Multiple Intelligence:Multiple Intelligence:Meeting the Needs of Meeting the Needs of

All StudentsAll Students

Multiple Intelligence:Multiple Intelligence:Meeting the Needs of Meeting the Needs of

All StudentsAll Students

"I am 100% convinced that if I were to come back to Earth in 50 years, people would laugh at the idea of

uniform education.” -Howard Gardner

Definition• At least eight

ways that humans perceive and understand the world

• Theorized by Howard Gardner in 1983

All theories of learning purport the following:

• “. . . student brains are more than IQ and their skills span more than the Three R’s” (Flick and Lederman 120)

• All students can learn• It is important in education to celebrate

all aspects of diversity, including the many ways students learn

Reasoning Behind Gardner’s Theory

• “Individuals should be encouraged to use their preferred intelligences in learning.”

• “Instructional activities should appeal to different forms of intelligence.”

• “Assessment of learning should measure multiple forms of intelligence.”

(Gardner)

Why the Attraction for Educators…

• Helps to create more personalized lessons

• Helps “explain and promote understanding” (Owen)

• Helps promote self-motivation in students because learning is based on innate talents

• Validates teacher insights into their students

The Eight Established The Eight Established Intelligences…Intelligences…

The Eight Established The Eight Established Intelligences…Intelligences…

Naturalist Learners (the new intelligence)

• Sensitive to patterns in and connecting to nature

• Especially like animals and natural phenomena

• Suggestions for Teachers: Be aware to changes in even minute details of the classroom environment, bring the outdoors in

Verbal-Linguistic Learners

• Sensitive to meanings, sounds and rhythms of words

• Especially like storytelling and creative writing

• Suggestions for Teachers: activities such as dialogue writing, books on tape, word processing, newspaper activities, etc.

Logical-Mathematical Learners

• Sensitive to order and sequence• Especially like problem solving,

noting and creating patterns and experiments

• Suggestions for Teachers: use of graphic organizers, showing relationships, computer instruction, syllogism, etc.

Visual-Spatial Learners• Sensitive to visual cues and

images• Especially like day-dreaming and

art• Suggestions for Teachers: using

color, mind-mapping, manipulatives, etc.

Body-Kinesthetic Learners

• Sensitive to activity, athletics and physical gestures while talking

• Especially like role-playing, touching and feeling

• Suggestions for Teachers: hands-on activities, manipulatives, use of textures, etc.

Musical-Rhythmic Learners

• Sensitive to singing, playing instruments, drumming

• Especially like the human voice, sounds from nature, instrumental music

• Suggestions for Teachers: vary voice pitch during instruction, play music in the classroom, watch surrounding sounds for possible interference

Interpersonal Learners• Sensitive to leadership

opportunities, others’ feelings; “street smart”

• Especially like helping others, peer tutoring, working cooperatively

• Suggestions for teachers: group work, discussions, skits, etc.

Intrapersonal Learners• Sensitive to their own feelings, personal

motivation• Especially like day-dreaming, working

alone; “march to the beat of a different drummer”

• Suggestions for Teachers: designate quiet areas, independent practice, journals, etc.

How We Can How We Can Change…Change…

How We Can How We Can Change…Change…

According to Gardner, “Successful education does not require covering everything

‘from Plato to NATO.’ In fact, the

greatest enemy of understanding is coverage. If we try to cover everything, by the end of the day people will have learned very little and will have understood nothing. As a teacher, ask yourself, ‘If I had one hour (per semester) to teach students, what would I teach them?’”

The Impact on Schools• We teach all children the way we have

met the needs of the gifted in the past• Move beyond traditional methods;

incorporate the other six intelligences in teaching, assessing and planning

• Teachers are better able to create more “inclusive, affective and effective instruction” (Owen)

Schools in the Future• Movement toward Apprenticeships:

have students work closely with key individuals over an extended period of time in order for them to learns EXACTLY what a culture would like them to know someday; teaching is primarily done through example

• Creation of Children’s Museums: Students are afforded the opportunity to work with interesting topics at their own pace and in their own ways; what they’ve “learned” in school can be “checked out” through experimentation; additional questions will naturally arise that can be brought back to the classroom and discussed further

• Focus on the End Result/What Students REALLY need to know upon leaving the formal learning environment

• Recognize that not all children will have an “understanding” of all traditional areas in today’s world of information dissemination

The Really Important Things for Students to

Know…• How to make use of accessible

information• How to use expertise• How to become lifelong learners• How to find out about the things

they don’t know but need to know

Success StoriesSuccess StoriesSuccess StoriesSuccess Stories

Works Cited• Andrews, Roland H. “Three Perspectives of Learning

Styles.” School Administrator. January 1994. 51:1, pp/ 19+.

• Flick, Lawrence B. and Norman G. Lederman. “Popular Theories—Unpopular Research.” School Science and Mathematics. March 2003. 103:3, pp. 117-121.

• Gardner, Howard. “Multiple Intelligences.” TIP Database. Ed. Greg Kearsley. 1994-2006. George Washington University. 1 March 2006. http://tip.psychology.org/gardner.html.

• Reiff, Judith C. “Bridging Home and School Through Multiple Intelligences.” Childhood Education. Spring 1996. 72:3, pp. 164-166.

Works Cited (con’t.)• Wilson, Leslie Owen. “The Eighth Intelligence:

Naturalistic Intelligence.” Newer Views of Learning. The CELT Center. March 2005. 1 March 2006. http://www.uwsp.edu/education/lwilson/index.htm.

• Wilson, Leslie Owen. “What’s the Big Attraction?” New Horizons for Learning. March 1998. New Horizons. 1 March 2006. http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm.