Municipal Solid Waste Management in Moradabad City, India

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Municipal Solid Waste Management in MoradabadCity, India

Masood Ahsan Siddiqui &Syed Mohammad Rashid & Lubna Siddiqui &Shahzad Ali Ansari

Received: 28 September 2010 /Accepted: 3 April 2011 /Published online: 25 June 2011# Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2011

Abstract The paper tries to estimate the rate of wastegeneration per head/per day, to identify suitable sitesfor waste disposal, to find out optimal route forcollection vehicles and to analyze the financialaspects of solid waste management in MoradabadCity, India.The study is based on sample of 2,500households and secondary data. The City generatesabout 318 tones of solid waste with an average percapita rate of 460 gram per day. Collection anddisposal efficiency is nearly 64%. Sensitivity analysisof the present disposal site as per the norms of CentralPollution Control Board indicates that it is moderatelysuitable. Subsequently two new disposal sites wereidentified. Redefined routes and related issues wereevaluated in financial terms. It is estimated that byadopting the proposed plan, the expenditure on wastemanagement will increase by about 52%, but at thesame time about 90% of city area and 95% of citypopulation will be served.

Keywords Solid waste . Site selection . Routeplanning . Financial management . Moradabad

Introduction

Most of the Indian cities are experiencing unplannedurban growth and heavy pressure of population. Thenet result is an enormous production of solid waste inurban areas. Urban solid wastes consist of householdwastes, construction and demolition debris, sanitationresidues, industrial and hospital wastes (PlanningCommission 1995). In 1947, cities and towns in Indiagenerated an estimated 6 million tones of solid wastewhich rose to 48 million tones in 1997 (NationalEnvironmental Engineering Research Institute,NEERI 1999). The 285 million urban population ofIndia is concentrated in a few large cities and 35metropolitan cities which together account for about34.5% of the urban population of the country andexpected to reach 341 million by 2010 (Census ofIndia 2001). These metropolitan cities generate about30,000 tones of wastes per day while about 50,000tones are generated daily from the Class I cities. It hasbeen estimated that the total waste generation in Indiain 2001 was about 46 million tones which is expectedto cross to 65 million tones in 2010 (Kumar andGaikwad 2004). The daily per capita solid wastegenerated in small, medium and large cities and townsin India varies between 0.2 and 0.5 kg/capita/day withthe recyclable content ranging between 13% and20%. Though, it is not comparable with the developedcountries, where per capita waste generation rate iswell above 2.5 kg, yet the actual quantum is largeowing to the large population size in India.

J Indian Soc Remote Sens (March 2012) 40(1):109–119DOI 10.1007/s12524-011-0108-0

M. A. Siddiqui (*) : S. M. Rashid : L. SiddiquiDepartment of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia University,New Delhi, Indiae-mail: [email protected]

S. A. AnsariAlcatel- Lucent,New Delhi, India

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM)encompasses planning, engineering, organization,administration, financial and legal aspects of activitiesassociated with generation, storage, collection, transferand transport, processing and disposal of municipalsolid wastes in an environmentally compatible manneradopting principles of economy, aesthetics, energy andconservation (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993). In this regardsituation in India is grim as more than 25% of themunicipal solid waste (MSW) is not collected at all;70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity totransport it and there are no sanitary landfills to disposeoff the waste (NEERI 1999). In the last few decades,the amount of waste generated per capita has recorded anannual increase at a rate of 1% to 1.33% (Shekdar 1999).If this rate of increase continues, India will probably seea rise in waste generation from less than 40,000 tonesper year to over 125,000 tones by 2030 (Srishti 2000).If an adequate MSWM strategy is not in place, humanand environmental health would be jeopardized.

Illegal dumping is a major problem that raisessignificant concerns with regard to safety, property

values and quality of life. Municipal agencies in Indiaspend about 5–25% of their budget on wastemanagement which is Rs. 75–250 per capita per year(Kumar and Gaikwad 2004). Normally a city of onemillion populations spends around Rs. 10 crores forwaste management. In spite of such heavy expendi-ture, a substantial part of generated municipal solidwaste remains unattended. The average collectionefficiency for MSW in Indian cities is about 72.5%and around 70% of the cities lack adequate wastetransport capacities (Tata Energy Research Institute,TERI 1998).

These issues of urban waste management arediscussed by several researchers. Joshi (1998) hasexamined intensively this problem in Haridwar. Wastedisposal in the developing countries is evaluated byAli et al. (1999) while, Srishti (2000) has discussedthe problem of waste management in the case ofurban India and Najm (2002) have carried out asensitivity analysis of regional waste management.Economics of solid waste is worked out in the case ofMumbai by Yedla and Kansal (2003). Sharholy et al.(2007) have investigated the problem of wastegeneration and its disposal in Allahabad. Talyan etal. (2008) have made Delhi a case study for wastemanagement and Zia and Devadas (2008) haveinvestigated the same problem in the case ofKanpur. Rathi (2007, 2008) has studied the problemof waste disposal in Mumbai. Hazra and Goel (2009)has discussed solid waste management in Kolkata.Sumathi et al. (2008) has developed a GIS basedmodel for identification of landfill sites. Kumar et al.(2009) have attempted to understand status of wastemanagement in urban India examining the problemin metro and Class I and II cities of the country. InEurope, there are conducted several studies in thisfield and an integrated strategy at local, national andEuropean Union level is developed to cope with thisproblem in a way that is economically profitable andenvironmentally desirable under the aegis of EuropeanUrban Waste Management Cluster (EUWMC). Li

Table 1 Moradabad City: waste composition

Waste Waste (tones) Percent oftotal waste

Food stuffs, Vegetables and litter 117.88 37.07

Wood 5.09 1.60

Textiles 9.99 3.14

Paper/Cardboard 7.16 2.25

Organic waste 140.11 44.06

Ash and Fines 144.31 45.38

Demolition Debris 24.30 7.64

Plastic 3.40 1.07

Rubber/Leather 2.96 0.93

Metal 1.75 0.55

Glass 1.18 0.37

Inorganic Waste 177.89 55.94

Source: Field survey

Income group Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthly Occasionally

Low 35.35 17.80 20.55 14.17 12.13

Medium 63.99 25.02 5.28 5.71 0

High 94.09 3.02 2.89 0 0

Total 64.48 15.28 9.57 6.63 4.04

Table 2 Moradabad City:frequency of wastecollection


110 J Indian Soc Remote Sens (March 2012) 40(1):109–119

(2008) has examined waste transportation in Brazil,whereas Korzum (1990) examined the economic valueof municipal solid waste in United States of America.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the USproduces a report on MSW generation, recycling anddisposal. Psomopoulos et al. (2009) has reviewed themagnitude of benefit in producing energy from wastein the United States.

Objectives of the Study

The broad objectives of the study are to estimate rateof waste generation per head/per day, to find outoptimal route for collection vehicles, to identifysuitable landfill sites for waste disposal and to analyzethe financial aspects of solid waste management inMoradabad.

Fig. 1 Moradabad City: Land use, 2004

J Indian Soc Remote Sens (March 2012) 40(1):109–119 111

Study Area

Moradabad city situated at 28° 49′48″ N latitudeand 78° 00′ 00″ E longitudes is a part of thealluvium filled asymmetrical Ramganga-Gagan

trough. It is a leveled and homogeneous plainwith gentle slope (1–2%) from north-west tosouth-east. There are 60 wards spreading over anarea of 108.96 sq km with an average density of5,888 persons per sq km.

Fig. 2 Moradabad City: Constraint mapping


Material and Methods

Data Used

Survey of India, topographic sheet on 1:50,000 scale,map of Moradabad Nagar Nigam at 1:20,000 scale,planning map of the Moradabad from Town andCountry Planning, Moradabad, 2000,CARTOSAT-I of20th November, 2006 and Census of India, UttarPradesh, 2001 were used for base mapping. In theabsence of house-to-house data collection, the quan-tity of waste generation is assessed by indirect wayslike typical area study, truck weighing. The importantparameters used for estimation of waste generationare population, income, literacy, work force etc. Dataregarding income, solid waste generation, its collection,transportation and disposal have been taken with thehelp of structured questionnaire. Ward wise householdsample survey has been conducted. Because of sheernumber of households, only 2.5% of households, i.e.,2,500 households were randomly selected.

Methodology

In order to quantify waste collected at each bin, bothvisual (volume estimation) and weighing experimentswere carried out for 10% of total number of bins, twodhalaos and one rubbish depot. Numbers wereassigned to all the dustbins and monitored for 7 daysto record approximate quantity and major constituentsof dustbins. For the estimation of waste the dust binswere randomly weighted for 7 days at different time.To authenticate it, the trucks carrying the waste werealso weighted at the disposal site.

For finding out the optimum route for collectionvehicles, the existing transportation routes wereevaluated in terms of distance and cost. The routeswere redefined using network analysis module of ArcView 3.2. For the identification of new disposal site,land use, road network and constraints mapping wasdone to minimize the search area.

Results and Discussion

Solid Waste Generation

The city generates about 318 tones of MunicipalSolid Waste (MSW) with an average per capitageneration of 0.460 kg per head/day. It is higherthan the national average of 0.376 kg/capita/day(Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB 2004). Thecentral part of the city which has very highpopulation density and large number of householdbrass industries, generate maximum waste. Thequantity of waste decreases moving away from thecity center. The waste in Moradabad comprisescountless material such as dust, food wastes, pack-aging in the form of paper, metals, plastics or glass,discarded clothing, furnishers, garden wastes, con-struction wastes, and medical wastes (Table 1)

The share of organic waste is 44.06%. The citygenerates about 140.11 tones of organic waste, i.e.,0.203 kg per head/day. Most of it originates fromhouseholds (84.07%) but commercial, institutionaland industrial waste also contains significant propor-tions of organic waste. Among the inorganic waste,ash, fine and demolition debris, metals and glass aremajor constituents.

Attributes Weightage Existing site Dhimri village Kaazipura village

Accessibility Related 60 18.50(3) 6.25(1) 15(2)

Receptor Related 250 160(3) 127.50(1) 155.75(2)

Environment Related 305 197.75(1) 236.50(3) 221.25(2)

Socio-economics Related 110 41(3) 22.50(2) 26.50(1)

Waste Management Related 85 29(3) 14.50(1) 14.50(1)

Climatological Related 40 28.75(1) 28.75(1) 28.75(1)

Geological Related 150 93(3) 68.50(2) 69.25(3)

Total 1,000 568 504.50 534.75

Sensitivity Class Moderate Moderate Moderate

Table 3 Moradabad City:sensitivity scores of thethree landfill sites, 2004



Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

Three disposal systems are prominent in Moradabad,viz. metallic bins, municipal site and road sidecollection. Besides, in some cases the residentsthemselves collect and burn it. It has been found that17.62% of waste is disposed off in municipal dumpsites, 35.93% in metallic bins, 43.28% on road side

and 3.17% is burnt. On the basis of time taken tocollect and dispose off the waste, wards of the city areclassified into five categories of disposal period, i.e.,daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly and occasionally(Table 2). It is found that in the old part of the citywhich falls in the high income group about 80% ofthe city population is served daily or weekly. In theremaining part, the situation of collection and

Fig. 3 Moradabad City: Major and minor roads and disposal sites


disposal is desperate. In such areas waste iscollected on fortnightly and monthly basis whereasin the outer parts of the city the resident themselveshave to make arrangement for collection anddisposal of household waste.

Landfills Site Selection

The disposal site of Moradabad is located alongMoradabad-Lucknow highway spreading over an areaof about 12 acres. The site is about 7 meters deepfrom the road level and operational for the last20 years. Till now 1.5 to 2.0 m of waste is disposedat the site. It has been estimated that at the present rateof disposal, the site will be sufficient at least for thenext 20 years but the expansion of the city has posedproblem to this site. As per the Central PollutionControl Board (2003) sites having a score of 450–600are moderately sensitive. The analysis revealed thatthe total score for the present site is 568 on a scale of1,000 point. It means this site is moderately suitablefor waste disposal. Since the total score is very closeto the category of high sensitivity, therefore there is a

need for either relocating the site or to adopt engineeringmeasures to reduce the cost of waste management and tominimize the environmental risks.

Identification of New Landfill Sites

The efficacy of solid waste disposal depends upon theselection of proper site. There are several issues thathave an impact for site selection. Many technical(volume capacity, accessibility and hydrological con-ditions), environmental (bed rock, soil permeability,etc.,) and socio-economic factors (public acceptability)are involved in selecting a new sanitary landfill site.

Land Use

Built up category account for 36% area of the city,followed by agriculture (36.41%), water bodies(5.76%), infrastructure (3.86%) and green area(1.45%). Besides about (14.50%) area is vacant.Major part of the vacant land falls in the outer partsof the city. Of this, a substantial part lies in theRamganga khaddar (Fig. 1).

Table 4 Moradabad City: existing and proposed routes for collection and disposal of waste and number of dustbins, 2004

Name of theroute

Existing Proposed route Distanceextended(in km)No. of

dustbinsRoute distance(Km)

No. of dustbins Distance (km) Route status

Organic Inorganic Composite

Karbala 1 42 5 20 8.01 Old 3.01

Majhola 39 6.80 16 16 7.06 Old 0.26

Awas Vikas 1 24 6.40 19 19 11 Old 4.60

Jama Masjid 45 3.20 25 25 5.10 Old 1.90

Lal Masjid 43 3.80 24 24 4.20 Old 0.40

Lajpat Nagar 1 33 3.50 19 19 3.30 Old −0.20Prince Road 42 4.10 22 22 3.50 Old −0.60Faiz Ganj 38 5.90 16 16 3.65 Old −2.25Kachehri Road 45 8.10 21 21 8.90 Old 0.80

Sarai Khaisa 48 9 18 18 7.50 Old −1.50Ziyarat Shah 49 10 24 24 7.80 Old −2.20Sambhali Gate 45 3 15 15 3.10 Old 0.10

Chander Nagar 19 5.80 23 23 6.06 Old 0.26

Vivekananda 55 12 22 12.23 Old 0.23

Total 567 86.60 242 242 42 91.40 0 4.80



Constraint Mapping

After identifying the open land and its ownership,constraints mapping was done to narrow down thesearch area. The constraint mapping is based onthe locational criteria specified by the CentralPollution Control Board (2000). Buffers of specifiedradius were drawn around the important land usecategories (Fig. 2). Accordingly, two new disposal

sites have been identified. These are Dhimri villageand Kaazipura village.

Dhimri Village Landfill Site

It is located in the south western part of the cityand about 1 km from the State highway. Theproposed site is a part of the bhangar land witholder alluvium. It is arrived at that the proposed

Name of the route Proposed route Route status

No. of dustbins Distance (km)

Organic Inorganic Composite

Awas Vikas II 22 22 8.10 New

New Moradabad 1 17 17 8 New

New Moradabad II 21 21 8.50 New

Mansarover 20 20 10.06 New

KGK College 22 22 6.76 New

Fakeerpura 25 25 8.06 New

Collectorate 26 26 4.90 New

Budh Bazar 22 23 5.40 New

Gandhi Nagar 23 23 2 New

Asalatpura 19 19 3.60 New

Bazar Deewan 26 26 6.60 New

Sidhi Sarai 20 20 3.60 New

Nawab Pura 18 18 3.10 New

Lajpat Nagar II 15 15 3.30 New

Karbala II 20 7.27 New

Rehmat Nagar 25 5.81 New

Sitapuri 30 5.08 New

Karbala Sitapuri 21 6.09 New

Sambhal Sitapuri 14 2.69 New

Narayana I 25 6.32 New

Narayana II 17 5.25 New

Majhola 21 8.61 New

Narayana III 27 9.02 New

Narayana IV 28 6.45 New

Prem Nagar I 33 8.42 New

Prem Nagar II 18 7.50 New

Prem Nagar III 20 8.64 New

Jhanjhanpur 29 12.50 New

Harthala 32 9.86 New

Planning Office 33 10.24 New

Total 296 297 393 139.71

Table 5 Moradabad City:proposed number ofdustbins and collectionroutes for the unserved areas



landfill site be developed on 7.5 acres of land whichbelongs to the local body. The volume of the site iscomputed assuming that depth of Land filling is 3 m,the density of waste as 1,000 kg/cu meter andvolume consumed by soil cover as 20% of totalvolume. Accordingly, the total volume of the site is112,500 cubic meters. This site will handle about53 tones of waste per day. As such this site will serve

for about 6 years. It has a sensitivity score of 504(Table 3, Fig. 3).

Kaazipura Landfill Site

Kaazipura site is located in the north- western part ofthe city falling in the Kaazipura ward. The proposedsite is a part of the bhangar land with older alluvium.

Fig. 4 Moradabad City: Proposed routes and location of dustbins


The Municipal Corporation has enough vacant land.An area of 9.25 acres has been identified as potentiallandfill site. It has been estimated that the totalvolume of the site is 92,500 cubic meter and the sitecan handle about 70 Tones per day (TPD) of waste.Based on the rate of filling, it has been estimated thatthis site will be functional for the next 3 years. Thesite scored 534.75 points on sensitivity scale whichsignifies that it is moderately suitable.

Waste Collection Points and Collection Routes

There are 567 official collection points which collectonly about 205 tones (64.48%) of city waste. In thedensely populated areas of old city and the civil lines,the dust bins are placed at an interval of less than200 meters, but in the less dense areas it is more than700 meters. At present, there are 14 collection routeswhich altogether cover a distance of about 86.6 km.The average length of collection routes is 5 km(Table 4). Majority of these routes pass through thecongested parts of the city. The existing routes arereadjusted in a way that the collection vehicle maycover maximum area. It has resulted in an increase indistance by 4.8 kms.

Re-Location of Dustbins and Re-Routing

Since the collection and disposal facilities are providedto the selected parts of the city, therefore significantportion of the waste was left uncollected. It was

concluded that if unattended areas are also includedin the list of service area, then approximatelyanother 60% area and 30% of population will bebenefited. Besides, an additional 20% of the wastemay be collected and disposed. For this, therequired number of dustbins and the transportationroutes were calculated (Table 5 and Fig. 4). For re-location of dustbins and re-routing an additional 593dustbins for segregation and 393 dustbins of com-posite nature will be required. For collection anddisposal of waste from these areas, altogether 30 newcollection routes have been identified. As a result thetransportation vehicles with an average length of7.48 km will have to travel an additional distance of139.94 km.

Once the two proposed sites become operationaland the proposed route plan is implemented, thehauling distance in respect to the existing site will bereduced to 86 kms and the life of the site will increasefor about 8 years.

Financial Management of Solid Waste

Solid waste management accounts for about 25%(Rs. 4.34 crores) of municipal budget of MoradabadNagar Nigam (Rs.17.35 crores), of which 75% isspent on collection and transportation of solidwaste. This is approximately Rs. 62 per capita peryear. In absolute terms the present cost in MNN isRs. 642 per ton for collection, Rs. 240 per ton fortransportation and Rs. 24.5 per ton for disposal.

S.No. Name of the item Existing Proposed Difference

Expenditure (in crore rupees) 4.34 6.64 +2.30

1 Number of Vehicles 40 45 +5

2 Number of Dustbins(composite) 567 1,541 +974

3 Number of Organic Dustbin 0 545 +545

4 Number of Inorganic Dustbin 0 546 +546

5 Number of Sweepers 325 450 +125

6 Sweeper-Population Ratio 2,131 1,539 +592

7 Sweeper-Road length (km) 1,047 756 −291a

8 Bin-Population ratio 1,221 263 −958a

9 Route length(in Km) 86.60 201.71 +115.10

10 Average waste collected daily (in tones) 205 (64.4%) 286 (89.9%) +81 (25.52%)

11 Average waste collected (Annually in tones) 74,825 1,04,390 +29,565

12 Cost of Collection (rupees per ton) 580 636 +56 (9.65%)

13 Disposal cost/capita(in rupees) 62 95 +33

Table 6 Moradabad City:waste management systemat a glance, 2004

a Negative value indicatesbetter ratio


If the proposed disposal system is being followed,there will be a sharp increase in the total expenditure,i.e., Rs 2, 29, 78,852 (52.9%). The collection cost willincrease from Rs. 580 to Rs 636 per ton (9.65%) butat the same time an additional 26,645 tones of wastewill be collected and disposed and the collectionefficiency will increase by (25.52%). The sweeper-population ratio, sweeper-road length ratio and bin-population ratio will improve significantly (Table 6).

Conclusions

This study is based on data from a small sample of2,500 households (2.5%) and can not be expected torepresent full range of issues of the solid wastemanagement of Moradabad city. With limited resourcesand pathetic attitude of the local government, heaps ofgarbage and littered streets are noticed all over the cityspace. The deployment of sanitary staff is skewed asmore than 85% staff is assigned the duty to collect anddispose 200 tones of waste from the old part of the city.Because of this attitude and poor workforce efficiency,the collection efficiency is only 64.48%. Though thereare specific guidelines regarding deployment ofsweepers, but these are set a side. The spacing ofdustbins is random and largely determined by the localinfluence. There is only one landfill site situated in thenorth-eastern part of the city. The transportation vehicleshave to pass through the congested part of the citycausing slow movement and hence increased transpor-tation cost. Beside, the city dwellers have to bear thefoul odor of waste. The identified disposal sites will notonly reduce the pressure of the existing site but alsohelpful in enhancing the disposal efficiency of waste.

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Municipal Solid Waste Management in Moradabad City, India