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Music and the Classical Era
1750-1820
Viennese Classical Music
• It’s all in the Definition:
– Generic – Specific – Attitude – Musically
The Times They Are A-ChangingThe Age of Reason and Enlightenment
• Philosophical Underpinnings– A quest for truth and social justice pervaded this culture. – France:
Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Born, François-Marie Arouet • Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher
• works and ideas would influence important thinkers of both the
American and French Revolutions
Jean-Jacques Rouseau (1712-1778)
A philospher and composer of the Enlightenment
His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution, the development of both liberal and socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism.
Important contributions to music as a theorist and a composer
– England: John Locke (1632-1704)• All people are born good, independent and equal
and that all governments derived their right to govern from the consent of the people, not any hereditary rights granted by God.
Monarchy: The Declining Institution
• Catherine the Great of Russia (1729-1796)
• Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712-1786)
• Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780)
• Joseph II of Austria (1741-1790)
• Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette
(1754-1793) (1755-1793)
Scientific Advancements
• Properties of electricityBenjamin Franklin, 1752
• Vaccines - Smallpox
Benjamin Franklin
(1706-1790)
Lightning Rod
Bifocal Glasses
Bifocal Sketch
Edward Jenner
(1749-1823)
Intellectual Advancements
• Encyclopedia - Encyclopédie
Denis Diderot
(1713-1784)Encyclopédie, 1751
Science Plate
• Philosophical Debate and Writing– Jean-Jacques Rousseau– Edward Gibbon
• Salons – The Role of Women
Revolution
• Industrial Revolution– Britain, late 1700’s– Technological developments were catalysts for the
change from a rural, farm-based society to an urban, industrial one
Eli Whitney and Cotton Gin
James Watt and Steam Engine
Gas Street Lamp
Spinning Jenny
Sewing Machine
Political Revolution
• American Revolution (1775-1783) – inspired by the Enlightenment – the 13 colonies of North America become restless and dissatisfied with their rule
by the British monarchy. – Declaration of Independence in 1776 stated the rights of the 13 colonies to rule
themselves; thus becoming a country based on the idea that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
• French Revolution (1789-1799)– inspired by the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of
Independence
– opposition to the monarchy spread rapidly from the property owners and the middle classes to the peasants and resulted in a bloody uprising.
– Motto – “Liberty, equality, fraternity.” The monarchy was abolished, nobility put to death and a new republic set up.
Vienna: The Center of the Musical Universe
Visual Arts in the Classical Era
• Rococo (after 1715)– This new style was called Rococo (after the French word rocaille,
meaning “rock-work” – hallmark of this style was the curved line as found in sea-shells and flowers). Rococo style (light and frivolous) differed greatly from the emotionally charged, highly decorative Baroque art. Paris was the center of this new style.
• Neoclassical– During the Enlightenment period there were great archeological
discoveries made, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. The ideas, designs and style of the ancient Greeks and Romans were particularly fitting for the new period of enlightenment. The Neoclassical style differentiated itself from the Rococo style in is simplicity and naturalness.
Rococo Architecture
• The stateliness and grandeur of the Baroque was replaced with smaller-scale grace and refinement, pastel colors became more popular, rooms were designed not to impress but to give pleasure and to be suitable for elegant conversation.
Rococo Painting• As opposed to the monumental-sized works of the Baroque, Rococo
painters painted popular scenes with elegant men and women enjoying themselves. Instead of heroic struggles, these paintings revealed daily life of the nobility.
• Most popular were scenes taken from the elegant outdoor entertainments that were called fêtes galantes.
The Swing
Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806)
François Boucher (1703-1770)
The Music Lesson
Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)
A Pilgrimage to Cytheria
• Fêtes galantes style was countered by Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1799)who found inspiration in the lives of ordinary people and all that surrounded them.
Chardin Self-Portrait
Le Dejeuner
Back from the Market
Table Still Life
Neoclassical Visual Art
• During the Enlightenment period there were great archeological discoveries made, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome.
• The ideas, designs and style of the ancient Greeks and Romans were particularly fitting for the new period of enlightenment.
• The Neoclassical style differentiated itself from the Rococo style in is simplicity and naturalness.
Neoclassical Architecture
La Madeleine, Paris
The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris
The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
The Rotunda, University of Virginia
Neoclassical Painting
• Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
Madame Recamier
The Oath of Horatii
Neoclassical Sculpture
Moved from the dramatic, emotional forms to more idealized classical poses.
• Antonio Canova
Cupid and Psyche
Napoleon
• Jean-Antoine Houdon
Voltaire
Washington
Musical Arts in the Classical Era
• Life as a Classical Artist– Artists of the 18th century generally functioned under
the system of aristocratic patronage. – Socially, they were little better than servants. While
this was often distasteful to them, they were provided with economic security and a social framework within which he/she could function as a musician.
– Yet, each major composer (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) began to pull away from the patronage system.
• Musical Life in Society– An important aspect of musical life in the
Classical period was the rise of the public concert.
– This phenomenon was possible due most to the larger and more prosperous middle class.
– Tickets could be purchased for single events or for full series.
– Concerts in this time were much longer than concerts are today and unlike our concerts, most of the music heard was new works.
Baroque and Classical Comparison
Dates 1600-1750 1750-1820
Geographical Center Italy, France, Germany, England
Vienna, Austria
Timbre Vocal and instrumental Instrumental
Texture Polyphony/homophony Homophony
Melody Longer and instrumentally conceived
Symmetrical, balanced, question/answer
Dynamics Terraced Gradual
Accompaniment Harpsichord pianoforte
Orchestra Small (20-40), mostly strings
30-40 with the four instrumental families used more independently
Form Binary, Ternary Sonata-Allegro, Theme and Variations, Rondo, Minuet and Trio
Harmony Tonal Tonal
Rhythm Metric, motoric, elaborate Simple, metric
Baroque Classical
Classical Orchestra
• Blending of the four orchestral families: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion
• 30 to 40 players• Gradual dynamics established
(Mannheim crescendo)
Pianoforte
Musical Genres
• Vocal– Mass and Requiem Mass– Art Song: a pairing between music and
literature– Oratorio– Opera: opera seria, opera buffa
Instrumental Genres• Sonata
– Three movements– Most written for solo piano, violin or cello sonatas– Important for the amateur players
• Solo Concerto– Three movements: fast, slow, fast– Piano and violin were the common soloists
• Symphony– 1st movement: sonata-allegro form– 2nd movement: three part form (ABA)– 3rd movement: minuet and trio form– 4th movement: rondo or sonata-allegro form
• String Quartet– Two violins, a viola and a cello– Four movements
Form in the Classical Tradition
• Sonata-Allegro
• Theme and Variation
• Minuet and Trio
• Rondo
Elements of Music
• Melody – vocal in conception, symmetrical, question and answer
• Harmony - tonal• Rhythm – simple, metric• Texture – homophony and for accompaniments, Alberti
Bass• Dynamics - gradual• Timbre
– Vocal: SATB
– Instrumental: string, woodwind, brass, percussion
– Keyboard: piano (Alberti Bass)
• Form – sonata-allegro, theme and variation, minuet and trio, rondo
Composers
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)– Sonata Form– Minuet and trio Form– Opera
• Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824)• Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
– Rondo Form– Sonata Form
• Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)– theme and variation
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
The Mozart Family: Nannerl, Wolfgang and Leopold
Mozart as a Child
Mozart as Young Adult
Mozart and Costanze
Sonata-allegro Form
• Symphony No. 40, K. 550, 1788– 1st movement: Molto Allegro
Minuet and Trio
• Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, 1788– 3rd Movement: Menuetto (Allegretto)
Classical Opera
• Don Giovanni (Don Juan), 1787, Mozart– Act I: Duet: “La ci darem la mano” (There
you will give me your hand)
Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824)
• “Morgenlied eines armen Mannes”
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Age 13
As an adult
Rondo Form
• String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4, 1798-1800– 4th Movement: Rondo (Allegro)
A B A C A
A B A C A B A
Sonata Form
• Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67, 1808– 1st Movement: Allegro con brio
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
Esterhaza Palace
Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy
Theme and Variation
• Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise, 1791)– 2nd Movement: Andante