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Muscles Acting on the Hip and Lower Limb largest muscles found in lower limb less for precision, more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run several cross and act on two or more joints leg – the part of the limb between the knee and ankle foot – includes tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and the toes
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Muscles acting on the Hip and Lower Limb
ppt # 7
Muscles Acting on the Hip and Lower Limb
• largest muscles found in lower limb
• less for precision, more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run
• several cross and act on two or more joints
• leg – the part of the limb between the knee and ankle
• foot – includes tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and the toes
10-2
10-3
Muscles Acting on the Hip and Femur
• anterior muscles of the hip– iliacus
• flexes thigh at hip• iliacus portion arises from iliac
crest and fossa– psoas major
• flexes thigh at hip• arises from lumbar vertebrae
– they share a common tendon on the femur
Figure 10.33
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iliopsoas:IliacusPsoasmajor
Adductorlongus
Adductorbrevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
Insertion ofgracilis ontibia
Piriformis
Obturatorexternus
Adductormagnus
10-4
Posterior Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur
• lateral and posterior muscles of the hip– tensor fasciae latae
• extends knee, laterally rotates knee
– gluteus maximus• forms mass of the buttock• prime hip extensor• provides most of lift when
you climb stairs– gluteus medius and
minimus• abduct and medially rotate
thigh
Figure 10.34
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gluteusminimus
Quadratusfemoris
Piriformis
GemellussuperiorObturatorinternus
Gemellusinferior
Sacrum
Gluteusmedius
Gluteusmaximus
Coccyx
Ischialtuberosity
Iliac crest
Obturatorexternus
Lateral rotators:
Superficial Deep
10-5
• lateral rotators - six muscles inferior to gluteus minimus
• deep to the two other gluteal muscles– gemellus superior– gemellus inferior– obturator externus– obturator internus– piriformis– quadratus femoris
Figure 10.34
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gluteusminimus
Quadratusfemoris
Piriformis
GemellussuperiorObturatorinternus
Gemellusinferior
Sacrum
Gluteusmedius
Gluteusmaximus
Coccyx
Ischialtuberosity
Iliac crest
Obturatorexternus
Lateral rotators:
Superficial Deep
Posterior Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur
10-6
Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur
• medial (adductor) compartment of thigh
• five muscles act as primary adductors of the thigh– adductor brevis– adductor longus– adductor magnus– gracilis– pectineus
Figure 10.33
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iliopsoas:IliacusPsoasmajor
Adductorlongus
Adductorbrevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
Insertion ofgracilis ontibia
Piriformis
Obturatorexternus
Adductormagnus
10-7
Muscles Acting on the Knee and Leg
• anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh– contains large quadriceps femoris muscle
• prime mover of knee extension• most powerful muscle in the body• has four heads – rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,
vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius– all converge on single quadriceps (patellar) tendon– extends to patella– then continues as patellar ligament– inserts on tibial tuberosity
– sartorius – longest muscle in the body• tailor’s muscle
10-8
Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles
Figure 10.35
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Iliotibial band
Quadriceps femoris:Rectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialis
Quadriceps tendon
Patella
Femoral veinFemoral arteryPectineus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Lateral
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Medial
10-9
Muscles Acting on the Knee and Leg
Figure 10.36
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iliac crest
Iliopsoas:Iliacus
Psoas major
Anterior superioriliac spine
Iliotibial band
(a) Superficial (b) Deep
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris:
Rectus femoris
Quadricepsfemoris tendont
Patellarligament
Adductor magnus
GracilisAdductor longus
Pectineus
Medial compartment:
L5
Adductor brevis
Anterior compartment:
Tensor fasciaelatae
Vastusintermedius
Patella
Vastus lateralisVastus medialis
10-10
Muscles Acting on the Knee and Leg
• posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh– contains hamstring
muscles– from lateral to medial;
biceps femorissemitendinosussemimembranosus
Figure 10.37
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gluteus mediusGluteus maximus
Iliotibial band
Short head
Biceps femorisHamstring group:
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Vastus lateralis
Long head
10-11
Muscles of the Leg
• crural muscles, acting on the foot, are separated into 3 compartments.– anterior compartment (red)– fibular (lateral) compartment (green)– posterior (superficial = pink) (deep = purple)
Figure 10.42b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
Fibularis longusFibularis brevis
(b)
Gastrocnemius(medial head)
Gastrocnemius(lateral head)
Fibula
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Soleus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Tibia
Tibialis anterior
Flexor digitorum longusAnterior (extensor)compartmentLateral (fibular) compartment
Posterior (flexor)compartment, superficialPosterior (flexorcompartment, deep)
Key b
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral Medial
10-12
Anterior Compartment of Leg
• anterior (extensor) compartment of the leg– dorsiflex the ankle– prevent toes from scuffing when walking– fibularis (peroneus) tertius– extensor digitorum longus– extensor hallucis longus– tibialis anterior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tibialisanterior
Extensordigitorumbrevis
Extensorhallucisbrevis
Fibularistertius
Extensordigitorumlongus
Tibialisanterior
Fibularislongus
Extensordigitorum longus
Fibularisbrevis
PatellaPatellarligament
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibia
Extensor retinacula
Extensorhallucislongus
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 10.39
10-13
Posterior Compartment of LegSuperficial Group
• three muscles of the superficial group– gastrocnemius - plantar flexes foot, flexes knee– soleus – plantar flexes foot– plantaris - weak synergist of triceps surae
• triceps surae – collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus– inserts on calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon– strongest tendon in the body
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gastrocnemius:
Heads ofgastrocnemius(cut)
Calcaneal tendon
Calcaneus
Medial headLateral head
Popliteus
Flexordigitorumlongus
Plantaris
Soleus
Flexorhallucislongus
Tendon ofplantaris
Fibularisbrevis
Fibularislongus
Fibularislongus
Gastrocnemius(cut)
Tendon ofgastrocnemius
(a) (b)Figure 10.40
10-14
Posterior Compartment of LegDeep Group
• four muscles in the deep group– flexor digitorum longus – flexes phalanges– flexor hallucis longus – flexes great toe– tibialis posterior – inverts foot– popliteus – acts on knee
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Calcaneal tendon(cut)
Calcaneus
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
Flexor digitorumlongus
Flexordigitorumlongus
Flexor hallucislongus
Flexorhallucislongus
Popliteus
Popliteus
Plantaris (cut)
Soleus (cut)
Fibula
Fibularislongus
Fibularisbrevis
Gastrocne-mius (cut)
Plantar surfaceof the foot
Tibialisposterior
Tibialisposterior
Figure 10.41
10-15
Lateral (Fibular) Compartmentof the Leg
• two muscles in this compartment– fibularis longus– fibularis brevis
• both plantar flex and evert the foot
• provides lift and forward thrust
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Calcaneal tendon(cut)
Calcaneus
(a)
Flexor digitorumlongus
Flexor hallucislongus
Popliteus
Plantaris (cut)
Soleus (cut)
Fibula
Fibularislongus
Fibularisbrevis
Gastrocnemius (cut)
Tibialis posterior
Figure 10.41a
10-16
Intrinsic Muscles of Foot• four ventral
muscle layers
• support for arches– abduct and
adduct the toes– flex the toes
• one dorsal muscle– extensor
digitorum brevis extends toes
Figure 10.43
dorsal view
(a) Layer 1, plantar view (b) Layer 2, plantar view
Abductor hallucis
Calcaneus
Lumbricals
Quadratus plantae
(c) Layer 3, plantar view (d) Layer 4, plantar view (e) Layer 4, dorsal view
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis (cut)
Flexor digitiminimi brevis
Abductor digitiminimi
Flexor digitorumbrevis
Plantar aponeurosis(cut)
Flexor digitorumbrevis (cut)
Flexor hallucislongus tendonFlexor digitorumlongus tendonAbductor hallucis(cut)
Flexor hallucislongus tendon (cut)
Flexor digitorumlongus tendon (cut)
Plantarinterosseous
Dorsalinterosseous
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Flexor digitiminimi brevis
Quadratus plantae(cut)
10-17
Athletic Injuries• muscles and tendons are vulnerable to sudden and
intense stress
• proper conditioning and warm-up needed
• common injuries; – compartment syndrome– shinsplints– pulled hamstrings– tennis elbow– pulled groin – rotator cuff injury
• treat with rest, ice, compression and elevation
• “no pain, no gain” is a dangerous misconception