Multicast inThird-GenerationMobile Networks

Services, Mechanisms andPerformance

Robert RümmlerAccenture AG, Switzerland

Alexander GluhakLM Ericsson Limited, Republic of Ireland

A. Hamid AghvamiKing’s College London, United Kingdom

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

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Multicast inThird-GenerationMobile Networks

Multicast inThird-GenerationMobile Networks

Services, Mechanisms andPerformance

Robert RümmlerAccenture AG, Switzerland

Alexander GluhakLM Ericsson Limited, Republic of Ireland

A. Hamid AghvamiKing’s College London, United Kingdom

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2009

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rummler, Robert.Multicast in third-generation mobile networks : services, mechanisms, and preformance /

Robert Rummler, Alexander Daniel Gluhak, Hamid Aghvami.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-72326-5 (cloth)

1. Multicasting (Computer networks) I. Gluhak, Alexander Daniel. II. Aghvami, Hamid.III. Title.

TK5105.887.R86 2009004.6′6–dc22

2008049882

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-470-72326-5 (HB)

Typeset in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire

www.wiley.com

Contents

Biography xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

List of Abbreviations xix

List of Symbols xxvii

1 Introduction 11.1 Cellular Mobile Communication Systems 1

1.1.1 The Cellular Concept 21.1.2 Propagation Impairments in Cellular Systems 31.1.3 Multiple-Access Schemes 31.1.4 First- and Second-Generation Systems 41.1.5 Third-Generation Systems 51.1.6 Towards Fourth-Generation Systems 7

1.2 Networks and Protocols 81.2.1 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched Networks 91.2.2 Internet Protocol Suite 101.2.3 Routing in Internetworks 11

1.3 Multipoint Communications 121.3.1 Unicast 121.3.2 Broadcast 131.3.3 Multicast 13

1.4 IP Multicast 141.4.1 Multicast Groups 141.4.2 Multicast Routing 15

1.5 Multicast in Cellular Mobile Networks 161.5.1 Cell Broadcast Service 161.5.2 IP Multicast 17

vi Contents

1.5.3 MBMS for UMTS 171.5.4 BCMCS for CDMA2000 18

1.6 Summary 18

2 Fundamentals of IP Multicast 192.1 Introduction 192.2 IP Multicast Service Models 202.3 Multicast Addressing and Address Management 21

2.3.1 IPv4 Multicast Addressing 222.3.2 IPv6 Multicast Addressing 222.3.3 Mapping between IP Multicast and MAC Addresses 232.3.4 Assignment of Multicast Addresses 24

2.4 Multicast Session Announcement 242.5 Group Management 25

2.5.1 Internet Group Management Protocol 252.5.2 Multicast Listener Discovery 27

2.6 IP Multicast Routing 282.6.1 Multicast Distribution Trees 282.6.2 Intradomain Routing Protocols 292.6.3 Interdomain Routing Protocols 31

2.7 Reliable Delivery of Multicast Traffic 332.7.1 Early Approaches for Reliable Multicast 332.7.2 Recent Developments in Reliable Multicast 342.7.3 Asynchronous Layered Coding 352.7.4 The FLUTE Protocol 37

2.8 Multicast Flow and Congestion Control 382.9 Multicast in Mobile and Wireless Networks 40

2.9.1 Bidirectional Tunnelling 412.9.2 Remote Subscription 412.9.3 Extensions for Mobile Multicast 422.9.4 Agent-Based Multicast 42

2.10 Summary 43

3 An Overview of Third-Generation Networks 453.1 Introduction 453.2 Radio Access and Networking in UMTS 45

3.2.1 Air Interface 463.2.2 Radio Access Network 483.2.3 Core Network 55

3.3 Radio Access and Networking in CDMA2000 583.3.1 Air Interface 593.3.2 Radio Access Network 603.3.3 Core Network 64

3.4 Summary 65

Contents vii

4 Multicast Services for Third-Generation Networks 674.1 Introduction 674.2 Motivation for Multicast 69

4.2.1 Revenue Growth 694.2.2 Differentiation 704.2.3 Cost of Service Delivery 70

4.3 Multicast Services 704.3.1 Mobile TV 714.3.2 Multimedia Content Distribution 724.3.3 General Content Distribution 744.3.4 Enhanced Distribution Services 754.3.5 Peer-to-Peer Communication 764.3.6 Machine-to-Machine Distribution 77

4.4 User Requirements and Technology Acceptance 784.4.1 Requirement Analysis 794.4.2 Technology Adoption Cycles 814.4.3 User Acceptance of Mobile Services 83

4.5 Summary 85

5 Multicast Extensions for Third-Generation Networks 875.1 Introduction 875.2 MBMS for UMTS 87

5.2.1 Overview of MBMS Architecture 885.2.2 Core Network Extensions 895.2.3 Radio Access Network Extensions 915.2.4 Multicast Service Provisioning Phases 935.2.5 Broadcast Service Provisioning Phases 97

5.3 BCMCS for CDMA2000 995.3.1 Overview of BCMCS Architecture 995.3.2 Core Network Extensions 1015.3.3 Radio Access Network Extensions 1025.3.4 Service Provisioning Phases 105

5.4 Summary 107

6 Protocols and Mechanisms for MBMS 1096.1 Introduction 1096.2 MBMS Bearer Service Basics 111

6.2.1 MBMS Bearer Service Architecture 1116.2.2 MBMS Bearer Context 1136.2.3 MBMS UE Context 114

6.3 MBMS Bearer Service Management 1156.3.1 MBMS Activation and Deactivation 1166.3.2 MBMS Registration and Deregistration 119

viii Contents

6.3.3 MBMS Session Control 1236.3.4 MBMS Service Request 127

6.4 Routing on the MBMS Bearer Path 1286.5 MBMS User Services 130

6.5.1 MBMS Streaming Delivery Method 1316.5.2 MBMS Download Delivery Method 1336.5.3 MBMS User Service Announcement and Discovery 1346.5.4 File Repair Procedure 1356.5.5 Reception Reporting Procedure 1356.5.6 MBMS Security 136

6.6 Summary 138

7 Protocols and Mechanisms for BCMCS 1397.1 Introduction 1397.2 BCMCS Bearer Path Architecture 1407.3 BCMCS Bearer Service Management 142

7.3.1 BCMCS Registration and RAN Session Discovery 1427.3.2 BCMCS Session Information Update 1437.3.3 BCMCS Bearer Set-Up 1447.3.4 BCMCS Bearer Release 145

7.4 BCMSC Service Layer 1487.4.1 BCMCS Information Acquisition 1497.4.2 BCMCS Flow Management 1507.4.3 BCMCS Security 152

7.5 Summary 153

8 Multicast Capacity over the CDMA Air Interface 1558.1 Introduction 1558.2 PTP and PTM Channels for Multicast 156

8.2.1 Power Control 1568.2.2 Soft and Hard Handover 157

8.3 System Model 1578.3.1 Propagation Model 1588.3.2 Interference Model 158

8.4 Analysis of Multicast Capacity 1598.4.1 Multicast Capacity with PTP Channels 1618.4.2 Multicast Capacity with PTM Channels 162

8.5 Numerical Results 1638.5.1 Comparative Analysis 1648.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 167

8.6 Summary 172

9 Cost Analysis of Multicast Routing 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Dynamic Multicast for UMTS 176

Contents ix

9.2.1 Multicast Tables 1779.2.2 Group Management 1799.2.3 Multicast Mobility Management 1809.2.4 Multicast Packet Forwarding 181

9.3 Cost Analysis 1839.3.1 Parameters for Cost Analysis 1839.3.2 Modelling of Multicast User Distribution 1859.3.3 Modelling of User Mobility 1869.3.4 Modelling of Packet Traffic 187

9.4 Numerical Results 1879.4.1 Packet Delivery Cost 1899.4.2 Location Update Cost 193

9.5 Summary 194

10 Parity-Based Reliable Multicast 19710.1 Introduction 19710.2 Loss Recovery for Reliable Multicast 197

10.2.1 Mechanisms for Parity-Based Loss Recovery 19810.2.2 Reliable Multicast for MBMS 200

10.3 Performance Evaluation Method 20110.3.1 Performance Metrics 20110.3.2 Simulation Approach 20310.3.3 Packet Error Model 204

10.4 Reliable Multicast over the Air Interface 20510.4.1 PTP Channels for Multicast 20610.4.2 PTM Channels for Multicast 209

10.5 End-to-End Reliable Multicast 21610.6 Summary 219

11 Mobile Multicast in Heterogeneous Networks 22111.1 Introduction 22111.2 Alternative Technologies for Mobile Multicast 222

11.2.1 DVB-H 22211.2.2 MediaFLO 22611.2.3 Other Standards 227

11.3 Interworking and Convergence 22811.4 Challenges for Multicast Delivery in Heterogeneous Networks 22911.5 Multicast Delivery Coordination in Heterogeneous Networks 230

11.5.1 Resource Management 23111.5.2 Group Management Support 23211.5.3 Service Example 234

11.6 Summary 236

Appendix A Derivation of Downlink Capacity 237A.1 Ratio of Intercell Interference to Received Power 237

x Contents

A.2 Derivation of Average Downlink Power Factor 239A.3 Multicast Capacity with PTP Channels 240A.4 Multicast Capacity with PTM Channels 242

Appendix B Cost Derivation of Multicast Routing 243B.1 State Probabilities 243B.2 Cost Variables 244B.3 Packet Delivery Cost 244B.4 Location Update Cost 247

Bibliography 251

Index 259

Biography

Robert Rümmler

Robert Rümmler received his Bachelor and PhD degrees in electrical engineering fromKing’s College, University of London, in 2000 and 2005 respectively. From 2001 to 2005he worked as a research associate at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King’sCollege London, and contributed to several European research projects in the area ofreconfigurability. He currently works as a consultant for Accenture AG, Zürich, Switzer-land. His research interests are in multicast for third-generation networks, software-definedradio and end-to-end reconfigurability. He has authored many papers in refereed interna-tional conferences and journals. He is a member of the IEEE.

Alexander Gluhak

Alexander is currently a researcher at the Ericsson Ireland Research Centre. He received aDipl.-Ing. (FH) in communications engineering from the University of Applied SciencesOffenburg, Germany, in 2002 and a PhD in mobile networks and systems from theUniversity of Surrey, UK, in 2006. His research interests are in mobile multicast delivery,heterogeneous network architectures, and scalable context information infrastructures fornext generation networks. He has won several awards for his research contributions, suchas the Deutsche Telekom Award in 2002, the JSPS Research Fellowship Award in 2005and the MobileVCE Research Award 2006.

A. Hamid Aghvami

Hamid Aghvami obtained his MSc and PhD degrees from King’s College, The Univer-sity of London, in 1978 and 1981 respectively. He joined the academic staff at King’sin 1984. In 1989 he was promoted to Reader and in 1993 was promoted Professor inTelecommunications Engineering. He is presently the Director of the Centre for Telecom-munications Research at King’s. Professor Aghvami carries out consulting on digital radiocommunication systems for British and international companies. He has published over480 technical papers and given invited talks all over the world on various aspects forpersonal and mobile radio communications as well as giving courses on the subject world

xii Biography

wide. He was a Visiting Professor at NTT Radio Communication Systems Laboratoriesin 1990 and and a Senior Research Fellow at BT Laboratories in 1998–1999. He was anExecutive Advisor to Wireless Facilities Inc., USA in 1996–2002. He is the ManagingDirector of Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd, his own consultancy.

He leads an active research team working on numerous mobile and personal commu-nications projects for future-generation systems, these projects are supported both by thegovernment and industry. He was a member of the Board of Governors of the IEEECommunications Society in 2001–2003. He is a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE Com-munications Society and has been member, Chairman, and Vice-Chairman of the technicalprogramme and organizing committees of a large number of international conferences.He is also founder of the international conference on Personal Indoor and Mobile RadioCommunications (PIMRC). He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Fellowof the IET and Fellow of the IEEE.

Preface

This book investigates the deployment of multicast in third-generation mobile networks.Multicast is the delivery of data to a group of destinations simultaneously, using the mostefficient strategy to deliver the data. The book gives an overview of the services that can berealized with multicast in third-generation networks, describes the mechanisms required tosupport these services and evaluates the performance of several mechanisms for multicast.The focus of this book is on multicast in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System(UMTS) and CDMA2000 networks, the dominant third-generation network standards.The authors hope to provide a good balance between describing the relevant mechanismsfor multicast in third-generation networks, providing useful considerations and presentingspecific research results.

The book is structured as follows. Chapters 1 to 3 provide an overview of cellularmobile communication systems, the fundamentals of multicast in IP networks and themost relevant aspects of third-generation mobile networks. Chapter 4 discusses some ofthe services that may be realized with multicast in third-generation networks. Chapters5 to 7 explore the multicast capabilities of third-generation networks. The MultimediaBroadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) standard for multicast in UMTS and the Broad-cast/Multicast Service (BCMCS) standard for multicast in CDMA2000 networks aredescribed in detail. Chapters 8 to 10 cover the performance of multicast in third-generationnetworks in terms of radio capacity, multicast routing cost to the network, as well as theefficiency of reliable multicast with respect to throughput and delay. Chapter 11 finallypresents mechanisms for delivering multicast in a heterogeneous network environment inwhich third-generation mobile technology coexists with digital broadcast technology.

Chapter 1 introduces the main concepts of mobile cellular communication systems,describes some important fundamentals of data networking and briefly outlines how mul-ticast can be achieved in data networks as well as in cellular mobile networks.

Chapter 2 introduces the fundamentals of IP multicast. The chapter first provides anoverview of the IP multicast service model as well as multicast addressing, followed bya review of the mechanisms for multicast address assignment and session announcement.Group management and routing for IP multicast are then described in detail. As a moreadvanced topic, protocols and mechanisms for reliable multicast delivery are detailed.Also, congestion and flow control for IP multicast are briefly touched upon, followed bya brief introduction of solutions that support multicast in a mobile environment.

xiv Preface

Chapter 3 describes the most important aspects of UMTS and CDMA2000 third-generation networks. The chapter describes the air interface, the radio and core networksof UMTS and CDMA2000, as well as several relevant procedures such as mobility andsession management.

Chapter 4 provides an overview of mobile services that can be realized with multicast inthird-generation networks. Several services that can be offered with multicast are describedin the form of use cases. Several high-level requirements that the system must provide inorder fully to support the described services are extracted from the use cases. In addition,the factors that have an influence on whether multicast services will be accepted by usersand succeed in the marketplace are discussed.

Chapter 5 explores the multicast capabilities of third-generation networks. For bothUMTS and CDMA2000 networks, the network extensions for MBMS and BCMCS thatsupport the efficient delivery of multicast traffic are introduced. The modifications tothe radio access and core network architecture for MBMS and BCMCS are outlined. Thechapter also provides an overview of the different multicast service delivery phases withinUMTS and CDMA2000 networks.

Chapter 6 describes the MBMS standard in detail. It explains the different proceduresthat are relevant for the management of MBMS bearer services and discusses practicalissues in routing multicast packets on the bearer path. Additionally, the MBMS servicelayer and its mechanisms are described.

Chapter 7 focuses on the BCMCS standard. The chapter covers the BCMCS networklayer as well as the bearer service architecture and its management. The chapter alsodescribes the service layer of BCMCS in detail.

Chapter 8 analyses the capacity for performing multicast over the CDMA air interface.In CDMA, data transfer to a group may either take place on multiple point-to-point chan-nels transmitted to individual multicast users separately or on a single point-to-multipointchannel that is broadcast over the entire cell. The chapter provides insight into thetrade-offs between employing point-to-point and point-to-multipoint channels for mul-ticast over the CDMA air interface.

Chapter 9 investigates the cost of packet delivery and location update cost of differ-ent mechanisms for multipoint data transfer in UMTS networks. Firstly, an alternativemechanism for performing multicast routing in UMTS networks is described. Then, costexpressions for the packet delivery and location update cost of several mechanisms formultipoint data transfer such as MBMS are derived. Finally, the performance trade-offbetween the proposed mechanism for routing multicast packets in UMTS is evaluatednumerically and compared against that of MBMS and other viable mechanisms for mul-ticast data transfer.

Chapter 10 investigates the performance of different reliability mechanisms for mul-ticast. Reliability mechanisms that combine packet-based forward error correction withautomatic repeat request are considered. The performance of these mechanisms, appliedboth to the radio link control layer as well as the application layer, are evaluated in termsof channel efficiency, residual packet error rate and delay.

Chapter 11 takes a look at alternative technologies for mobile multicast delivery. Severalwireless communication technologies such as DVB-H, MediaFlo, ISDB-T and T-DMBthat are suitable for multicast service delivery are reviewed. The motivation and benefits ofusing these technologies for multicast service delivery are described. Also, the challenges

Preface xv

in providing multicast services in a heterogeneous network environment consisting ofdifferent network technologies are discussed. The chapter introduces a potential approachfor achieving coordinated delivery of multicast services in a heterogeneous environmentconsisting of several wireless networks. Chapter 11 concludes the main body of this book.

Chapter 11 is followed by two appendices. Appendix A derives the closed-form expres-sions for the capacity of employing dedicated point-to-point and shared point-to-multipointchannels for multicast over the CDMA air interface. The numerical evaluation of theseexpressions is presented in Chapter 8. Appendix B derives the cost expressions for thepacket delivery and location update cost of different mechanisms for performing mul-tipoint data transfers in UMTS. These cost expressions are evaluated numerically inChapter 6.

Each chapter is preceded by a short outline of the topics to be treated and closes with asummary and some intermediate conclusions. Readers may find the list of abbreviationsand a list containing the mathematical symbols used throughout the book useful. The list ofabbreviations and the list of symbols can be found after the acknowledgements. As far asacronyms are concerned, an effort has been made to write them out in full whenever theyoccur first in each chapter. Exceptions to this rule include regularly recurring acronymsand cases where acronyms are used in passing first and explicitly introduced soon after.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the many people who provided support or directlycontributed to the research efforts documented in this book. In particular, the researchcontributions of Yun Won Chung and Imran Ashraf are greatly appreciated.

Robert Rümmler would like to thank his parents for all the support provided. Wordscannot express enough gratitude. Many thanks also to his brother Richard and his uncleWolfgang. Paul Pangalos was instrumental in the writing of this book by suggesting AlexGluhak as a coauthor. Ben Allen and Maciej Nawrocki were very helpful in answeringa number of questions in the early stages of the book. For encouragement and moralsupport, thanks to Katharina, Uwe, Kieran and Thorsten.

Alex Gluhak would like to thank his family for their continuous support throughouthis life. He would like to thank his wife Monica, in particular, for her understanding andmany sacrifices, considering the countless weekends that were spent writing the book.Special thanks go to Paul Pangalos for establishing the contact for the coauthorship ofthis book, and to JP, whose company provided a refreshing change on some of the dulland rainy weekends.

The team at John Wiley & Sons participating in the production of this book providedexcellent support. The authors would like to thank Sarah Hinton for her assistance withmany practical issues in the production process, Anna Smart for the cover design andespecially the copy editor for his efforts in correcting errors and improving the overallquality of the book.

List of Abbreviations

3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project3GPP2 Third-Generation Partnership Project 2

AAAA Authentication, Authorization and AccountingAAC Advanced Audio CodingAC Asynchronous ControlACK AcknowledgementAI Acquisition IndicatorAICH Acquisition Indicator ChannelALC Asynchronous Layered CodingAMPS American Mobile Phone SystemAN Access NetworkAP-AICH Access Preamble AICHAPI Access Preamble IndicatorAPN Access Point NameARP Address Resolution ProtocolARPU Average Revenue Per UserARQ Automatic Repeat RequestASIC Application-Specific Integrated CircuitASM Any Source MulticastAT Access TerminalATM Asychronous Transfer Mode

BBAK Broadcast Access KeyBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBC/MC Broadcast/MulticastBCMCS Broadcast/Multicast ServiceBCMCS-C BCMCS ControllerBGMP Border Gateway Multicast ProtocolBGP Border Gateway ProtocolBMC Broadcast/Multicast ControlBM-SC Broadcast/Multicast Service Centre

xx List of Abbreviations

BPSK Binary-Phase Shift-KeyingBS Base StationBSC Base Station ControllerBSF Bootstrapping Service FunctionBSN Broadcast Serving NodeBTS Base Station Transceiver System

CCBC Cell Broadcast CentreCBE Cell Broadcast EntityCBS Cell Broadcast ServiceCBT Core-Based TreesCCC Content Casting CentreCCCH Common Control ChannelCCTrCH Coded Composite Transport ChannelCD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator ChannelCDI Collision Detection IndicatorsCDI/CAI Collision Detection/Collision Assignment IndicatorsCDMA Code-Division Multiple AccessCN Core NetworkCoA Care of AddressCPCH Common Packet ChannelCPHCH Common Physical ChannelCPICH Common Pilot ChannelCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCS Content ServerCSI Channel State InformationCSICH CPCH Status Indicator ChannelCTCH Common Traffic Channel

DDA Destination AddressDAB Digital Audio BroadcastingD-AMPS Digital AMPSDB Dynamic BroadcastDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCH Dedicated ChannelDECT Digital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationsDMB Digital Multimedia BroadcastingDMSP Designated Multicast Service ProviderDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPHCH Dedicated Physical ChannelDRC Data Rate ControlDRNC Drift RNCDS Direct-SequenceDSCH Downlink Shared ChannelDSP Digital Signal Processing

List of Abbreviations xxi

DTCH Dedicated Traffic ChannelDTMC Discrete-Time Markov ChainDVB Digital Video BroadcastingDVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting HandheldDVMRP Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

EEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global EvolutionEPG Electronic Programme GuideESG Electronic Service GuideETSI European Telecommunication Standards InstitueEV-DO Evolution Data OnlyEV-DV Evolution Data Voice

FFACH Forward Access ChannelFDD Frequency-Division DuplexFDMA Frequency-Division Multiple AccessFDT File Delivery TableFEC Forward Error CorrectionFH Frequency-HoppingFLUTE File Delivery over Unidirectional TransportFTP File Transfer Protocol

GGA Group AddressGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGMMF Group Membership Management FunctionGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGRE Generic Routing EncapsulationGSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

HHA Home AgentH-ARQ Hybrid ARQHDLC High-Level Data Link ControlHLR Home Location RegisterHRS Home RADIUS ServerHSS Home Subscriber ServerHTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IIANA Internet Assigned Numbers AuthorityID IdentifierIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIGMP Internet Group Management ProtocolIGW Interworking Gateway

xxii List of Abbreviations

iid independent and identically distributedIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000IP Internet ProtocolIPE IP EncapsulationISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting TerrestrialISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkITU International Telecommunications Union

Kkbps kilobits per second

LLAC Link Access ControlLAN Local-Area NetworkLCT Layered Coding TransportLTE Long-Term Evolution

MMA Multicast AgentMAAA Multicast Address Allocation ArchitectureMAC Medium Access ControlMASC Multicast Address Set ClaimMBGP Multicast Border Gateway ProtocolMBMS Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast ServiceMbone multicast backboneMCCH MBMS Control ChannelME Mobile EquipmentMF Multicast ForwarderMFTP Multicast File Transfer ProtocolMGA Multicast Group AddressMGC Multicast Group ContextMGV-S MBMS Key Generation and Validation StorageMH Mobile HostMHA Multicast Home AgentMICH MBMS Notification Indicator ChannelMIKEY Multimedia Internet KeyingMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMLD Multicast Listener DiscoveryMM Mobility ManagementMMA Multicast By Multicast AgentMMS Multimedia Messaging ServiceMOSPF Multicast OSPFM-PDP Multicast Packet Data ProtocolMPE Multi-Protocol EncapsulationMPEG Moving Pictures Expert GroupM-RAB Multicast RABMRK MBMS Request KeyMS Mobile Station

List of Abbreviations xxiii

MSC Mobile Switching CentreMSCH MBMS Scheduling ChannelMSDP Multicast Source Discovery ProtocolMSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN NumberMSK Multicast Service KeyMSR Multicast Subscriber RecordMT Mobile TerminalMTCH MBMS Traffic ChannelM-TEID Multicast Tunnel Endpoint IdentifierMTK MBMS Traffic KeyMUK MBMS User Key

NNACK Negative AcknowledgementNMF Network Management FunctionNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneN-PDU Network PDUNSAPI Network Layer Service Access Point Identifier

OOFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division MultiplexingOMA Open Mobile AllianceOSI Open Systems InterconnectionOSPF Open Shortest Path FirstOVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PPCCH Paging Control ChannelP-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical ChannelPCE Power Control ErrorPCF Packet Control FunctionPCH Paging ChannelPCN Packet Core NetworkPCPCH Physical Common Packet ChannelP-CPICH Primary Common Pilot ChannelPDA Personal Digital AssistantPDC Personal Digital CellularPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDN Packet Data NetworkPDP Packet Data ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDSN Packet Data Serving NodePDU Packet Data UnitPGM Pretty Good MulticastPHS Personal Handphone SystemPI Paging IndicatorPICH Paging Indicator ChannelPID Packet IdentifierPIM Protocol-Independent Multicast

xxiv List of Abbreviations

PIM-DM Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense ModePIM-SM Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse ModePLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPMM Packet Mobility ManagementPPP Point-to-Point ProtocolPRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPS Packet-SwitchedPSS Packet-Switched StreamingPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTM Point-To-MultipointPTP Point-to-Point

QQoE Quality of ExperienceQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature-Phase Shift-Keying

RRA Routing AreaRAB Radio Access BearerRACH Random Access ChannelRADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User ServiceRANAP Radio Access Network Application PartRBMoM Range-Based Mobile MulticastRF Radio FrequencyRK Registration KeyRLC Radio Link ControlRLP Radio Link ProtocolRM Resource ManagerRMTP Reliable Multicast Transport ProtocolRNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network SubsystemRP Rendezvous PointRPB Reverse-Path BroadcastRPC Reverse Power ControlRPM Reverse-Path MulticastingRRC Radio Resource ControlRSS Really Simple SyndicationRTCP Real-Time Transport Control ProtocolRTP Real-Time ProtocolRTSP Real-Time Streaming ProtocolRTT Radio Transmission Technology

SSAP Session Announcement ProtocolSB Static BroadcastSC Sychronous ControlS-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical ChannelSCF Session Control Function

List of Abbreviations xxv

SCH Sychronization ChannelS-CPICH Secondary CPICHSDP Session Description ProtocolSDU Service Data UnitSF Spreading FactorSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeSI Status IndicatorsSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSIR Signal-to-Interference RatioSK Short-Term KeySM Session ManagementSMS Short Message ServiceSRBP Signalling Radio Burst ProtocolSRM Scalable Reliable MulticastSRNC Serving RNCSRTP Secure Real-Time Transport ProtocolSSM Source-Specific Multicast

TTACS Total Access Communication SystemTAM Technology Acceptance ModelTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTDD Time-Division DuplexTDMA Time-Division Multiple AccessT-DMB Terrestrial Digital Multimedia BroadcastTD-SCDMA Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division Multiple AccessTEID Tunnel Endpoint IdentifierTFC Transport Format CombinationTFCI Transport Format Combination IdentifierTG Transmission GroupTI Transaction IdentifierTK Temporary KeyTMGI Temporary Mobile Group IdentityTOI Transmission Object IdentifierTRPB Truncated Reverse-Path BroadcastingTS Transport StreamTSI Transport Session IdentifierTS-MUX Transport Stream MultiplexTTI Transmission Time IntervalTTL Time-To-Live

UUDP User Datagram ProtocolUE User EquipmentUHF Ultrahigh-FrequencyUIM User Identity ModuleUMB Ultra Mobile BroadbandUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemURA UTRAN Registration Area

xxvi List of Abbreviations

USIM User Subscriber Identity ModuleUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VVHF Very High-Frequency

WWAN Wide-Area NetworkWCDMA Wideband CDMAWLAN Wireless Local-Area NetworkWWW World Wide Web

XXCast Explicit MulticastXML Extensible Mark-up Language

List of Symbols

Acell cell areaAm Erlang capacity for multicastAt total network areaAv Erlang capacity for voiceCgs cost of MBMS registration/deregistrationCrr cost of UE linking procedure for MBMSCsr cost of RNC registration/deregistrationDbu transmission cost of packet delivery over the air interfaceDcell cost of packet delivery for cell-connected subscriberDgs transmission cost of packet delivery between GGSN and SGSNDrb transmission cost of packet delivery between RNC and Node BDsr transmission cost of packet delivery between SGSN and RNCDI packet delivery cost for broadcastDII packet delivery cost of multiple unicastDIII packet delivery cost of dynamic multicastDIV packet delivery cost of MBMSE[·] expectationEb energy per bitH number of required parity packets per TG for hybrid ARQIoc intercell interference powerIsc intracell interference powerI0 interference powerK number of PDUs per SDUKc number of cells in hexagonal layoutL number of retransmission attemptsLj propagation loss between MS and j BSM number of transmissions per received packetMB average number of crossings for a cell per unit timeMc average number of crossings per unit timeMRA average number of crossings for an RA per unit timeMRNC average number of crossings for the area of an RNC per unit timeMSGSN average number of crossings for the area of an SGSN per unit

time

xxviii List of Symbols

MURA average number of crossings for a URA per unit timeM ′ number of transmissions per received packet without accounting

for parity packetsNB number of Node BsNB/U number of Node Bs per URAN

(B)i number of cells of class i

N(RA)i number of RAs per class i

N(RNC)i number of RNCs of class i

Nm number of members in multicast groupNRA number of RAsNRNC number of RNCsNR/R number of RNCs per RANR/S number of RAs per SGSNNS/G number of SGSNs connected to a single GGSNNt total number of subscribers in the networkNU/R number of URAs per RNCNURA number of URAsN0 power spectral density of backgroud noiseP error process transition probability matrixPact probability that subscriber is SM activePb base station outage probabilityPc PTM channel outage probabilityPcell probability that subscriber is cell connectedPconn probability that subscriber is PMM-CONNECTEDPdet probability that subscriber is PMM-DETACHEDPin probability that subscriber is SM inactivePj total transmitted power from j th BSPRA probability that subscriber is PMM-IDLEPS/G probability that SGSN does not have any RA serving multicast

usersPURA probability that subscriber is URA connectedQ(x) Q-functionR data rateRc cell radiusRmax maximum number of packet errors in TG for all receiversSb cost of broadcasting a single packet using control signallingSbu transmission cost of signalling over the air interfaceSgs transmission cost of signalling between GGSN and SGSNShg transmission cost of signalling between HLR and GGSNSj received power from j th BSSrb transmission cost of signalling between RNC and Node BSsr transmission cost of signalling between SGSN and RNCUcell cell update costU

(c)RA RA update cost for PMM-CONNECTED users