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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING CONSTRUCTED
WETLAND AND LIMESTONE
NENY SOFFJANA BINTI SOFYAN EFENDY
A dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award
degree of Bachelor of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering (Civil - Wastewater)
Faculty of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering
University Malaysia Pahang
DECEMBER 2010
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation, I report on the results of a system using tanks
filled with limestone rocks followed by vegetative tank (water hyacinth) to treat
sewerage treatment plant (STP) located at Kampung Melayu, Gambang. Removal of
heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen, TSS, BOD5, COD, turbidity from municipal
wastewater has been studied. Based on the results, it shows pH, BOD 5, Cu, Zn, Fe
and Pb tested comply with Standard B in Environmental Quality Act, 1979 but COD,
Mn and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) were greater than Standard B. It was indicated
that the concentrations of five heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn) in the wastewater
were rather low. After the treatment with limestone and water hyacinth, all these
stated parameters comply with Standard B with overall percentage removal were
ranged from 30.43 %, to 99.39 %. The result demonstrates that limestone was more
effective in contaminant removal in STP but if it was combined together it is such a
good combination. i[Jiilik organic pollutants, metal do not undergo •4egadation arid
generally need to be removed through highly expensive clean-up methods. The
effectiveness of heavy metals removal from municipal wastewater was high, except
for manganese with removal of 6718%. The other metals undergo removals ranged
from 97.25 % to 99.39 %. The most effective parameter treated was zinc with the
fastest optimum contact time which is 3 days with 87.44% for limestone and 94.22
for water hyacinth tank. Analyals of effectiveness of metals removal during
wastewater treatment processes undoubtedly indicates the fundamental role of
limestone and constructed wetland with vegetative (water hyacinth) in metals
removal.
V
ABSTRAK
Dalam penyelidikan mi, saya melaporkan hasil dari sistem yang menggunakan tangki
diisi dengan batu kapur dan diikuti dengan tumbuhan ke1adi bunting) untuk merawat
pusat rawatan air kumbahan (STP) di Kampung Melayu,Gambang Pengurangan kadar
logam berat, ammonia nitrogen, TSS, B0D 5, COD, kekeruhan darl air sisa telah dikaj.
Penyelidikan mi berkaitan analisis rawatan dengan menggunakan batu kapur dan
fitoremediasi. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi, mi menunjukkan
pH,BOD5,Cu,Zn,Fe.dan Pb ]: emenuhi Kriteria B dalam Akta Kualiti Persekitaran, 1979
tetapi nilai COD, Mn dan TSS melebihi Kriteria B. Hal mi menunjukkan bahawa
kepekatan lima logarn berat (Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn) dalam air sisa agak rendah. Setelah
rawatan dengan batu kapur dan keladi bunting, sernua parameter lain sesuai dengan
Kriteria B dengan pengurangan peratusan keseluruhan dalam iingkungan 30.43% hingga
99.39%. Keputusan kajian rnenunjukkan bahawa batu kapur lebih berkesan dalam
mengurangkan kandungan bahan yang tidak dikehendaki dalam STP tetapi jika kedua-
duanya itu digabungkan :bersama, ia adalah suatu kothbinasi yang iebih bagus. Tidak
seperti bahan tercear organik, logaM tidak mengalami penguraian dap pedu
disingkjrkan melalui kaedah pembersihan yang sangat mahal Keberkesanan
penghilangan logam berat dan air sisa adalah tinggi, kecuali Mn dengan pengurangan
sebanyak 67.1 8 6/o. Logarn yang lain mengalami pengurangan dalam 1ingkungan 97.25%
menjadi 99.39%. Parameter yang paling berkesan untuk dirawat adalah Zn dengan masa
paling optimum iaitu 3 hari dengan. kadar pengurangan sebanyak 87.44% untuk tangki
batu kapur dan 94.22 % untuk tangki keladi bunting.Analisis keberkesanan pengurangan
kuantiti logam semasa proses pemprosesan air kumbahan tidak diragukan lagi menunjulcj(an peranan asas dari batu kapur dan tanah becah binaan diisi dengan tumbuhan (keladj bunting) dalam pengurangan kuantiti logam.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION 11 DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF :SY EOLSANDABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Aim, Objectives, Study Scope 5
1.3.1 Aim 5
1.3.2 Objectives 6
1.3.3 Scope 6
VII
VIII
II LITERATURE. REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Municipal Wastewater
2.2 Sources of Municipal Wastewater 8 2.3 Composition and Characteristics
of Municipal Wastewater 9 2.3.1 Chemical Characteristics 10
2.31,1 Organic Compounds 11
2.3.1.2 Inorganic Compounds
2.3.2 Biological Characteristics i
2.3.3 Physical Characteristics 18 2.4 Important of Wastewater Treatment 20 2.5 Standard Parameters Limit 22 16 TechnigiçsbfW$teter 23 2.7 Limestone 25
2.7.1 Properties of Limestone 25 2.7.2 Limestone Mechanism 27 2.7.3 pH Adjustment 27 2.7.4 Metal Precipitation 29 2.7.5 Previous Study on Limestone 30
2.8 Wetland 31 2.8.1 Types of Wetland 32
2.8.1.1 Constructed Wetland 33 2.8.2 Advantages . ofConstructed Wetland 33 2.8.3 Previous Study on-,Constructed Wetland 34 2.8.4 Aquatic -Plant Systems 35
2.8.4.1 Water Hyacinth
(Eichorrnia Crassipes) 36 2.8.5 Previous Study on Water Hyacinth 37
2.8.6 Phytoremediation 39
lx
III METIODOL'OGy 42
3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Work Procedure 44 3.3 Location of Wastewater 44
33.1 Wastewater sampling 45
3.3.2 Preservation Procedures 45
3.4 Limestone Collection 47 3.5 Plant Selection 47 3.6 Continuous Mode System Treatment Design 48
16.1 Design 49 3.7 Wastewater Quality Analysis 52
3.7.2 pH Testing 53
3.7.3 Turbidity Measiuenieit 53 37.4 Total Suspended Solid Analysis 54 3.7.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis 55
3.7.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand Analysis 56
378 Ammonia Nitrogen Analysis 57
3.7.9 Heavy Metal Analysis 58
Iv RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 62
4.1 Introduction 62 41 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater 62
4.2.1 Standard B Environmental Quality Act 63 4.3 Wastewater Quality Aralysis 64
4.3.1 pH 65
4.3.2 Turbidity 67 43,3 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 69 43.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 70 4.3.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 72 4.3.6 .onia Nitrogen 74
x
V
43.7 HeavyMetal 75
4.3.7.1 Zinc 76
4.3.7.2 Copper 78
4.3.7.3 Lead 79
4.3.7.4 Iron 80
4.3.7.5 Manganese 81
4.3.8 Overall Percentage Removal 83
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84
5.1 Conclusion 84
5.2 Recommendation 85
REFERENCES 87
APPENDICES 96
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Major Constituents of Typical Municipal
Wastewater (Influent) 9 2.2 Chemical. Composition. of Municipal
Wastewaters in Alexandria and Giza, Egypt 11 2.3 Average BOD Contribute by•PersonEach
Day for Domestic Wastewater 1 2.4 Possible Levels of Pathogens in Wastewater 18 2.5 Parameter Limit of the Effluent 22 3.1 List of Parameter Analyzed 52 3.2 Method, Equipment and Standard Code for Turbidity 53
3.3 Equipment and Standard Code Used in BOD Analysis 55
3.4 Equipment, Method and Standard Code Used in
COD Analysis 3.5 The Equipment and Supplies to Determine
Ammonia Nitrogen in Wastewater 57 3.6 Ammonia Nitrogen . Reagent 57 4.1 Parameter Limit Environment Quality Act 1979
Standard A and B 63 4.2 Overall Percentage Removal Befpre and After reatment 83
XI
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Malaysia Composition of Water Pollution Sources
by Sector 2
2.1 Composition of Municipal Wastewater 20 2.2 Water Hyacinth 37 2.3 Overview ofPhytoremediation 41 3.1 Flow chart of work procedure 43 31 Polyethylene Container 3OL 46 3.3 Limestone 47 3.5 Water Hyacinth in Drainage Canal . 48 3.5 Continuous Mode System Design 50 3.6 Plan View of Continuous Mode System Design 51 3.7 Turbidimeter 210P 54 3.8 Standard Calibration Curves 60 3.9 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 61 4.1 pH profile in Municipal Wastewater 65 4.2 Turbidity in Municipal Wastewater 67 4.3 Value of TSS in Municipal Wastewater 69 4.4 Value of BOD inMunicipalWastewater 70 4.5 Value of COD in Municipal Wastewater 72 4.6 Value of Nitrogen Ammonia in Municipal Wastewater 74 4.7 Concentration of Zinc in Municipal Wastewater 76
XII
XIII
4.8 Concentration ofCopper in Municipal Wastewater 78
4.9 Concentration of Lead in Municipal Wastewater 79
4.10 Concentration of Iron in Municipal Wastewater 80
4.11 Concentration of Manganese in Municipal Wastewater 81
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Ammonia Nitrogen
A13 - Aluminium Ion ALD - Anoxic Limestone Drain (aq) - Aqueous Stage
HCO3 - Bicarbonate Ion BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand at 5 day CO32 - Carbonate Ion COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand Conc. - Concentration CW - Constructed Wetland Cu - Copper Cr (III) - Chromium DOE - Department of Environmental EPA - Environmental Protection Agency FWS - Free Water Surface
- Hydrogen Ion Fe3 - Iron ion Pb
- Lead LS
Limestone Mn
- Manganese Ni
- Nickel OLC
- Open Limestone Channels
xiv
OLD - Oxjc Limestone Drain
STP - Sewerage Treatment Plant
(s) - Solid Stage
SFS - Subsurface Flow Systems
SO? - Sulphate Ion
TOC - Total Organic Carbon
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
WH Water Hyacinth
Zn - Zinc
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Result of Sewerage Wastewater Treated
with Limestone and Vegetation (Water Hyacinth) 96
B Removal of Sewerage Wastewater Treated
with Limestone and Vegetation (Water Hyacinth) 100
C Percentage Removal of Sewerage Wastewater Treated
with Limestone and Vegetation (Water Hyacinth) 104
D Recommendations for Sampling and
Preservation of Samples 108
xvi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
During the early days of our nation's history, people living in both the cities
and the countryside used cesspools and privies to dispose of municipal wastewater.
Cities began to install wastewater collection systems in the late nineteenth century
because of an increasing awareness of waterborne disease and the popularity of
indoor plumbing and flush toilets. The use of sewage collection systems brought
dramatic improvements to public health, further encouraging the growth of
metropolitan areas.
The most common form of water pollution control in the Malaysia consists of
a system of sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The sewers collect municipal
wastewater from homes, businesses, and industries and deliver it to facilities for
treatment before it is discharged to water bodies or land, or reused. There are two
type of water pollution origin such as point sources and non point sources. Point
sources have been indentified include sewage treatment plants, manufacturing and
2
agro-based industries and animal farms. Non point sources are mainly diffuse ones
such as agricultural activities and surface runoffs.
From Figure 2.1 DOE complies the statistic sewerage treatment plant have
contribute to higher water poI . ution sources. The percentage of the composition of
water pollution comes from sewerage treatment plants (54%), manufacturing
industry (38 %), livestock industry; pig farm (5%) and agro based industry (3%).
This statistics was got through field survey and questionnaire in 2008. The focused
of this study is on the water pollution that caused by the sewage treatment plant.
Malaysia Composition of Water Pollution Sources by Sector
Manufacturing Industry
39%
Sewage Treatment Plant
animal farm (pig)Agobased
4% industry 3%
Figure 1.1: Malaysia Composition of Water Pollution Sources by Sector
Source: Department of Environmental, 2008
3
In Malaysia, the discharge of untreated sewage into bodies of water creates
many problems to the public health and environment especially. In Malaysia there
are no advance sewerage systems to treat sewage. It can be seen today where 72
percent of the river in our country are polluted and within this about 65 percent of all
pollution loads has been identified as raw sewage (Shahrul, March 2004).
Today, a wide range of treatment technologies are available for use in our
efforts to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the
nation's waters. During the past 20 years, considerable interest has been expressed in
the potential use of a variety of natural biological systems to help purify water in a
controlled manner. These natural biological treatment systems include various forms
of ponds, land treatment and wetlands systems. As a result of both extensive research
efforts and practical application of these ted ologies, considerable insight has been
gained into their design, performance, operation and maintenance.
1.2 Problem Statement
Protection of public health is the fundamental purpose of waste treatment.
Environmental protection is the second major purpose. It is the responsibility of the
engineers, scientists and public officials involved to ensure that waste treatment
systems achieve this goal.
Many municipal wastewater treatment plants are presently unable to meet the
effluent limits established by Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Sewage and
Industrial Effluents) 1979. This problem is especially severe for smaller
municipalities that do not have the financial resources necessary to build, operate and
maintain even conventional wastewater treatment facilities. There is a critical need to
4
develop and demonstrate low-cost and simple watewater treatment technologies that
are suitable for use in these communities.
Two factors had encouraged engineers to consider natural processes such as
constructed wetland systems, aquatic plant systems in treating wastewater. Firstly,
the increasing demands of drinking water at a time when the low water sources have
already been used. The second factor is the increasing volume of biological and
chemical wastes that potentially enter the surface water system from wastewater
treatment plants (USEPA, Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment Review,
1998).
The cost to construct and operate wastewater treatment facilities that
accomplish advanced treatment in terms of further BOD 5 or nitrogen removal is high
as compared to the cost of primary and secondary treatment. The search for a
different approach for polishing effluent and for nutrient removal has caused
renewed interest in land application and wetlands application of effluent from
conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Compared to conventional systems,
natural systems use less electrical energy and require less labour for operation (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1998). This natural or constructed system is
added by natural gravel or limestone to make it better to become water treatment
facilities with low cost and easy to construct.
Additionally, the used of water hyacinth plants in the constructed wetland
because of their characteristics such as fast growth, rapid reproduction, can be found
in many subtropical and tropical parts of the world (e.g. Malaysia) and also high-
biomass producers. Several studies on Echorrnia Crassipes or known as water
hyacinth species reported these plants are not hyperaccumulators, however, it has a
deep root apparatus and can tolerate and/or accumulate a range of heavy metals in
their aerial portion. Given this, they are often utilized to reduce the metal
concentration of soils, sediments and waters, in both natural and constructed
wetlands (Cooper, Job, Green and Shutes, 1996).
Besides that, the used of low cost coarse media such as limestone which also
can be used as an alternative approach to remove heavy metals from municipal
wastewater. They have proven that each solution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc
(Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr(III)) at a final pH of 8.5, limestone
has significantly removed more than 90% of most metals followed by 80% and 65%
removals using crushed bricks and gravel, respectively. The removal by aeration and
settlement methods without solid media was less than 30% (Aziz, Adlan, & Ariffin,
26 November 2006).
The removal bchavioi..r of these metals indicated that rough solid media with
the presence of carbonate were beneficial for the removal process. Adsorption and
precipitation as metals oxide and probably as metals carbonate were among the two
mechanisms that contributed to the removal of metals from solution.
1,3 Aim, Objective, and Scope of Study
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is to provide alternative solution for the treatment of
municipal wastewater with water hyacinth and limestone that offer less expensive
treatment for sewerage treatment plant.
1.3.2 Objective
The objectives of the present study are:
i. To evaluate all the parameter required such as pH, turbidity, BOD5,
COD, TSS, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metal such as Zinc, Copper,
Lead, Manganese and Iron in the municipal wastewater.
ii. To cai..ñie and compare the effectiveness of W.rnestone with the
presence of constructed wetland to improve municipal wastewater
quality
iii. To explore the optimum contact time for limestone and water
hyacinth to treat municipal wastewater.
1.3.3 Scope
The scope of this study consists of through experimental work using
limestone and water hyacinth. Municipal wastewater from sewerage treatment plant
will be used in this experiment. This effectiveness is also depended on specific
required parameters such as pH, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), turbidity,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia
nitrogen, heavy metals such as Zinc, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Lead of
municipal Wastewater before and after treatment.
6
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes literature review of municipal wastewater, limestone,
constructed wetland and water hyacinth.
2.1 Overview of Municipal Wastewater
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by
processes or materials are those that are derived from human activities. This
municipal wastewater is collected in sewer system. There are two types of sewer
system which is combined system and separated system so called sanitary sewers
where storm water and dry weather flow is transported into separated pipes.
Combined sewer systems were designed to provide storm drainage from streets and
roofs to prevent flooding in cities.
/
8
Many of the earliest sewer systems were combined sewers, designed to
collect both sanitary wastewater and storm water runoff in a single system. Later,
pipelines were added to carry domestic wastewater away from homes and businesses
Early sanitarians thought that these combined systems provided adequate health
protection.
2.2 Sources of Municipal Wastewater
Municipal comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences,
commercial properties, industry, and agriculture and normally generated from toilets,
sinks and bathrooms Storm water is also classified as wastewater. Storm water is
usually comes from rainwater. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal
wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants (UN Department of
Technical CôOiiërátiOri for DëVëlOpineflt, 1985; Abdel-Ghâffar ét al., 1988) and
concentrations resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources
(Shabrul, March 2004).
Heavy metal in the municipal wastewater may originate from industrial
processing, runoff from mining operations and atmospheric deposition from
incinerator emissions and other processes (Fukue j Sato, & Mulligan); Most
Petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants (Beychok, Milton, 1967;
Tchobanoglous, Burton and Stensel, 2003) have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant "concentrations in the treated wastewater coinly
with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
9
2.3 Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater
Sewage contains 99 % of liquid and I % of solids that carry waste from
several different kinds from the community. Therefore, it may contain industrial and
agricultural wastewater as well. Most of the substances found as pollutant in
municipal wastewater can be categorized as to be whether chemical, physical or
biological characteristics.
The principal contaminants of municipal wastewater fall into the following
categories nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, pathogenic organisms, heavy
metals, and trace organics. The pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
hehninths (Feachem et al., 1983; Shahrul, March 2004). The heavy metals include
cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, iron and zinc that come from
industrial sewer.. Trace organics include highly stable synthetic compounds
especially chlorinated hydrocarbons (Shahrul, March 2004). Table 2.1 shows major
constituent of typical municipal wastewater collected In sewer system:
Table 2.1: Major Constituents of Typical Municipal Wastewater (Influent)
ConstituentConcentration, mg/i
______________ Strong _____________ Medium Weak
Total solids 1200 700 350
Dissolved solids (TDS) 850 500 250
Nitrogen (as N) 85 40 20
Suspended solids 350 200 100
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 200 100 50 BOD5 300 200 100
Source: UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development, 1985
10
Depending on the concentration of constituents, sewage is classified as
strong, medium and weak; the higher of the concentration of waste matters in
sewage, the stronger it said to be.
2.3.1 Chemical Characteristics
The chemical characteristics of municipal wastewater can be adversely
affecting the environment. There are two types of chemical characteristics of
municipal. There are organic and inorganic compounds. Abdel-Ghaffar et aL, 1988
summarized that municipal wastewater also contains a variety of inorganic
substances from domestic and industrial sources (see Table 2.2), including a number
of potentially toxic elementssuch as arsemic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
mercury, zinc, etc.
11
Table 2.2: Chemical Composition of Municipal Wastewaters in Alexandria and
Giza, Egypt (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 1988)
Constituent Alexandria Giza
Unit Concentration Unit Concentration
PH - 7.80 - 7.1
Na2 me/I 24.60 mg/i 205
Ca2 me/I 1.50 mg/i 128
Mg me/I 3.20 mg/i 96
me/I 1.80 itigii 35
Ct me/I 62.00 mg/i 320
SO42- me/I 35.00 mg/i 138
HCO3 me/I 6.60 - -
NH4 mg/i 2.50
NO3 mg/i 10.10 - -
P mg/i 8.50 - -
Mn mg/i 0.20 mg/i 0.7
Cu mg/i 1.10 mg/i 0.4
Zn mg/i 0.80 mg/i 1.4
EC dS/m 3.10 dS/th 1.7
SAR - 9.3O - 2.8
2.3.1.1 Organic Compounds
All organic compounds in wastewater contain carbon in combination with
one or more element. it can be c!assitied into biodegradable organics and non-
biodegradable organics. Organic compound such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, oils
and grease surfactant can deplete oxygen level and give odour. Shahrul (March 2004)
