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Muscular System
Origin, Insertion, Action
Muscles of the Scalp
• Occipitofrontalis– Frontal Belly– Occipital Belly
Frontalis
• O: Galea aponeurotica• I: Skin of eyebrows• A: Raises eyebrows,
wrinkles forehead skin
Occipitalis
• O: Occipital Bone• I: Galea aponeurotica• A: Pulls scalp posterior
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis Occuli
• O: Frontal and Maxillary bones
• I: Tissue of eyelid• A: Blinking, squinting
Orbicularis Oris
• O: Maxilla and Mandible
• I: Encircles mouth, angles of mouth
• A: Closes lips, purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter
• O: Zygomatic arch and maxilla
• I: Mandible• A: Closes jaw by
elevating mandible
Temporalis
• O: Temporal fossa• I: Coronoid process of
mandible• A: Closes jaw (elevates
and retracts mandible)
Buccinator
• O: Maxilla and mandible
• I: Orbicularis oris• A: Compresses cheek
(whistling and sucking), holds food between teeth (during chewing)
Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat (Swallowing)
• Digastric• All of the muscles that attach to the hyoid
Digastric
• O: Mandible and mastoid process
• I: Hyoid bone• A: Elevate hyoid during
speech and swallowing,• Open mouth and
depress mandible
Anterolateral Neck Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
• O: Sternum and Clavicle
• I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
• A: B/l – head flexion; unilateral – laterally flex towards and rotates away from itself
Scalenes
• O: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
• I: 1st two ribs• A: elevate first two ribs
(inspiration), flex and rotate neck
Intrinsic Muscles of the Back
Splenius Capitus
• O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 – T-6
• I: Occipital bone, mastoid process of temporal bone
• A: b/l – extend head; unilateral – lateral flex and rotate towards
Splenius Cervicis
• O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 – T-6
• I: Transverse Processes of C2 – C4
• A: b/l – extend neck; unilateral – lateral flex and rotate towards
Erector Spinae (Sacrospinalis)
• Iliocostalis (Most lateral)• Longissimus (Intermediate)• Spinalis (Most medial)
Iliocostalis
• O: iliac crest (lumborum); inferior 6 ribs (thoracis); ribs 3 to 6 (cervicis)
• I: ribs (lumborum and thoracic); TPs of C6-C4 (cervicis)
• A: B/L - Extend spine, posture; unilateral – lateral flex towards
Longissimus
• O: TPs of vertebrae• I: Superior TPs and
superior ribs; capitis portion inserts on Mastoid process
• A: B/L – extend spine; unilateral – laterally flex; capitis portion extends head and rotates towards
Spinalis
• O: Spines of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
• I: Spines of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae
• A: Extends spine, maintains erect posture
Quadratus Lumborum
• O: Iliac crest• I: TPs of upper lumbar
vetebrae and 12th rib• A: Unilaterally –
laterally flexes spine; b/l – extends L-spine
Muscles of the Thorax (Breathing)
External Intercostals
• O: Inferior border of rib above
• I: Superior border of rib below
• A: Pull ribs toward one another, elevate rib cage; INSPIRATION
• Fibers run down and anterior
Internal Intercostals
• O: Superior border of rib below
• I: inferior border of rib above
• A: Draw ribs together and depress rib cage; EXPIRATION
• Fibers run down and posterior
Diaphragm
• O: Inferior surface of rib cage and sternum, costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae
• I: Central tendon• A: Flattens on
contraction; Prime mover of Inspiration
Muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Abdominal Wall
Rectus Abdominus
• O: Pubic crest and symphysis
• I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages ribs 5-7
• A: Flex and rotate lumbar region, stabilize pelvis during walking
External Oblique
• O: Outer surfaces of lower eight ribs
• I: Linea alba• A: B/L – aid in trunk
flexion; unilateral – trunk rotation and lateral flexion
Internal Oblique
• O: Lumbar fascia, iliac crest
• I: linea alba, pubic crest, costal margin last 3 – 4 ribs
• A: B/L – aid in trunk flexion; unilateral – trunk rotation and lateral flexion
Transverse Abdominus
• O: Inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilage of last 6 ribs, iliac crest
• I: Linea alba, pubic crest
• A: Compresses abdominal contents
Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Pectoralis Minor
• O: Anterior surface of ribs 3-5
• I: Coracoid process of scapula
• A: Ribs fixed – draws scapula forward and down; scapula fixed – draws rib cage superior
Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Trapezius
• O: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines from C7 to T12
• I: Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
• A: Superior – elevates scapula; middle – retract (adduct) scapula; inferior – depress scapula
Levator Scapulae
• O: Transverse processes of C1 – C4
• I: Medial border of scapula (superior to spine)
• A: Elevates / adducts scapula, flexes neck to same side
Rhomboids
• O: Spinous processes of C7 – T5
• I: Medial border of scapula
• A: Retract (adduct) scapula, stabilize scapula
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Pectoralis Major
• O: Sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage ribs 1-6
• I: Greater tubercle of humerus
• A: Flexes arm, medially rotates arm, adducts arm (climbing, throwing, pushing)
Latissimus Dorsi
• O: Fascial connection to spines of T7 – L5, lower 3-4 ribs, iliac crest
• I: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• A: Arm extension, arm adductor, medially rotates arm (hammering, swimming)
Deltoid
• O: Embraces insertion of trapezius; lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
• I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
• A: Abducts arm; anterior fibers – flexion, medial rot.; posterior fibers – extension, lateral rot.
Rotator Cuff Muscles
• SITS• Suprapinatus• Infraspinatus• Teres Minor• Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
• O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
• I: Greater tubercle of humerus
• A: Stabilizes shoulder joint. Prevents downward dislocation. Initiates shoulder abduction.
Infraspinatus
• O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
• I: Greater tubercle of humerus posterior to supraspinatus insertion
• A: Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity, shoulder stabilization
Teres Minor
• O: Lateral border of scapula (dorsal surface)
• I: Greater tubercle of humerus inferior to infraspinatus insertion
• A: Stabilize shoulder, adducts arm
Subscapularis
• O: Subscapular fossa of scapula
• I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
• A: Medial rotation of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint
Teres Major
• O: Inferior angle of scapula
• I: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• A: Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus
Coracobrachialis
• O: Coracoid process of scapula
• I: Medial humerus• A: Flexion and
adduction of humerus
Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
Posterior
Triceps Brachii
• O: Scapula and humerus
• I: Olecranon process of ulna
• A: Forearm extensor
Anterior
Biceps Brachii
• O: Short head – coracoid process; long head – lip of glenoid cavity
• I: Radial tuberosity• A: Flexes elbow joint,
supinates forearm
Brachialis
• O: Front of distal humerus
• I: Coronoid process of ulna
• A: Forearm flexor
Brachioradialis
• O: Distal end of humerus
• I: Styloid process of radius
• A: Forearm flexion
Muscles of the Forearm
Anterior Superficial
Pronator Teres
• O: Medial epicondyle of humerus
• I: Lateral radius• A: Pronates forearm
Flexor Carpi Radialis
• O: Medial epicondyle of humerus
• I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
• A: Flexor of wrist, abducts hand
Palmaris Longus
• O: Medial epicondyle of humerus
• I: Skin and fascia of palm
• A: Wrist flexor
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• O: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process and posterior ulna
• I: Pisiform, hamate, and 5th metacarpal
• A: Wrist flexion, adducts hand
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
• O: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, shaft of radius
• I: Middle phalanges 2-5.
• A: Flexes wrist and middle phalanges
Anterior Deep
Flexor Pollicis Longus
• O: Anterior radius, interosseus membrane
• I: Distal phalanx of the thumb
• A: Flexes distal phalanx of the thumb
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
• O: Anteromedial surface of ulna and interosseus membrane
• I: Distal phalanges 2-5• A: Finger flexion
Posterior Superficial
Extensor Carpi Radialis
• O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• I: 3rd metacarpal• A: Extends wrist
Extensor Carpi Digitorum
• O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• I: Distal phalanges 2-5• A: Finger extension,
extends wrist
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior ulna
• I: 5th metacarpal• A: Extends wrist,
adducts wrist
Posterior Deep
Supinator
• O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna
• I: Proximal radius• A: Supinates forearm
Extensor Pollicis
• O: Dorsal radius and ulna, interosseus membrane
• I: Proximal and distal phalanx of thumb
• A: Extends thumb
Thenar Muscles
Abductor Pollicis
• O: Posterior radius and ulna, interosseus membrane
• I: 1st metacarpal and trapezium
• A: Abducts and extends thumb, abducts wrist
Opponens Pollicis
• O: Flexor retinaculum and trapezium
• I: Anterior 1st metacarpal
• A: Opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of middle finger
Adductor Pollicis
• O: Metacarpals 2-4• I: Medial side of
proximal phalanx of thumb
• A: Adducts thumb
Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
Anterior and Medial Muscles
Iliopsoas
• O: Iliac crest, TPs, bodies, and discs of T12 – L5
• I: Lesser trochanter of femur
• A: Thigh flexor, trunk flexor, lateral flexion of trunk
Sartorius
• O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
• I: Medial aspect of proximal Tibia
• A: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee
Medial Compartment of the Thigh
Gracilis
• O: Body of pubis• I: Medial surface of
Tibia• A: Adducts thigh; flexes
thigh; medially rotates thigh
Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
Quadriceps Femoris
• Four Heads– Rectus Femoris– Vastus Lateralis– Vastus Medialis– Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris
• O: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
• I: Patella and tibial tuberosity
• A: Extends knee; flexes thigh at hip
Vastus Lateralis
• O: Greater trochanter• I: Patella and tibial
tuberosity• A: Extends and
stabilizes knee
Vastus Medialis
• O: Linea aspera, intertrochanteric line
• I: Patella and tibial tuberosity
• A:Extends knee; inferior fibers stabilize patella
Vastus Intermedius
• O: Anterior and lateral surface of proximal femur
• I: Patella and tibial tuberosity
• A: Extends knee
Tensor Fascia Latae
• O: Iliac crest, ASIS• I: Iliotibial tract• A: Flexes and abducts
thigh; pulls iliotibial tract taut
Posterior Muscles
Gluteus Maximus
• O: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx
• I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, ITB
• A: Extends thigh
Gluteus Medius & Minimus
• O: Surface of ilium• I: Greater trochanter of
femur• A: Abducts and
medially rotates thigh
Lateral Rotators
Piriformis
• O: Anterolateral surface of sacrum
• I: Greater trochanter of femur (superior border)
• A: Laterally rotates thigh
Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
Hamstrings
• Biceps femoris (two heads)• Semitendinosus• Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
• O: Ischial tuberosity• I: Head of fibula and
lateral condyle of tibia• A: Extends thigh; flexes
knee; laterally rotates leg
Semitendinosus
• O: Ischial tuberosity• I: Medial aspect of
Tibia• A: Extends thigh; flexes
knee; medially rotates leg
Semimembranosus
• O: Ischial tuberosity• I: Medial condyle of
tibia; lateral condyle of femur
• A: Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg
Muscles of the Leg
Anterior Compartment
Tibialis Anterior
• O: Upper 2/3 of tibia, interosseus membrane
• I: Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bone
• A: Dorsiflexion of foot
Extensor Digitorum
• O: Proximal ¾ of fibula; interosseous membrane
• I: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
• A: Toe extension; dorsiflexes foot
Extensor Hallucis
• O: Fibula; interosseous membrane
• I: Distal phalanx of great toe
• A: Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot
Lateral Compartment
Peroneus
• O: Lateral fibula• I: Long tendon curves
under foot to the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (longus); fifth metatarsal (brevis)
• A: Plantar flexes foot; everts foot.
Posterior Compartment
Triceps Surae
• Gastrocnemius (Two heads)• Soleus
Gastrocnemius
• O: Two heads from medial and lateral condyles of the femur
• I: Calcaneus• A: Plantar flexes foot;
can flex knee when the foot is dorsiflexed
Soleus
• O: Superior tibia and fibula; interoesseous membrane
• I: Calcaneus• A: Plantar flexes foot
Flexor Digitorum Longus
• O: Posterior femur• I: Calcaneus• A: Plantar flexion of
foot and flex leg at the knee