyingthemselves
on these instruments as they recitetheir love poems, the Hanunoo
Mangyan paycourt to the women. During the wedding rituals,songs are
sung, musical instruments are played,food is eaten, and wine is
drunk. The songs of theMangyan are lullabies, recollections of
warexploits in the distant past, lamentations,lovelyrics, and
stories based on persona.
