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Muscle Functions 1. Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2. Support : Posture 3. Heat production 4. Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5. Muscles help your food digest

Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

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Page 1: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

Muscle Functions

1. Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening)

2. Support : Posture

3. Heat production

4. Stabilizing/strengthen joints

5. Muscles help your food digest

Page 2: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

Each Muscle Organ Composed Of

– Muscle Tissue

– Blood Vessels

– Nerve Fibers

– Connective Tissue

Page 3: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

Over Review

• Three Types Of Muscle :1. Skeletal2. Cardiac3. Smooth

• These types differ in :• Structure• Location• Function• Nerving

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- Striated Fibers- Multinucleated- Voluntary Control

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• Epimysium :• dense CT surrounds entire muscle;blends with

deep fascia.

• Perimysium :• fibrous CT surrounding bundles of fibers.

• Endomysium :• sheath of CT surrounding muscle fiber

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Page 7: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your
Page 8: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your
Page 9: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your
Page 10: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

• Tendons: • Attaches muscles to

bones

• Ligaments: • Attaches bone to

bone at the joints

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Origin

Insertion

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Muscle Interaction• Prime Mover

– abduction of arm: deltoid

• Synergistic muscles– Assists prime mover

• e.g.: supraspinatus assists deltoid in abduction

• Antagonistic muscles– Action opposite that of the prime mover

• e.g.: lats and pects adduct• must not contract during abduction

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Antagunist Synergist

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Antagonists• Muscles in movable joints are attached in opposing pairs (antagonists)

– Flexors retract limbs– Extensors extend limbs

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• Location of the muscle

• Shape of the muscle

• Relative Size of the muscle

• Direction/Orientation of the muscle fibers/cells

• Number of Origins

• Location of the Attachments

• Action of the muscle

Page 17: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

Muscles Named by Location

• Epicranius (around cranium)

• Tibialis anterior (front of tibia)

tibialis anterior

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

• Shape: – deltoid (triangle)

– trapezius (trapezoid, 2 parallel sides)

– serratus (saw-toothed)

– rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides)

– orbicularis and sphincters (circular) Rhomboideus

major

Trapezius

Deltoid

Serratus anterior

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Muscles Named by Size

• Maximus (Largest)

• Minimis (Smallest)

• Longus (Longest)

• Brevis (Short)

• Major (Large)

• Minor (Small)

Psoas major

Psoas minor

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Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers

• Rectus (straight)-parallel to long axis

• Transverse

• Oblique

Rectusabdominis

External oblique

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• biceps (2)

• triceps (3)

• quadriceps (4)

Muscles Named for Number of Origins

Biceps brachii

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Muscles Named for Origin and Insertion

Sternocleidomastoid

origins

insertion

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Muscles Named for Action

• Flexor carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis) –flexes wrist

• Abductor pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis) –flexes thumb

• Abductor magnus – abducts thigh

• Extensor digitorum – extends fingers

Adductormagnus

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Page 25: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

محوری عضالت: شوند می تقسیم دسته چهار به

.1 : بلع جویدن، چهره، حالت حرکت، گردن و سر

.2 : و گردن سر، کننده خم و کننده باز ها مهره ستونمهره ستون

.3- لگنی: شکمی و سینه حفرات دیواره تشکیل تنه

.4 : و ساکروم بین لگن تحتانی فضای بستن لگن کفلگنی مفصل

ای   ضمیمه عضالت

فوقانی • اندام و ای شانه کمربندتحتانی • اندام و لگنی کمربند

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1.Subcutaneous or expression muscles

2.Mastics muscles

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1. Subcutaneous or expression muscles

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Bells Palsy

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Muscles of neck • Platisma • Sternocleidomastoid

• Supra hyoid muscles 1. Digastric 2. Stylohyoid3. omohyoid4. geniohyoid

• Infra hyoid muscles1. Sternohyoid2. Sternotyroid3. Thyrohyoid4. Omohyoid

• Prevertebral muscles Ant , mid , post scalenus

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Supra hyoid muscles

1. Digastric

2. Stylohyoid

3. Geniohyoid

4. Mylohyoid

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Supra hyoid muscles

1. Digastric

2. Stylohyoid

3. Geniohyoid

4. Mylohyoid

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Infra hyoid muscles

1. Sternohyoid

2. Sternotyroid

3. Thyrohyoid

4. Omohyoid

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Prevertebral Muscles

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(Antero Lateral Aspect)

• Origin in thorax , insertion in thorax )) Respiratory muscles = deep muscles ((1. Intercostalis muscles

– External intercostal– Internal intercostal– Intimi ( inermost )

2. Transverscis3. Subcostal4. Diaphragm

• Origin in thorax , insertion extra thorax1. Pectoralis major2. Pectoralis minor 3. Seratus anterior4. subclavius

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Intimi Costalis Muscle

• Attachments similar to internal intercostals

• Separated from the internal intercostal muscles by the neurovascular bundles of each space……

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Diaphragm Shape and position:

– dome-shaped – between thorax and abdomen– consists of a peripheral muscular part

and a central tendon

Origin– Sternal part: xiphoid process– Costal part: lower six and costal

cartilages– Lumbar part: arises by two crura from

upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: – central tendon

Nerve – Pherenic N– Intercostal N

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Openings in the diaphragm• Aortic hiatus :

12th thoracic vertebra It transmits the aorta, thoracic duct

• Esophageal hiatus : At level of T10 For esophagus and vagus nerves

• Vena cava foramen : At T8 level For inferior vena cava, through central tendon

T8

T10

T12

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• hiatus hernia:

• The most common (95%) is the sliding hiatus hernia, where the gastroesophageal junction moves above the diaphragm together with some of the stomach.

• The second kind is rolling (or paraesophageal) hiatus hernia, when a part of the stomach herniates through the esophageal hiatus and lies beside the esophagus, without movement of the gastroesophageal junction. It accounts for the remaining 5% of hiatus hernias

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• Increased pressure within the abdomen caused by:• Heavy lifting or bending over• Frequent or hard coughing• Hard sneezing• Pregnancy and delivery• Violent vomiting• Straining with constipation• Obesity (extra weight pushes down on the abdomen increasing the

pressure)• Use of the sitting position for defecation• Heredity• Smoking• Drug use, such as cocaine• Stress• Diaphragm weakness

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• Origin in thorax , insertion extra thorax1. Pectoralis major2. Pectoralis minor 3. Seratus anterior4. subclavius

Trunk muscles ) in antero lateral aspect (

Page 52: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

Muscles of Thorax (( Posterior wall((

– First layer 1. Trapezus

2. Latisimus dorsi

– 2th layer 1. Levator scapula

2. Romboies minor

3. Romboied major

– 3th layer 1. Seratus posterior superior

2. Seratus posterior inferior

3. Erector spinea

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Muscles of Abdomen

Anterior Group Lateral Group

• Rectus Abdominis

• External Oblique

• Internal Oblique

• Transversus

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• Deltoid

• Subscapularis

• Supraspinatus

• Infraspinatus

• Tress major

• Tress minor

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Deltoid Subscapularis

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Supraspinatus Infraspinatus

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• There are three muscles anteriorly• Biceps brachii• Brachialis• Coracobrachialis

• There is one muscle posteriorly• Triceps brachii

Radial N

Muscolocutaneus N

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Coraco- Brachialis

BrachialisBiceps Brachii

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Triceps brachii

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• Superficial layer : Extensor and flexor hip j ( Origin on pelvis or sacrum )– Gluteus maximus– Gluteus medius– Gluteus minimus

Deep layer : Lateral rotators– Piriformis– Obturator externus– Obturator internus– Superior and inferior gemellus– Quadratus femoris

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Muscle Compartments of the Thigh

• Posterior compartment muscles – Extend the hip and flex the knee– Innervation is the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

• Anterior compartment muscles– Flex the hip and extend the knee– Innervation is the femoral nerve

• Medial compartment– Adduct the thigh– Innervation is the obturator nerve

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(posterior femoral muscles ) hamstrings

• Biceps femoris

• Semimembranosus

• semitendinosus

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Thigh ( anterior muscles )

• Extensor group :• Qudriceps femoris

» Rectus femoris » Vastus lateralis» Vastuse medialis » Vastus medialis

• Sartorius

• Adductor group• Adductor magnus• Adductor longus• Adductor brevis• Pectineus• Gracilis

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Quadriceps femoris

•Muscles include– Rectus femoris– Vastus lateralis– Vastus medialis– Vastus intermedius

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Sartorius

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Adductors• Adductors

– Adductor magnus– Adductor longus– Adductor brevis– Pectineus– Gracilis

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• Anterior group : • Extensor

• Lateral group : • Lateral rotator

• Posterior group :• Flexor

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Muscles -Anterior Compartment leg

– Tibialis anterior

– Extensor digitorum longus

– Extensor hallucis longus

– Peroneus tertius

• Important in walking

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Muscles - Lateral Compartment– Peroneus

longus– Peroneus

brevis

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Muscles of Posterior Compartment

– Gastrocnemius– Soleus– Tibialis posterior– Flexor digitorum longus– Flexor hallucis longus

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Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

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Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

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: شکم عضالتشکم قدامی عضالت

: شکم- راست عضله rectus abdominisالفای دنده غضروف از وسط خط می 7-9در پوبیس به

چسبد: شکم- خارجی مایل عضله oblique externalب

abdominisخارجی سطح . 8از دارد ادامه ایلیاک ستیغ تا پائین دنده

عضله بقیه ( پایین( در پوبیس 2آپونوروز ستیغ به و شود می ستون

. چسبد می

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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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اینگوئنال رباط

خارجی • مایل عضله اپونوروز از قسمتی ازفوقانی قدامی خاصره خار بین که شده ساخته

است . پوبیس و• : رباط نیمه باالی در اینگوینال عمقی حلقهستون : • دو بین اینگوینال سطحی حلقه

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اینگوینال کانال

اسپرماتیک • طناب محتویاینگوینال • رباط داخلی نیمه باالی درخارجی: • و داخلی مایل عضله قداممختلط: • رباط و عرضی عضله فاسیا خلف• : و داخلی ابلیک عضله از الیافی مختلط رباط

عرضی عرضی: • و داخلی مایل عضله جدارفوقانیعرضی : • عضله فاسیا تحتانی جدار

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کانال شناسی جنین

کیسه • به کمر ناحیه از بیضه جنینی دوره دراینگوینال کانال ازمسیر که کند می نزول بیضه

. و عروق خود همراه بیضه رود می پایین بهوقتی اورد می پایین را خود اسپرماتیک طناب

اسپرماتیک طناب و عروق رسید بیضه کیسه به . گذارد می باقی کانل در را

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آن معایب و اینگوینال فتق

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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Page 90: Muscle Functions 1.Movement : Muscle contraction (shortening) 2.Support : Posture 3.Heat production 4.Stabilizing/strengthen joints 5.Muscles help your

: شکم- داخلی مایل عضله oblique internal abdominis جاز که است قبلی عضله زیر ایلیاک 2/3در ستیغ قدامی

. 4به چسبد می آخر دنده : شکم- عرضی عضله دو: transverse abdominisد زیر در

از که است قبلی و 2/3عضله ایلیاک ستیغ قدامیداخلی سطح به پوبیس ستیغ و اینگوئنال دنده 6رباط

چسبد می آخر

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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البا لینا

شود • می متصل پوبیس طرف دو به گزیفویئد از• : ستیغ- به البا لینا از پیرامیدالیس عضله ه

چسبد می پوبیس

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شکم • خلفی عضالتحفره: • و کمر های مهره عرضی زواید از ایلیوپسواس

ران کوچک تروکانتر به ایلیاک

• : دنده به ایلیاک ستیغ از کمری عرضی 12مربع زائده وکمر 1مهره

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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• : شکم عضالت عملکردخم: را تنه و شده لگن تثبیت باعث رکتوس

میکنند. : طرفین به چرخش باعث عرضی و مایل عضالت

بازدم در فرعی عضله بعنوان و شوند می• : عضالت عصبدهی

رفت می ناحیه این پوست به که اعصابی همانغضالت به کمری و ای دنده بین اعصاب یعنی

دهند می عصب هم

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دارای پشت طبقه 4عضالت: ها مهره ستون پشت عضالت

1الیه

ذوزنقه- خاری : trapeziusالف وزوائد سری پس خط ازاسکاپوال خار به گردنی و ای سینه های مهره

: ای- سینه های مهره خاری زوائد از التیسموس بچسبد می بازو به ایلیاک ستیغ و کمری و تحتانی

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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:2الیه

کتف- باالبرنده کتف: levator scapulaالف کنارداخلی از . رود می گردن های مهره عرضی زوائد طرف به : زوائد- به اسکاپوال داخلی کنار از کوچک رمبوئید ب

C7,T1خاری : خاری- زوائد به اسکاپوال داخلی کنار از بزرگ رمبوئید ج

C3-5:3الیه

فوقانی- خلفی سراتوس الفتحتانی- خلفی سراتوس ب

گردنی- نواری جسری- نواری Human Anatomy, 3rd editionد

Prentice Hall, © 2001

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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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4الیه •ناودان • که هستند عضالت از ای پیچیده دسته شامل

کنند . می پر را فقرات عرضی و خاری زوائد بین واقعاستخوان • تا شده شروع فقرات ستون پائین قسمت از

. دارد ادامه سری پسها: • مهره ستون شدن راست کار

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

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Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001