MUSCULOSKELETAL S - Mrs. Aymami's Class - Homemrsaymami.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/2/4/2924469/fremgen_mttl_im_ch… · Suggested terms: 1. ossification 2. periosteum ... 118 Chapter

CHAPTER 4MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER CONTENTS

MEDIA LIBRARY 113LECTURE NOTES

Objective 1: Combining forms and suffixes 114Objective 2: Spell and pronounce 116Objective 3: Major organs 117Objective 4: Skeleton 118Objective 5: Long bone 119Objective 6: Projections and depressions 120Objective 7: Synovial joint 120Objective 8: Muscles 121Objective 9: Movement terms 122Objective 10: Word building 123Objective 11: Vocabulary 125Objective 12: Pathology 126Objective 13: Diagnostic procedures 129Objective 14: Therapeutic procedures 130Objective 15: Pharmacology 131Objective 16: Abbreviations 132

WORKSHEETS 133QUIZZES 141

ANSWER KEYS 155

MEDIA LIBRARY

Student DVD-ROM• Twelve different interactive learning games• Flash card generator• Audio Glossary• Professional Profile video—Chiropractic medicine• Body Rhythms• Terminology Translator

Companion Website• Multiple Choice, True/False, and Fill-in-the-Blank

practice questions• Labeling exercises• Case study

• Additional Professional Profile information• New York Times link for research into specific

pathologies• Web Destination activities• Audio Glossary• Link to VangoNotes• Link to drug updates

IRDVD• Animations

• Muscles• Movement of joints• Shoulder abduction/adduction

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114 Chapter 4/MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

OBJECTIVE 1Identify and define the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes introduced in this chapter.

Text page: 80; 103; PowerPoint slide: 6–14; 118–121

LECTURE NOTES TEACHING STRATEGIES

• At this point it is important to encouragestudents using flash cards to keep up withmaking the flash cards. Some students willbegin to let this very important learningactivity slide.

Medical Terminology Bee• Create PowerPoint flash cards of new com-

bining forms and suffixes presented in thischapter. Have all students stand and thendefine the word part. If the student is cor-rect, he or she remains standing. If the stu-dent is wrong, he or she sits down.Continue until only one student isstanding.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Worksheet 4A• New Combining Form, Prefix, and Suffix

Handout

Text• Practice Exercises

Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Make flash cards

CW• Practice questions

ASSESSMENTS

Quiz 4A—New Word Parts QuizTest Bank—Fill-in-the-Blank questions

Skeletal System Combining Formsankyl/o stiff jointarthr/o jointarticul/o jointburs/o saccarp/o wristcervic/o neckchondr/o cartilageclavicul/o claviclecoccyg/o coccyxcortic/o outer portioncost/o ribcrani/o skullfemor/o femurfibul/o fibulahumer/o humerusili/o iliumischi/o ischiumkyph/o humplamin/o lamina, part of vertebralord/o bent backwardslumb/o loinmandibul/o mandiblemaxill/o maxillamedull/o inner portionmetacarp/o metacarpalsmetatars/o metatarsalsmyel/o bone marroworth/o straightoste/o bonepatell/o patellaped/o child, foot

• Elbow flexion/extension• Ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Ankle eversion/inversion• Forearm pronation/supination• Shoulder circumduction• Thumb opposition• Shoulder rotation

• Drag-and-drop labeling activity• Structure of a long bone• Bones of the skeleton

• Videos• Chiropractic medicine• Osteoporosis

• Arthritis• Arthroscopy• Muscle atrophy• Muscular dystrophy• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Digital library of all figures from text chapter, labeledand unlabeled

• Test bank with 200 objective questions per chapterplus two short answer questions

• 20 classroom response questions• PowerPoint presentation for classroom or online

utilization

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© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4/MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 115

pelv/o pelvisphalang/o phalangespod/o footpub/o pubisradi/o radiussacr/o sacrumscapul/o scapulascoli/o crooked, bentspondyl/o vertebraestern/o sternumsynovi/o synovial membranesynov/o synovial membranetars/o anklethorac/o chesttibi/o tibiauln/o ulnavertebr/o vertebra

Skeletal System Suffixes-blast immature, embryonic-clasia to surgically break-desis stabilize, fuse-listhesis slipping-porosis porous

Muscular System Combining Formsfasci/o fibrous bandfibr/o fiberskinesi/o movementmuscul/o musclemy/o musclemyocardi/o heart musclemyos/o muscleplant/o sole of footten/o tendontend/o tendontendin/o tendon

Muscular System Suffixes-asthenia weakness-kinesia movement-tonia tone

Muscular System Prefixesab- away fromad- towardcircum- around

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TEACHING STRATEGIES

Emphasize to students:• Importance of correctly spelling terms.• How sounding out terms can assist in

learning how to spell terms.Say each new term in class and have studentsrepeat it.

Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or

posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion of spelling strategies.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Worksheet 4B• Medical Term Analysis

Terminology Checklist• Can be used to practice pronunciation

using the Audio Glossary as reference


Flash cards• Look at definition and write out/pro-

nounce terms

Student DVD-ROM• Audio Glossary• Spelling Challenge game• Crossword and Word Search puzzles

ASSESSMENTS

Quiz 4B—Spelling QuizSuggested terms:

1. ossification2. periosteum3. trochanter4. coccygeal5. phalanges6. articulation7. intracranial8. chiropractic9. prosthesis

10. pathologic11. osteoporosis12. ankylosing13. spondylolisthesis14. subluxation15. arthroscopy16. claudication

OBJECTIVE 2Correctly spell and pronounce medical terms and major anatomical structures relating to the musculoskeletal system.

LECTURE NOTES

For pronunciation objectivePronunciation for medical terms in this chapter can be found:

• In parentheses following key terms• In Audio Glossary on Student DVD-ROM• In Audio Glossary at Companion Website

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OBJECTIVE 3Locate and describe the major organs of the musculoskeletal system and their functions.

Text pages: 82–83; 91–92; 105–107; PowerPoint slides: 15–21; 61–67; 122–123; 133–134

LECTURE NOTES

Overview• Bones are organs; carry their own blood supply, nerves, and lym-

phatic vessels• Bones connected to form skeleton• Skeleton protects vital organs and stores minerals• Bone marrow is site of blood cell production• Joint is place where two bones meet and are held together by

ligaments; gives flexibility to skeleton• Skeleton, joints, and muscles work together to produce movement

Bones• Also called osseous tissue; one of hardest materials in body• Formed from gradual process beginning before birth called

ossification; fetal skeleton is formed from cartilage model; gradu-ally replaced by osteoblasts, immature bone cells; in adult bones,osteoblasts mature into osteocytes

• Formation of strong bones dependent on adequate supply of miner-als such as calcium and phosphorus

• Four categories based on shape: long bones, short bones, flatbones, and irregular bones (see . Figure 4.1)• Long bones are longer than wide; examples are femur and humerus• Short bones are roughly as long as wide; examples are carpals and

tarsals• Irregular bones have very irregular shape; examples are vertebrae• Flat bones are plate-shaped bones; examples are sternum, scapulae,

and pelvis

Joints• Formed when two or more bones meet; also called articulation• Three types of joints based on amount of movement allowed be-

tween bones: synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and fibrousjoints (see . Figure 4.11)• Synovial joints are freely moving synovial joints; examples are

shoulder, knee, and elbow• Fibrous joints allow almost no movement; ends of bones joined by

thick fibrous tissue; may fuse into solid bone; examples are skullsutures

• Cartilaginous joints allow slight movement but hold bones firmlyin place by solid piece of cartilage; example is pubic symphysis

17. pseudohypertrophic18. electromyography19. tenodesis20. fibromyalgiaTest Bank—questions

TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use full-size anatomical charts and models

to illustrate organs.


posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.

IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-

structor’s Resource DVD for an animationdescribing muscles.

ASSESSMENTS

Test Bank—questions

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review


Student DVD-ROM• Learning games


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TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use full-size anatomical charts and models

to illustrate axial vs. appendicular skeleton.


structor’s Resource DVD for a drag-and-drop anatomy of skeleton labeling activity;display on screen and have students discussand place labels during class.



OBJECTIVE 4Correctly place bones in either the axial or the appendicular skeleton.

Text pages: 85–91; PowerPoint slides: 34–60

LECTURE NOTES

Human skeleton has two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicularskeleton

Axial Skeleton• Includes bones in head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk body

(see . Figure 4.4); forms central axis for body; protects many inter-nal organs such as brain, lungs, and heart

• Head or skull is divided into two parts—cranium and facial bones;surround and protect brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity;muscles for chewing and moving head are attached to cranial bones;cranium encases brain and consists of frontal, parietal, temporal,ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones; facial bones surroundmouth, nose, and eyes and include mandible, maxilla, zygomatic,vomer, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones; cranial and facialbones are illustrated in . Figure 4.5 and described in Table 4.1.

• Hyoid bone—single U-shaped bone suspended in neck betweenmandible and larynx; point of attachment for swallowing andspeech muscles

• Trunk consists of vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage• Vertebral or spinal column—divided into five sections: cervical

vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, andcoccyx (see . Figure 4.6 and Table 4.2); between each pair of verte-brae is an intervertebral disc composed of fibrous cartilage to pro-vide cushion between vertebrae

Muscles• Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers; as fibers contract (shorten

in length) produce movement of or within body; may bring twobones closer together, push food through digestive system, or pumpblood through blood vessels

• Muscles also hold body erect and generate heat• Name of muscle often reflects its location, origin and insertion, size,

action, fiber direction, or number of attachment points, as the fol-lowing examples illustrate:• Location: rectus abdominis means straight (rectus) abdominal

muscle• Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid named for two origins

(stern/o for sternum and cleid/o for clavicle) and single insertion(mastoid process)

• Size: gluteus maximus—gluteus means rump area and maximusmeans large

• Action: flexor carpi and extensor carpi muscles named becausethey produce flexion and extension at wrist

• Fiber direction: external oblique muscle is abdominal musclewhose fibers run at oblique angle

• Number of attachment points: biceps—term bi means two; refersto muscle’s two heads or connecting points

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Worksheet 4C—Chapter Review

Text• Labeling exercise 4.A• Practice Exercises

Student DVD-ROM• Labeling exercises• Learning games

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ASSESSMENTS

Quizzes 4C and 4G—Labeling Diagram andChapter Review


• Rib cage—12 pairs of ribs attached at back to vertebral column; 10pairs are also attached to sternum in front (see . Figure 4.7); lowesttwo pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to vertebralcolumn; serves to provide support for organs, such as heart andlungs

Appendicular Skeleton• Consists of pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and

lower extremities (see . Figure 4.8); bones for appendages or limbs• Pectoral girdle—consists of clavicle and scapula bones; attaches

upper extremity, or arm, to axial skeleton; articulates with sternumanteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly

• Upper extremity—includes humerus, ulna, radius, carpals,metacarpals, and phalanges; illustrated in . Figure 4.9 and de-scribed in Table 4.3

• Pelvic girdle—also called os coxae or innominate bone or hipbone;contains ilium, ischium, and pubis; articulates with sacrum poste-riorly; attaches lower extremity, or leg, to axial skeleton

• Lower extremity—includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals,metatarsals, and phalanges; illustrated in . Figure 4.10 and de-scribed in Table 4.4

CW• Labeling exercises• Practice questions

Quiz 4C• May be used as a worksheet

OBJECTIVE 5List and describe the components of a long bone.


LECTURE NOTES

• Majority of bones in body are long bones• Have central shaft or diaphysis that widens at each end, called

epiphysis; each epiphysis covered by layer of cartilage calledarticular cartilage to prevent bone from rubbing directly on bone;remaining surface of each bone is covered with thin connective tis-sue membrane called periosteum, which contains numerous bloodvessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

• Dense and hard exterior surface bone called cortical or compactbone

• Cancellous or spongy bone found inside bone; has spaces in it, giv-ing it sponge-like appearance; spaces contain red bone marrow;marrow manufactures blood cells and is found in some parts of allbones

• Center of diaphysis contains open canal called medullary cavity;contains yellow bone marrow; mainly fat

• . Figure 4.2 contains an illustration of long bone structure

TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or an actual

long bone such as the femur to illustratethe parts of a long bone as you describethem.

IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the Instruc-

tor’s Resource DVD for a drag and dropanatomy of a long bone labeling activity.Display on the screen and have studentsdiscuss and place the labels during class.



LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Text• Labeling exercise 4.B1• Practice Exercises

Student DVD-ROM• Labeling exercise• Learning games

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ASSESSMENTS

Quizzes 4D and 4G—Labeling Diagram andChapter Review


TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or actual

bones to illustrate different processes anddepressions as you describe them.



LEARNING ACTIVITIES





ASSESSMENTS


OBJECTIVE 6Identify bone projections and depressions.


LECTURE NOTES

Projections• Bones have projections; some rounded and smooth to articulate

with another bone in joint; others rough to provide muscles with at-tachment points; general term for any bony projection is process;specific terms describe different shapes and locations of variousprocesses1. Head—large, smooth, ball-shaped end on long bone; may be

separated from shaft of bone by a narrow area called neck2. Condyle—smooth, rounded portion at end of bone3. Epicondyle—located above or on a condyle4. Trochanter—large, rough process for attachment of muscle5. Tubercle—small, rough process; provides attachment for ten-

dons and muscles6. Tuberosity—large, rough process; provides attachment for ten-

dons and muscles• See . Figure 4.3 for illustration of processes found on femur

DepressionsHollow regions or depressions; most common depressions:

1. Sinus—hollow cavity within bone2. Foramen—smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels3. Fossa—shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone4. Fissure—slit-type opening

CW• Labeling exercise• Practice questions

Quiz 4D• May be used as worksheet

TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or model of

knee joint to illustrate parts of synovialjoint as you describe them.

OBJECTIVE 7Identify the parts of a synovial joint.

Text page: 92; PowerPoint slides: 62–64

LECTURE NOTES

• Most joints are synovial joints• See . Figure 4.12 for typical synovial joint structure; enclosed by

elastic joint capsule; joint capsule lined with synovial membrane,which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint; ends of bones in

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES


Text• Labeling Exercise 4.B2• Practice Exercises



ASSESSMENTS

Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions

TEACHING STRATEGIES

Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or models

of muscle tissues to illustrate differencesbetween tissue types as you describe them.




posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture

joint covered by layer of articular cartilage; very tough, but stillflexible to withstand high levels of stress, act as shock absorber, andprevent bone from rubbing against bone

• Example of synovial joint is ball-and-socket joint found at shoulderand hip; ball rotating in socket allows for wide range of motion;bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments bind bones to-gether at joint

• Some synovial joints contain bursa; sac-like structure composed ofconnective tissue and lined with synovial membrane; found betweenbones and ligaments or tendons; function to reduce friction; com-mon bursa locations are elbow, knee, and shoulder joints

OBJECTIVE 8Describe the characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Text page: 106; PowerPoint slides: 124–132

LECTURE NOTES

• Three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,and cardiac muscle (see . Figure 4.21)

• Muscles may be either voluntary or involuntary; voluntary musclesmean that person consciously chooses which muscles to contract,how long and how hard to contract; skeletal muscles of the leg areexamples; involuntary muscles are under control of subconsciousregions of brain; examples are smooth muscles found in internal or-gans and cardiac muscles

Skeletal Muscle• Directly or indirectly attached to bones; produce voluntary move-

ment of skeleton; also called striated muscle because of striped ap-pearance under microscope (see . Figure 4.22)

• Wrapped in layers of fibrous connective tissue called fascia; tapers ateach end of skeletal muscle to form very strong tendon; tendonthen inserts into periosteum covering bone to anchor muscle tobone

• Stimulated by motor neurons; point at which motor nerve contactsmuscle fiber is called myoneural junction

Smooth Muscle• Found in association with internal organs; also called visceral

muscle; refers to muscle’s microscopic appearance—lacks striationsof skeletal muscle (see . Figure 4.22); found in walls of hollow

LEARNING ACTIVITIES





ASSESSMENTS


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TEACHING STRATEGIES

• Have students perform each action as it isdescribed.

• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect directional terms.

Visual Aids• Use articulated skeleton to demonstrate

each movement as you describe it.


structor’s Resource DVD for an animationof joint movements with each differentmuscle action

• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-structor’s Resource DVD for animatedvideos illustrating different muscle actions:• Elbow flexion/extension• Ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Ankle eversion/inversion• Forearm pronation/supination• Shoulder circumduction• Thumb opposition• Shoulder rotation



LEARNING ACTIVITIES

• Have each student select a sport and then aspecific movement from that sport (e.g.,swing a bat, throw a ball, take a freethrow); have each student describe eachmovement necessary using appropriatemovement terminology.

Action DescriptionGrouped by antagonistic pairsabduction Movement away from midline

(see . Figure 4.23)adduction Movement toward midline

(see . Figure 4.23)flexion Act of bending or being bent

(see . Figure 4.24)extension Movement that brings limb into or

toward a straight condition (see . Figure 4.24)

dorsiflexion Backward bending, as of hand orfoot (see . Figure 4.25A)

plantar flexion Bending sole of foot; pointing toesdownward (see . Figure 4.25B)

eversion Turning outward (see . Figure4.26)

inversion Turning inward (see . Figure 4.26)pronation To turn downward or backward as

with hand or footsupination Turning the palm or foot upwardelevation To raise body part, as in shrugging

shoulders

organs, such as stomach, tube-shaped organs, such as respiratory air-ways, and blood vessels

• Responsible for involuntary muscle action associated with move-ment of internal organs; such as churning food, constricting bloodvessel, and uterine contractions

Cardiac Muscle• Also called myocardium; makes up wall of heart (see . Figure

4.22); with each involuntary contraction the heart squeezes topump blood out of its chambers and through blood vessels

OBJECTIVE 9Use movement terminology correctly.


LECTURE NOTES

• Skeletal muscles attached to two different bones and overlap joint;when muscle contracts, two bones move, but not usually equally

• Origin—less movable of two bones considered to be starting pointof muscle and is called origin

• Insertion—more movable bone considered to be where muscle endsand is called insertion

• Action—type of movement muscle produces called its action• Muscles often arranged around joints in antagonistic pairs; means

they produce opposite actions; for example, one muscle will bendjoint while its antagonist straightens joint

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ASSESSMENTS


OBJECTIVE 10Build and define musculoskeletal system medical terms from word parts.

Text pages: 93–94; 110; PowerPoint slides: 68–75; 154–159

LECTURE NOTES

depression Downward movement, as in drop-ping the shoulders

Circular actions described below are exception to antagonistic pairarrangement

circumduction Movement in a circular directionfrom central point; imagine draw-ing large circle in air

opposition Moving thumb away from palm;ability to move thumb into con-tact with other fingers

rotation Moving around central axis





CombiningForm Medical Term Definitionarthr/o arthralgia joint pain

arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid fromjoint

arthroclasia surgically breaking a jointarthrodesis fusion of jointarthrogram record of jointarthritis joint inflammationarthrotomy incision into jointarthroscope visual examination of inside joint

burs/o bursectomy removal of bursabursitis inflammation of bursa

chondr/o chondrectomy removal of cartilagechondromalacia cartilage softeningchondroma cartilage tumorchondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage

cortic/o cortical pertaining to the outer portioncrani/o intracranial pertaining to inside skull

craniotomy incision into skullmedull/o medullary pertaining to inner portionmyel/o myeloma bone marrow tumoroste/o ostealgia bone pain

osteochondrome bone and cartilage tumorosteoclasia to surgically break boneosteomyelitis inflammation of bone and bone

marrowosteotomy incision into boneosteopathy bone disease

Skeletal System

TEACHING STRATEGIES

• Read aloud musculoskeletal words that aremade up of word parts; have students iden-tify parts and define terms, either aloud orindividually on paper.

• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.



LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Worksheet 4B• Medical Term Analysis


Quiz 4E• May be used as a worksheet

Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist

Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards


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Adjective Suffix Combined With Adjective Form Noun Form-ac ili/o iliac ilium-al carp/o carpal carpus

cervic/o cervical neckcost/o costal ribcrani/o cranial craniumfemor/o femoral femurhumer/o humeral humerusischi/o ischial ischiummetacarp/o metacarpal metacarpusmetatars/o metatarsal metatarsusradi/o radial radiussacr/o sacral sacrumstern/o sternal sternumtars/o tarsal tarsustibi/o tibial tibia

-ar clavicul/o clavicular claviclefibul/o fibular fibulalumb/o lumbar low backmandibul/o mandibular mandiblepatell/o patellar patellascapul/o scapular scapulauln/o ulnar ulna

-ary maxill/o maxillary maxilla-eal coccyg/o coccygeal coccyx

phalang/o phalangeal phalanges-ic pelv/o pelvic pelvis

pub/o pubic pubisthorac/o thoracic thorax

ASSESSMENTS

Quiz 4E—Word Building QuizQuiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions

CombiningForm Medical Term Definitionfasci/o fascial pertaining to fascia

fasciitis inflammation of fasciafasciotomy incision into fascia

kinesi/o kinesiology study of movementmuscul/o muscular pertaining to musclesmy/o myalgia muscle pain

myasthenia muscle weaknesselectromyogram

(EMG)record of muscle electricity

myocardial pertaining to heart musclemyopathy muscle diseasemyoplasty surgical repair of musclemyorrhaphy suture a musclemyorrhexis muscle rupture

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

Muscular System

osteotome instrument to cut bonesynov/o synovitis inflammation of synovial

membranesynovectomy removal of synovial membrane

vertebr/o intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae

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OBJECTIVE 11Identify and define musculoskeletal system vocabulary terms.


myos/o polymyositis inflammation of manymuscles

ten/o tenodynia tendon paintenoplasty surgical repair of tendontenorrhaphy suture a tendon

tend/o tendoplasty surgical repair of tendontendotomy incision into tendon

tendin/o tendinitis inflammation of tendontendinous pertaining to tendons

Suffix Medical Term Definition-kinesia bradykinesia slow movement

dyskinesia difficult or painfulmovement

hyperkinesia excessive movementhypokinesia insufficient movement

-tonia atonia lack of tonedystonia abnormal tonehypertonia excessive tonehypotonia insufficient tonemyotonia muscle tone

Term Definitioncallus mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during

healingcast solid material to immobilize extremity as result of fracture,

dislocation, or severe injury; may be made of plaster ofParis or fiberglass

chiropractic healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treat-ment of malalignment conditions of spine and muscu-loskeletal system with intention of affecting nervoussystem and improving health; professional ischiropractor

crepitation noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together; alsocalled crepitus.

exostosis bone spurkyphosis abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine;

also called hunchback or humpback; see . Figure 4.13lordosis abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine;

also called swayback; see . Figure 4.13orthopedics branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment

of conditions of musculoskeletal system; also calledorthopedic surgery; physician is orthopedist or orthopedicsurgeon; name derived from straightening (orth/o) defor-mities in children (ped/o)

LECTURE NOTES

Skeletal System

TEACHING STRATEGIES

• Survey class to see how many students haveever visited a chiropractor; use this to begindiscussion of complementary medicine.



structor’s Resource DVD for a video on thetopic of chiropractic medicine.

Guest Speaker• Invite chiropractor to speak to class about

chiropractic medicine and complementarymedicines.

Jeopardy Game• Have students create questions for terms in

this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Pathology,Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms.



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LEARNING ACTIVITIES


Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist• Medical Record Analysis• Chart Note Transcription


CW• Practice questions• Case StudyTerm Definition

adhesion scar tissue forming in fascia surrounding muscle,making it difficult to stretch muscle

atrophy poor muscle development as result of muscle disease,nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonlycalled muscle wasting

contracture abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, orfascia making it difficult to stretch muscle

hypertrophy increase in muscle bulk as result of using it, as in lift-ing weights

intermittentclaudication

attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by is-chemia of muscles, typically the calf muscles;brought on by walking even short distances

spasm sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contractiontorticollis severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side;

commonly called wryneck or crick in the neck

Muscular System

ASSESSMENTS


OBJECTIVE 12Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system pathology terms.


LECTURE NOTES

Skeletal System

TEACHING STRATEGIES

• Obtain a copy of X-rays of such pathologiesas fractures and arthritis to show in class

• Select two students to do 5-minute presen-tation of their internet research in class



structor’s Resource DVD for videos on thetopic of:• Osteoporosis• Arthritis• Muscle atrophy• Muscular dystrophy• Carpal tunnel syndrome

Term DefinitionFracturesclosed fracture fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple

fracture (see . Figure 4.14B)Colles’ fracture common type of wrist fracture (see . Figure 4.15)comminuted

fracturefracture in which bone is shattered, splintered, or

crushed into many small pieces or fragmentscompound

fracturefracture in which skin has been broken through to frac-

ture; also called open fracture (see also Figure 4.14A)compression

fracturefracture involving loss of height of vertebral body; may

be result of trauma; but in older persons, especiallywomen, it may be caused by conditions like osteo-porosis

fracture (FX,Fx)

broken bone

orthotic brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities;person skilled in making and adjusting orthotics is anorthotist

podiatry healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treat-ment of disorders of the feet and lower legs; professionalis a podiatrist

prosthesis artificial device used as substitute for body part that iseither congenitally missing or absent as result of accidentor disease; example is artificial leg

prosthetics healthcare profession specializing in making artificial bodyparts; person skilled in making and adjusting prosthesesis prosthetist

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greenstick frac-ture

fracture in which there is incomplete break; one side ofbone is broken and other side is bent; this type offracture is commonly found in children due to softerand more pliable bone structure

impacted frac-ture

fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into eachother

obliquefracture

fracture at an angle to bone (see . Figure 4.16)

pathologicfracture

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

spiral fracture fracture in which fracture line spirals around shaft ofbone; can be caused by twisting injury; often slowerto heal than other types of fractures

stress fracture slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces,like running, rather than single forceful impact.

transversefracture

complete fracture that is straight across bone at rightangles to long axis of bone (see . Figure 4.17)

Ewing’ssarcoma

malignant growth found in shaft of long bones; spreadsthrough periosteum; removal is treatment of choice,because tumor metastasizes

osteogenicsarcoma

most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in os-teocytes found at ends of long bones

osteomalacia softening of bones caused by deficiency of calcium; inchildren cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D

osteoporosis decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weaken-ing of bone with resulting fractures; bone becomesmore porous, especially in spine and pelvis

Paget’sdisease

fairly common metabolic disease of bone from unknowncauses; usually attacks middle-aged and elderly peo-ple; characterized by bone destruction and deformity

rickets deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in earlychildhood; results in bone deformities, especiallybowed legs

Bones

ankylosing spondylitis inflammatory spinal condition; resemblesrheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening andfusion of vertebrae; more common in menthan women

herniated nucleus pul-posus (HNP)

herniation or protrusion of intervertebral disk;also called herniated disk or ruptured disk (see. Figure 4.18)

scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature of spine; see . Figure4.13

spina bifida congenital anomaly; occurs when vertebra failsto fully form around spinal cord

spinal stenosis narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure oncord and nerves

spondylolisthesis forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebrabelow it

Spinal Column

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Internet Research• Have students select a specific pathology

and use Internet resources to research itssymptoms, diagnosis, and treatments.




CW• Practice questions• Case Study• Web Destination activity on osteoporosis

and muscular dystrophy• New York Times link for research into spe-

cific pathologies

ASSESSMENTS



this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabulary,Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms.



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bunion inflammation of bursa of first metatarsopha-langeal joint (base of the big toe)

dislocation bones in joint are displaced from their normal align-ment; ends of bones are no longer in contact

osteoarthritis (OA) arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones andjoints, especially those bearing weight; resultsin bone rubbing against bone

rheumatoid arthritis(RA)

chronic form of arthritis with inflammation ofjoints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes incartilage that can result in crippling deformities;autoimmune disease (see . Figure 4.19)

sprain damage to ligaments surrounding joint due tooverstretching; no dislocation of joint orfracture of bone

subluxation incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is dis-rupted, but ends of bones remain in contact

systemic lupus erythe-matosus (SLE)

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease ofconnective tissue; affects many systems in-cluding joints and arthritis; may be mistakenfor rheumatoid arthritis

talipes congenital deformity; misalignment of anklejoint and foot; also called clubfoot

Joints

Muscular System

Term DefinitionMusclesfibromyalgia widespread aching and pain in muscles and

soft tissuelateral epicondylitis inflammation of muscle attachment to lateral

epicondyle of elbow; caused by stronglygripping; commonly called tennis elbow

muscular dystrophy(MD)

inherited disease; progressive muscle degener-ation, weakness, and atrophy

pseudohypertrophicmuscular dystrophy

one type of inherited muscular dystrophy;muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fattytissue, making the muscle look strong; alsocalled Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Tendons, Muscles,and/or Ligaments

carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS)

repetitive motion disorder with pain causedby compression of finger flexor tendonsand median nerve as they pass throughcarpal tunnel of wrist

ganglion cyst cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually onhand, wrist, or ankle

repetitive motiondisorder

group of chronic disorders involving the ten-don, muscle, joint, and nerve damage; re-sulting from the tissue being subjected topressure, vibration, or repetitive move-ments for prolonged periods

rotator cuff injury rotator cuff consists of joint capsule of shoul-der joint reinforced by tendons from sev-eral shoulder muscles; high degree offlexibility at shoulder joint puts rotator cuffat risk for strain and tearing

strain damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments dueto overuse or overstretching

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OBJECTIVE 13Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system diagnostic procedures.

Text pages: 100; 112; PowerPoint slides: 99–102; 168–169

LECTURE NOTES

Term DefinitionDiagnostic Imagingarthrography X-ray of joint after injection of contrast

medium into joint spacebone scan nuclear medicine procedure; patient is given ra-

dioactive dye and then scanning equipment isused to visualize bones; especially useful inidentifying stress fractures, observing progressof treatment for osteomyelitis, and locatingcancer metastases to bone

dual-energy absorp-tiometry (DXA)

measurement of bone density using low dose X-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporo-sis

myelography X-ray of spinal column after injecting opaquecontrast material; particularly useful in iden-tifying herniated nucleus pulposus

radiography X-rays to study internal structure of body; espe-cially useful for visualizing bones and joints

EndoscopicProcedures

arthroscopy examination of interior of joint by enteringjoint with arthroscope; arthroscope contains asmall television camera that allows physicianto view interior of joint on monitor duringprocedure; joint conditions can be repairedduring arthroscopy

Skeletal System

TEACHING STRATEGIES


• Obtain actual diagnostic images such asbone scan.


structor’s Resource DVD for a video on thetopic of arthroscopy.


this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabu-lary, Pathology, and Therapeutic terms.



Term DefinitionClinical Laboratory

Testcreatine phosphoki-

nase (CPK)muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and

cardiac muscle; blood levels become elevatedin disorders such as heart attack, musculardystrophy, and other skeletal musclepathologies

Additional Diagnos-tic Procedures

deep tendon reflexes(DTR)

muscle contraction in response to stretch causedby striking muscle tendon with reflex ham-mer; used to determine if muscles are re-sponding properly

electromyography(EMG)

study and record of strength and quality ofmuscle contractions as result of electricalstimulation

muscle biopsy removal of muscle tissue for pathological exami-nation

Muscular System

LEARNING ACTIVITIES




CW• Practice questions• Case Study• New York Times link for research into spe-

cific diagnostic procedures

ASSESSMENTS


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TEACHING STRATEGIES



this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabu-lary, Pathology, and Diagnostic terms.



Term DefinitionSurgical

Proceduresamputation partial or complete removal of limb for variety of

reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractablepain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infec-tion

arthroscopicsurgery

performing surgical procedure while using arthro-scope to view internal structure, such as joint

bone graft piece of bone taken from patient used to takeplace of removed bone or bony defect at an-other site

bunionectomy removal of bursa at joint of great toelaminectomy removal of vertebral posterior arch to correct

severe back problems and pain caused bycompression of spinal nerve

percutaneousdiskectomy

thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebraldisk through skin and herniated or ruptureddisk material is sucked out or a laser is used tovaporize it

spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; maybe done for several reasons, including correctionfor herniated disk

total hip arthro-plasty (THA)

surgical reconstruction of hip by implanting pros-thetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hipreplacement (THR) (see . Figure 4.20)

total knee arthro-plasty (TKA)

surgical reconstruction of knee joint by implantingprosthetic knee joint; also called total knee re-placement (TKR)

Fracture Carefixation procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it heals;

external fixation includes casts, splints, and pinsinserted through the skin; internal fixation in-cludes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires thatare applied during an open reduction

reduction correcting fracture by realigning bone fragments;closed reduction is doing this manipulation with-out entering body; open reduction is process ofmaking surgical incision at site of fracture to doreduction; necessary when bony fragments needto be removed or internal fixation such as platesor pins are required

traction applying pulling force on fractured or dislocatedlimb or vertebral column in order to restorenormal alignment

OBJECTIVE 14Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system therapeutic procedures.

Text pages: 100–101; 112; PowerPoint slides: 103–107; 170

LECTURE NOTES

Skeletal System

LEARNING ACTIVITIES




CW• Practice questions• Case Study• New York Times link for research into spe-

cific treatment procedures

ASSESSMENTS


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Muscular System

OBJECTIVE 15Identify and define selected medications relating to the musculoskeletal system.

Text pages: 101; 112; PowerPoint slides: 108–109; 171

LECTURE NOTES

Skeletal System

Muscular System

TEACHING STRATEGIES



LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Internet Research• Have students use a PDR and/or the Inter-

net to look up additional information re-garding these medications, such as dosage,side effects, and contraindications.


Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist



ASSESSMENTS


Term DefinitionSurgical

Procedurescarpal tunnel

releasesurgical cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve nerve

pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome; can re-sult from repetitive motion such as typing

tenodesis surgical procedure to stabilize joint by anchoring downtendons of muscles that move joint

Classification ActionGeneric and BrandNames

bone reabsorptioninhibitors

reduces reabsorptionof bones; treatsosteoporosis

alendronate, Fosamax; iban-dronate, Boniva

calcium supple-ments and vita-min D therapy

maintains high bloodlevels of calciumwith vitamin D

calcium carbonate, Oyster-cal, Tums; calcium cit-rate, Cal-Citrate, Citracal

corticosteroids strong anti-inflam-matory properties;help with arthritis

prednisone; methylpred-nisolone, Medrol; dexam-ethasone, Decadron

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs(NSAIDs)

provide mild pain re-lief and anti-in-flammatorybenefits

ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin;naproxen, Aleve,Naprosyn; salicylates,aspirin

Classification ActionGeneric and BrandNames

skeletal musclerelaxants

relaxes skeletal mus-cles to reduce mus-cle spasms

cyclobenzaprine, Flexeril;carisoprodol, Soma

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TEACHING STRATEGIES

• Emphasize importance of learning abbrevi-ations and their full meanings; point outhow some abbreviations, such as LE, UE,HNP, NSAID, and DXA typically usedrather than the full terms.

• Encourage students to add abbreviations totheir flash cards.

• Write sentences on the board using medicalterms; have students substitute correct ab-breviations for the terms.

Memory Game• Have students assist in creating a memory

game to play in class.



AE above elbowAK above kneeBDT bone density testingBE below elbowBK below kneeBMD bone mineral densityC1, C2, etc. first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.Ca calciumDJD degenerative joint diseaseDXA dual-energy absorptiometryFX, Fx fractureHNP herniated nucleus pulposusJRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritisL1, L2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.LE lower extremityLLE left lower extremityLUE left upper extremityNSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugOA osteoarthritisORIF open reduction–internal fixationOrth, ortho orthopedicsRA rheumatoid arthritisRLE right lower extremityRUE right upper extremitySLE systemic lupus erythematosusT1, T2, etc. first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.THA total hip arthroplastyTHR total hip replacementTKA total knee arthroplastyTKR total knee replacementUE upper extremity

LEARNING ACTIVITIES


Quiz 4F• May be used as a worksheet




ASSESSMENTS

Quiz 4F—Abbreviations QuizQuiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions

CTS carpal tunnel syndromeCPK creatine phosphokinaseDTR deep tendon reflexEMG electromyogramIM intramuscularMD muscular dystrophy

OBJECTIVE 16Define selected abbreviations associated with the musculoskeletal system.

Text pages: 102; 112; PowerPoint slides: 110–114; 172

LECTURE NOTES

Skeletal System

Muscular System

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Worksheet 4ANew Combining Form, Prefix, and Suffix Handout

Directions: For each combining form, prefix, and suffix below write out its meaning. Then locate a newterm from the chapter that uses the word part and its meaning.

Combining Forms Meaning Chapter Term Meaning

1. ankyl/o _________________ _________________ _________________

2. arthr/o _________________ _________________ _________________

3. articul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

4. burs/o _________________ _________________ _________________

5. carp/o _________________ _________________ _________________

6. cervic/o _________________ _________________ _________________

7. chondr/o _________________ _________________ _________________

8. clavicul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

9. coccyg/o _________________ _________________ _________________

10. cortic/o _________________ _________________ _________________

11. cost/o _________________ _________________ _________________

12. crani/o _________________ _________________ _________________

13. femor/o _________________ _________________ _________________

14. fibul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

15. humer/o _________________ _________________ _________________

16. ili/o _________________ _________________ _________________

17. ischi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

18. kyph/o _________________ _________________ _________________

19. lamin/o _________________ _________________ _________________

20. lord/o _________________ _________________ _________________

21. lumb/o _________________ _________________ _________________

22. mandibul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

23. maxill/o _________________ _________________ _________________

(Continued )

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24. medull/o _________________ _________________ _________________

25. metacarp/o _________________ _________________ _________________

26. metatars/o _________________ _________________ _________________

27. myel/o _________________ _________________ _________________

28. orth/o _________________ _________________ _________________

29. oste/o _________________ _________________ _________________

30. patell/o _________________ _________________ _________________

31. ped/o _________________ _________________ _________________

32. pelv/o _________________ _________________ _________________

33. phalang/o _________________ _________________ _________________

34. pod/o _________________ _________________ _________________

35. pub/o _________________ _________________ _________________

36. radi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

37. sacr/o _________________ _________________ _________________

38. scapul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

39. scoli/o _________________ _________________ _________________

40. spondyl/o _________________ _________________ _________________

41. stern/o _________________ _________________ _________________

42. synovi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

43. synov/o _________________ _________________ _________________

44. tars/o _________________ _________________ _________________

45. thorac/o _________________ _________________ _________________

46. tibi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

47. uln/o _________________ _________________ _________________

48. vertebr/o _________________ _________________ _________________

49. fasci/o _________________ _________________ _________________

50. fibr/o _________________ _________________ _________________

(Continued )

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51. kinesi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

52. muscul/o _________________ _________________ _________________

53. my/o _________________ _________________ _________________

54. myocardi/o _________________ _________________ _________________

55. myos/o _________________ _________________ _________________

56. plant/o _________________ _________________ _________________

57. ten/o _________________ _________________ _________________

58. tend/o _________________ _________________ _________________

59. tendin/o _________________ _________________ _________________

Suffixes

60. -blast _________________ _________________ _________________

61. -clasia _________________ _________________ _________________

62. -desis _________________ _________________ _________________

63. -listhesis _________________ _________________ _________________

64. -porosis _________________ _________________ _________________

65. -asthenia _________________ _________________ _________________

66. -kinesia _________________ _________________ _________________

67. -tonia _________________ _________________ _________________

Prefixes

68. ab- _________________ _________________ _________________

69. ad- _________________ _________________ _________________

70. circum- _________________ _________________ _________________

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Worksheet 4BMedical Term Analysis

Directions: Below are terms built from word parts used in this chapter that are not analyzed in the WordBuilding Table. Many are built from word parts you have learned in previous chapters. Analyze each termpresented below and list and define the word parts used to build each term.

Medical Term Word Part Analysis

1. osteocyte ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. osteoblast ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. articular ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. kyphosis ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

5. scoliosis ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. orthotic ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

7. osteogenic ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8. osteomalacia ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

9. osteoporosis ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

10. spondylolisthesis ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

11. osteoarthritis ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

(Continued )

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12. systemic ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

13. arthrography ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

14. arthroscopy ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

15. arthroplasty ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

16. myoneural ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

17. electromyography ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

18. atrophy ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

19. pseudohypertrophic ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

20. fibromyalgia ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________


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Worksheet 4CChapter Review

Anatomy and Physiology

1. The four classifications of bones by their shape are _____________, _____________, _____________,

and _____________.

2. Dense and hard exterior surface bone is called _____________ or _____________ bone.

3. A _____________ is a large, smooth, ball-shaped process on the end of a long bone.

4. The bones that form the central axis for the whole body are part of the _____________ skeleton.

5. The pectoral girdle consists of the _____________ and _____________.

6. The most common type of joint in the body is a _____________ joint.

7. Visceral muscle is another name for _____________ muscle.

8. _____________ muscles are voluntary.

9. _____________ is movement away from the midline.

10. A _____________ anchors a muscle to the bone.

Word Building

Directions: Build a term that means:

1. cartilage softening ____________________________________________________

2. fusion of a joint ____________________________________________________

3. pertaining to between vertebrae ____________________________________________________

4. bone and cartilage tumor ____________________________________________________

5. pertaining to the femur ____________________________________________________

6. pertaining to the breast bone ____________________________________________________

7. lack of tone ____________________________________________________

8. study of movement ____________________________________________________

9. incision into fascia ____________________________________________________

10. record of muscle electricity ____________________________________________________

(Continued )

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Matching

_____ 1. clavicle

_____ 2. phalanges

_____ 3. exostosis

_____ 4. orthotic

_____ 5. comminuted

_____ 6. greenstick

_____ 7. HNP

_____ 8. subluxation

_____ 9. RA

_____ 10. spina bifida

_____ 11. osteoporosis

_____ 12. prosthesis

_____ 13. crepitation

_____ 14. DXA

_____ 15. reduction

_____ 16. NSAIDs

_____ 17. contracture

_____ 18. spasm

_____ 19. fibromyalgia

_____ 20. carpal tunnel syndrome

_____ 21. torticollis

_____ 22. adhesion

_____ 23. MD

_____ 24. sprain

_____ 25. tenodesis

a. brace or splint

b. realigning bones in a fracture

c. fracture commonly seen in children

d. procedure to stabilize a joint

e. loss of bone mass

f. abnormal shortening of muscle fibers

g. bone spur

h. sudden, strong muscle contraction

i. fracture with shattered bone

j. wryneck

k. noise from two bones rubbing together

l. inherited muscle degeneration disease

m. considered an autoimmune disease

n. damage to ligaments around a joint

o. fingers

p. aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue

q. collarbone

r. scar tissue in the fascia

s. device to substitute a missing body part

t. protruding intervertebral disk

u. provide mild pain relief

v. measures bone density

w. congenital anomaly

x. a repetitive motion disorder

y. incomplete dislocation

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4ANew Word Parts Quiz

Directions: Define the combining form or suffix in the spaces provided.

1. arth/o ______________________________________________________________________________

2. carp/o ______________________________________________________________________________

3. cost/o ______________________________________________________________________________

4. lord/o ______________________________________________________________________________

5. scoli/o ______________________________________________________________________________

6. medull/o ____________________________________________________________________________

7. myel/o _____________________________________________________________________________

8. lumb/o _____________________________________________________________________________

9. thorac/o ____________________________________________________________________________

10. spondyl/o ___________________________________________________________________________

11. fasci/o ______________________________________________________________________________

12. myos/o _____________________________________________________________________________

13. plant/o _____________________________________________________________________________

14. tend/o ____________________________________________________________________________

15. kinesi/o ___________________________________________________________________________

16. fibr/o ______________________________________________________________________________

17. my/o _______________________________________________________________________________

18. synovi/o ____________________________________________________________________________

19. orth/o ______________________________________________________________________________

20. circum- _____________________________________________________________________________

21. -tonia ______________________________________________________________________________

22. -asthenia ____________________________________________________________________________

23. -desis ______________________________________________________________________________

24. -clasia ______________________________________________________________________________

25. -listhesis ____________________________________________________________________________

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4BSpelling Quiz

Directions: Write each term as your instructor pronounces it.

1. _______________________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________________________

9. _______________________________________________________________________________

10. _______________________________________________________________________________

11. _______________________________________________________________________________

12. _______________________________________________________________________________

13. _______________________________________________________________________________

14. _______________________________________________________________________________

15. _______________________________________________________________________________

16. _______________________________________________________________________________

17. _______________________________________________________________________________

18. _______________________________________________________________________________

19. _______________________________________________________________________________

20. _______________________________________________________________________________

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1. ________________

17. _______________

18. _______________

19. _______________

20. _______________

21. _______________

22 _______________

23. _______________

24. _______________

25. _______________

26. _______________

27. _______________

9. ________________

10. _______________

11. _______________

2. ________________

3. ________________

4. ________________

5. ________________

6. ________________

7. ________________

8. ________________

12. _______________

13. _______________

16. _______________

15. _______________

14. _______________

Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4CLabeling Diagram

Directions: Label the bones of the skeleton.

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4DLabeling Diagram

Directions: Label the parts of a long bone.

5. __________________

6. __________________

7. __________________

8. __________________

4. __________________

3. __________________

2. __________________

1. __________________

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4EWord Building Quiz

Directions: Build a single medical term for each phrase below.

1. fusion of a joint ______________________________________________________________________

2. inflammation of a bursa _______________________________________________________________

3. surgical repair of cartilage ______________________________________________________________

4. incision into the skull _________________________________________________________________

5. surgically break a bone _________________________________________________________________

6. surgical removal of synovial membrane ___________________________________________________

7. pertaining to wrist ____________________________________________________________________

8. pertaining to ilium ____________________________________________________________________

9. pertaining to kneecap _________________________________________________________________

10. pertaining to upper jaw ________________________________________________________________

11. pertaining to tailbone _________________________________________________________________

12. pertaining to chest ____________________________________________________________________

13. abnormal condition of hump ___________________________________________________________

14. porous bone _________________________________________________________________________

15. vertebra slipping _____________________________________________________________________

16. inflammation of bone and joint _________________________________________________________

17. process of recording a joint _____________________________________________________________

18. inflammation of fascia _________________________________________________________________

19. pertaining to muscle __________________________________________________________________

20. muscle disease _______________________________________________________________________

21. inflammation of many muscles __________________________________________________________

22. abnormal tone _______________________________________________________________________

23. slow movement ______________________________________________________________________

24. excessive development _________________________________________________________________

25. inflammation of a tendon ______________________________________________________________

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4FAbbreviations Quiz

Directions: Write the medical term for which each abbreviation stands.

1. AE ________________________________________________________________________________

2. BK ________________________________________________________________________________

3. BDT _______________________________________________________________________________

4. DJD _______________________________________________________________________________

5. DXA _______________________________________________________________________________

6. Fx _________________________________________________________________________________

7. HNP ______________________________________________________________________________

8. NSAID _____________________________________________________________________________

9. ORIF ______________________________________________________________________________

10. RA ________________________________________________________________________________

11. THA _______________________________________________________________________________

12. TKR _______________________________________________________________________________

13. UE ________________________________________________________________________________

14. LE _________________________________________________________________________________

15. ortho ______________________________________________________________________________

16. JRA ________________________________________________________________________________

17. Ca _________________________________________________________________________________

18. L1 _________________________________________________________________________________

19. C2 ________________________________________________________________________________

20. T3 _________________________________________________________________________________

21. MD _______________________________________________________________________________

22. IM ________________________________________________________________________________

23. EMG ______________________________________________________________________________

24. DTR _______________________________________________________________________________

25. CTS _______________________________________________________________________________

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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________

Quiz 4GChapter Review

PART I: Multiple ChoiceDirections: Circle the correct answer.

1. The medical term for the end region of a longbone is

a. diaphysis.

b. epiphysis.

c. periosteum.

d. bursa.

2. Which bone is NOT found in the appendicu-lar skeleton?

a. tibia

b. phalanges

c. clavicle

d. sternum

3. Most of the joints found in the human bodyare what type?

a. bursa joints

b. ball and socket joints

c. synovial joints

d. suture joints

4. The medical term for a fracture that does notbreak through the skin is

a. closed.

b. complete.

c. comminuted.

d. compound.

5. The term meaning movement toward themidline is

a. abduction.

b. circumduction.

c. eversion.

d. adduction.

6. A specialist in treating disorders of the feet isa(n)

a. orthopedist.

b. orthotist.

c. podiatrist.

d. physiatrist.

7. An inherited disease causing progressive mus-cle weakness and atrophy is

a. myasthenia gravis.

b. carpal tunnel syndrome.

c. rheumatoid arthritis.

d. muscular dystrophy.

8. The medical term for the removing of muscletissue for pathological examination is

a. myelography.

b. muscle biopsy.

c. dual-energy absorptiometry.

d. polymyositis.

9. The surgical term arthrodesis is defined as

a. surgical fusion of a joint.

b. surgical breaking of a joint.

c. incision into a joint.

d. excision of a joint.

10. The condition that involves an abnormal lat-eral curve of the spine is

a. lordosis.

b. ankylosis.

c. kyphosis.

d. scoliosis.

(Continued )

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PART II: MatchingDirections: Match the term with its definition.

_____ 1. fixation

_____ 2. laminectomy

_____ 3. bone scan

_____ 4. osteoarthritis

_____ 5. talipes

_____ 6. oblique

_____ 7. Collé

_____ 8. atrophy

_____ 9. lateral epicondylitis

_____ 10. ganglion

a. procedure that uses radioactive dye

b. fracture at an angle to the bone

c. muscle wasting

d. stabilize a broken bone while it heals

e. tennis elbow

f. clubfoot

g. forms on a tendon sheath

h. results in degeneration of bones and joints

i. wrist fracture

j. used to correct severe back problems

PART III: AbbreviationsDirections: Write the full meaning of the following abbreviations.

1. DXA _______________________________________________________________________________

2. C2 ________________________________________________________________________________

3. RUE _______________________________________________________________________________

4. DTR _______________________________________________________________________________

5. OA ________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 4 Answer Keys


Worksheet 4A Answer Key

1. stiff joint2. joint3. joint4. sac5. wrist6. neck7. cartilage8. clavicle9. coccyx

10. outer portion11. rib12. skull13. femur14. fibula15. humerus16. ilium17. ischium18. hump19. lamina, part of vertebra20. bent backwards21. loin22. mandible23. maxilla24. inner portion25. metacarpals26. metatarsals27. bone marrow28. straight29. bone30. patella31. child, foot32. pelvis33. phalanges34. foot35. pubis

36. radius37. sacrum38. scapula39. crooked, bent40. vertebra41. sternum42. synovial membrane43. synovial membrane44. ankle45. chest46. tibia47. ulna48. vertebra49. fibrous band50. fibers51. movement52. muscle53. muscle54. heart muscle55. muscle56. sole of foot57. tendon58. tendon59. tendon60. immature cell61. to surgically break62. stabilize, fuse63. slipping64. porous65. weakness66. movement67. tone68. away from69. toward70. around

Worksheet 4B Answer Key

1. oste/o = bone; -cyte = cell2. oste/o = bone; -blast = embryonic cell3. articul/o = joint; -ar = pertaining to4. kyph/o = hump; -osis = abnormal condition5. scoli/o = crooked; -osis = abnormal condition

6. orth/o = straight; -tic = pertaining to7. oste/o = bone; -genic = producing8. oste/o = bone; -malacia = softening9. oste/o = bone; -porosis = porous

10. spondyl/o = vertebra; -listhesis = slipping

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11. oste/o = bone; arthr/o = joint; -itis =inflammation

12. system/o = system; -ic = pertaining to13. arthr/o = joint; -graphy = process of

recording14. arthr/o = joint; -scopy = process of viewing

inside15. arthr/o = joint; -plasty = surgical repair


16. my/o = muscle; neur/o = nerve; -al = pertainingto

17. electr/o = electricity; my/o = muscle; -graphy =process of recording

18. a- = lack of; -trophy = development19. pseudo- = false; hyper- = excessive; -trophic =

development20. fibr/o = fibers; my/o = muscle; -algia = pain

Worksheet 4C Answer Key

Anatomy and Physiology

1. long, short, irregular, flat2. compact, cortical3. head4. axial5. clavicle, scapula

6. synovial7. smooth8. skeletal9. abduction

10. tendon

Word Building

1. chondromalacia2. arthrodesis3. intervertebral4. osteochondroma5. femoral

6. sternal7. atonia8. kinesiology9. fasciotomy

10. electromyogram

Matching

1. q2. o3. g4. a5. i6. c

7. t8. y9. m

10. w11. e12. s13. k

14. v15. b16. u17. f18. h19. p

20. x21. j22. r23. l24. n25. d

Quiz 4A Answer Key

1. joint2. wrist3. rib4. bent backwards5. crooked, bent6. inner portion

7. bone marrow8. loin9. chest

10. vertebra11. fibrous band12. muscle

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13. sole of foot14. tendon15. movement16. fibers17. muscle18. synovial membrane19. straight


20. around21. tone22. weakness23. stabilize, fuse24. surgically break25. slipping

Quiz 4B Answer Key

1. ossification2. periosteum3. trochanter4. coccygeal5. phalanges6. articulation7. intracranial8. chiropractic9. prosthesis

10. pathologic

11. osteoporosis12. ankylosing13. spondylolisthesis14. subluxation15. arthroscopy16. claudication17. pseudohypertrophic18. electromyography19. tenodesis20. fibromyalgia

Quiz 4C Answer Key

1. skull2. cervical vertebrae3. sternum4. ribs5. thoracic vertebrae6. lumbar vertebrae7. ilium8. pubis9. ischium

10. femur11. patella12. tibia13. fibula14. tarsals

15. metatarsals16. phalanges17. maxilla18. mandible19. scapula20. humerus21. ulna22. radius23. sacrum24. coccyx25. carpals26. metacarpals27. phalanges

Quiz 4D Answer Key

1. proximal epiphysis2. diaphysis3. distal epiphysis4. articular cartilage

5. epiphyseal line6. spongy bone7. compact bone8. medullary cavity

Quiz 4E Answer Key

1. arthrodesis2. bursitis

3. chondroplasty4. craniotomy

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Quiz 4F Answer Key

1. above elbow2. below knee3. bone density testing4. degenerative joint disease5. dual-energy absorptiometry6. fracture7. herniated nucleus pulposus8. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug9. open reduction internal fixation

10. rheumatoid arthritis11. total hip arthroplasty12. total knee replacement13. upper extremity

14. lower extremity15. orthopedics16. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis17. calcium18. first lumbar vertebra19. second cervical vertebra20. third thoracic vertebra21. muscular dystrophy22. intramuscular23. electromyogram24. deep tendon reflexes25. carpal tunnel syndrome

Quiz 4G Answer Key

Multiple Choice

1. B2. D3. C4. A5. D

6. C7. D8. B9. A

10. D

Matching

1. d2. j3. a4. h5. f

6. b7. i8. c9. e

10. g

5. osteoclasia6. synovectomy7. carpal8. iliac9. patellar

10. maxillary11. coccygeal12. thoracic13. kyphosis14. osteoporosis15. spondylolisthesis

16. osteoarthritis17. arthrography18. fasciitis19. muscular20. myopathy21. polymyositis22. dystonia23. bradykinesia24. hypertrophy25. tendinitis

Abbreviations

1. dual-energy absorptiometry2. second cervical vertebra3. right upper extremity

4. deep tendon reflexes5. osteoarthritis

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MUSCULOSKELETAL S - Mrs. Aymami's Class - Homemrsaymami.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/2/4/2924469/fremgen_mttl_im_ch… · Suggested terms: 1. ossification 2. periosteum ... 118 Chapter