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Muscular System. Honors Biology. Muscles. From the Latin mus meaning little mouse (Flexing muscles looked like mice scurrying under the skin) Have ability to transform ATP into mechanical energy Muscles can only pull, never push , which allows them to exert a force. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Honors Biology
Muscles
• From the Latin mus meaning little mouse (Flexing muscles looked like mice scurrying under the skin)
• Have ability to transform ATP into mechanical energy
• Muscles can only pull, never push, which allows them to exert a force
ADP + P + Energy ---> ATP
ATP --> ADP + P + Energy
MUSCLE TYPES
• Skeletal - Slow to Fast twitch• Cardiac - Fast twitch• Smooth - Slow twitch
• Twitch = contraction
• Skeletal & smooth muscle cells are elongated & called fibers
• All have contractile myofilaments actin & myosin
Myosin Actin
Muscle Fxn’s
-Produce movement• Skeletal – locomotion & manipulation in
response to the environment• Cardiac – moves blood• Smooth – propels (squeezes) stuff through the
digestive, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive systems
-Maintaining posture
-Stabilizing joints
-Generating heat (40% of your body heat)
Skeletal Muscle
• Striated• Multinucleate• Voluntary muscles• Can generate great power but fatigue quickly• Non-rhythmic contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcolemma (Plasma membrane)
Sarcoplasm = (Cytoplasm with lots of glycogen stored)
Sarcomere – Contractile Unit of Muscle
Nerve & Blood Supply
Each muscle is served by:• 1 nerve• 1 artery• 1 or more veins
Skeletal Muscle
Attachment Skeletal muscles attach to bones in at least 2 places
• When the muscle contracts, the moveable bone (Insertion), moves toward the immovable or less-moveable bone (Origin)
Sliding Filament Theory
• Hugh Huxley 1954 proposed that during contraction actin will slide past myosin which result in overlapping filaments
1. Cross bridge attachment
2. Power stroke (Myosin head pivots pulling actin)
3. Cross bridge detachment (ATP binds to myosin head loosening the bond to actin)
4. “Cocking” the myosin head – ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to ADP & Pi returning the myosin head to it’s cocked position
REGULATION OF CONTRACTION
• Muscle contraction is stimulated by an action potential from a nerve
• The neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle is regulated by acetylcholine (ACh)
• Ach needs to be broken down as soon as it is used; the enzyme acetlycholinesterase serves this function.
a. b. c.
Generating an Action
Potential• Depolarization (Na channels open)
• Repolarization (Na channels close K channels open)
• Refractory Period (K channels close)
• Na/K pump
Homeostatic Imbalance• Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease where ACh
receptors are broken down by ACh antibodies resulting in drooping eyelids and general muscle fatigue
• Curare – arrowhead poison used in South America which blocks ACh receptors resulting in respiratory arrest & death
• Cobra venom – same as curare
• Botulinum toxin prevents ACh release
• Black widow spider venom releases all Ach
• Nerve gasses inhibit AChase which keeps cleft flooded with ACh
ACh destruction
• After ACh initiates the action potential the ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase
• This prevents continued muscle contraction in the absence of additional nerve stimuli
Mysostatins control muscle growth
Absence of results in enlarged muscle development