Muscular Anatomy

Overview of Major Muscles

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Neuromuscular JunctionNeuromuscular Junction

Sarcolemma

Axon

Receptor

Neurotransmitteracetylcholine (Ach)

Axon Terminal

Synaptic Cleft

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The Motor UnitThe Motor Unit

Dendrites

Neuron cell body

Muscle fibres

Neuromuscular junction

Terminal branches

Axon hillock

Myelin sheathNeurolemma

Motor neuron

Direction of action potential

Motor end plate

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The Anatomy of Skeletal MuscleThe Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibre looking outward:

Perimysium Binds muscle fibres together

Epimysium Sheath enveloping entire muscle

Muscle fibre looking inward: Endomysium

Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibre

Sarcolemma Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Myofibrils Contain actin and myosin

Sarcomeres Contains myosin and actin

Perimysium

Muscle fibre

Epimysium

Endomysium

Muscle belly

Tendon

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Muscle FibreMuscle Fibre

Z lineSarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulumSarcolemma

Tendon

Thin filamentThick filament

Muscle belly

Muscle Fibre

Sarcomere

Epimysium Perimysium

Z line

Myofibril

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments)

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)

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Muscles of the AbdomenMuscles of the Abdomen

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Quadratus lumborum (deep)

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Clavicular head of pectoralis major

Sterncostal head of pectoralis major

Muscles of the ShoulderMuscles of the Shoulder

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Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’dMuscles of the Shoulder – cont’d

Latissimus dorsi

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus

Supraspinatus

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Muscles of the Rotator CuffMuscles of the Rotator Cuff

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’dMuscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d

Subscapularis

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Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Trapezius

Teres major

Muscles that Act on the ScapulaMuscles that Act on the Scapula

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Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’dMuscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d

Teres major

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Muscles that Move the HumerusMuscles that Move the Humerus

Deltoid (anterior and lateral heads)

Coracobrachialis

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Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’dMuscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d

Pectoralis minor

Coracobrachialis

Serratus anterior

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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – AnteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – PosteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior

Triceps brachii (short head)

Triceps brachii (long head)

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Muscles of the Forearm – AnteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachioradialis

Pronator quadratus (deep)

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Muscles of the Forearm – PosteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Posterior

Brachioradialis

Triceps brachii (lateral head)

Anconeus

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Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)

Supinator

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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum superficialis

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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digit minimi

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Muscles of the Hip – AnteriorMuscles of the Hip – Anterior

Psoas minor

Psoas major

Iliacus

Iliopsoas

Tensor fasciae latae

Pectineus

Sartorius

Gracilis

Rectus femoris

Iliotibial tract (band)

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Muscles of the Hip – PosteriorMuscles of the Hip – PosteriorGluteus medius

Gluteus minimusGluteus maximus (cut)

Gracilis

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Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)

Pectineus (cut)

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Adductor group

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Muscles of the Thigh – AnteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Anterior

Rectus femorisVastus intermedius (underneath)

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps femoris group

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Muscles of the Thigh – PosteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Posterior

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Hamstring muscle group

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior

Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)

Gastrocnemius(medial and lateral heads)

Soleus

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)

Popliteus

Tibialis posterior

Fibularis(Peroneus) longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Fibularis (Peroneus) brevis

Flexor digitorum longus

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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – SuperficialIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial

Flexor digitorum brevis

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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – IntermediateIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate

Quadratus plantae