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Music of the Baroque Period 1600 - 1750 The first use of the term “Baroque” in music was in 1919. “Baroque” is used to describe an artistic style across different art forms Started in Rome, Italy Tension, Exuberance, Grandeur, Ornate How would you describe Baroque Art?

Music of the Baroque Period

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The first use of the term “Baroque” in music was in 1919. . Music of the Baroque Period. “Baroque” is used to describe an artistic style across different art forms . 1600 - 1750. Started in Rome, Italy. Tension, Exuberance, Grandeur, Ornate. How would you describe Baroque Art?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque Period1600 - 1750

• The first use of the term “Baroque” in music was in 1919.

• “Baroque” is used to describe an artistic style across different art forms

• Started in Rome, Italy• Tension, Exuberance,

Grandeur, Ornate

• How would you describe Baroque Art?

Page 2: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque PeriodHistorical Themes

• Increasing Importance of Scientific InvestigationScientists broke away from the old model of proofing prior assumptions, and instead worked on devising new hypotheses through observation and experimentation.

Palace of Versailles

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1622)

Small group of leaders (Kings, queens, emperors) wielded absolute power in Europe Louis XIV of France (1638 – 1715)

• Culmination of Royal Despotism

“l'état, c'est moi” – “I am the state” (absolutism)

Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)

Page 3: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque PeriodHistorical Themes cont.

• Development of the New WorldThe English, French, and Spanish holdings in the New World continued to supply Europe with wealth

As generations passed, colonists began growing allegiance to their new homes, which eventually led to the independence of these lands

Sculptors found ways to create the illusion of energetic, even violent movement in their works

Giovanni Bernini (1598 – 1680)

• Artificiality & Marvelous effects valued in Arts

Painters created larger and more crowded canvasesVirtuosity was highly priced in all the arts

Page 4: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque PeriodMusical Context

• A Time of Experimentation

Embracing new idea: Music could move the listener in a real and physical way

Opera, a blend of music and drama, is the full realization of this ideal

Composers experimented with ways of creating impressive effects in Instrumental Music as well

Page 5: Music of the Baroque Period

Music continued to be used as an important tool of statecraft (conducting public affairs)

• Expanding Roles of Music

Extravagant musical styles served as rich adornment to religious services in both Catholic and Protestant churches

Music, especially Opera, became an important source of entertainment for the growing merchant and land-owner classes

Music of the Baroque PeriodMusical Context Cont.

Page 6: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque PeriodMusical Context Cont.

• Growing awareness of National StylesDistinct styles in both vocal and instrumental music developed in Italy, France, and Germany

Composers were aware of these differences and used them in their music.

For example: A French composer would write and label a piece: “In the Italian Style”

The superiority of various styles was often the subject of heated debate

Page 7: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque Period

• Full Equality of Instrumental Music

New instrumental forms, such as the *concerto and *sonata developedInstruments started playing equally important roles even in vocal music (not only as accompaniment)

Musical Context Cont.

*Concerto – Musical composition usually in three parts (movements) in which a solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra*Sonata – Literally means a musical piece played, and not sung (cantata). Evolved to a composition for one or two instruments, typically in three or four parts (movements) set in contrasting forms and keys

Page 8: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque Period

Instrument makers created new types of instruments

• Instrumental Music Cont.

The violin became the most important string instrument for its ability to showcase virtuosity

Virtuosos (Antonio Vivaldi, Archangelo Corelli) reflected these abilities in their own compositions

Performers reached new heights of expression and techniques

Musical Context Cont.

Listening: Vivaldi Violin Concerto - SpringListening: Bach Violin Sonata No. 2 Movement 2

Page 9: Music of the Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque Period

• Basso Continuo – Accompaniment played keyboard or bass instruments (Cello, Double Bass )

Musical Style• Textures – Primarily “Melody & Accompaniment”

• Voices and instruments are freely mixed• Newly developed instruments provided rich palette of tone color• Rhythm – often taken from dance rhythms• Melodies – Ornate and often make use of dramatic leaps• Harmony – based on major/minor tonality (less modal), and

dissonances become more common • Structure – Based on repetition and simple binary and ternary

formsListening: Monteverdi - Beatus Vir qui timet Dominum (Basso Continuo, mixing)

Listening: Merula - Ciaconna for Two Violins (Basso Continuo, Dance Rhythm)

Page 10: Music of the Baroque Period

Composers of the Baroque Period

• Italian composerClaudio Monteverdi (1567 – 1643)

Listening: Monteverdi – L’Orfeo

• Leading composer of late Renaissance and early Baroque

• Composed:Operas: “L’Orfeo” (Greek legend of “Orpheus”)First opera to realize all its full potentials

Secular Vocal: 9 books of Madrigals Sacred Vocal: Vespers (Evening Prayer) Masses, Motets, and Psalms

• Music composition as an outgrowth of the written words

Page 11: Music of the Baroque Period

Composers of the Baroque PeriodHenry Purcell (1659 – 1695)

Listening: Purcell – Dido and Aeneas – “When I am laid in earth” (Dido’s Lament)

• Leading English composer and organist of early Baroque

• Uniquely English form of Baroque Music Incorporating Italian & French elements

Secular & Sacred VocalInstrumental Music

• Composed:Opera: “Dido and Aeneas” (Virgil’s Aeneid)

Semi-Opera: “The Fairy-Queen” (A Midsummer Night’s Dream)

Listening: Purcell – The Fairy-Queen

Page 12: Music of the Baroque Period

Composers of the Baroque PeriodAntonio Vivaldi (1678 – 1741)

• Leading Italian composer and violinist• Development of Concerto form

Chamber MusicSacred Vocal: Oratorio, Mass, Hymn

• Composed:Orchestral Music: Over 500 Concerti (239 for the violin), including The Four Seasons (Program Music)

Secular Vocal: Cantatas and over 50 Operas

His concerti are definitive of the genre in the Baroque, into the Classical Era

Listening: Vivaldi Violin Concerto – Le Quattro Stagioini “The Four Seasons”

Page 13: Music of the Baroque Period

Composers of the Baroque PeriodGeorge Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759)

Listening: Handel – Messiah “Hallelujah Chorus”

• Leading English composer, German by birth• Contrast to J. S. Bach:

Sacred & Secular vocal music:

Instrumental Music

• Celebrated as English National Treasure

Concerti, Sonatas, Suites, Chamber Music

Operas (over 40), Oratorios, Cantatas, Arias

Composed for the public; man of the world; a world traveler

• “The Messiah” and the “Hallelujah Chorus”• Composed:

Page 14: Music of the Baroque Period

Composers of the Baroque PeriodJohann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750)

• Most famous and most important German composer and organist of the Baroque era (and maybe all time) – a true genius

• Created music of the highest-level of craftsmanship based employers’ demand

Sacred & Secular Vocal: Cantatas, Motets, Passions, Mass, Oratorio, etc.

• Composed:

Instrumental Music: Concerti, Suites, Sonatas & Partitas, Keyboard Music, Organ Music

Listening: 1. Toccata & Fugue 2. Chaconne 3. St. Matthew’s Passion

• Studied works of his contemporaries • Deeply religious, passion for completeness