Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityBelgavi 590014
A Seminar Report onMULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEMIn partial
fulfillment of requirements for VIII Semester in Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering
Submitted byNIKHIL PATOLE(USN: 2KL11ME067)Under the guidance
ofProf. RAMESH.H.KATTI
Department of Mechanical EngineeringKLE Dr. M S SheshgiriCollege
of Engineering and Technology,Belgavi 5900142014 2015
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi
Department of Mechanical EngineeringKLE Dr. M S SheshgiriCollege
of Engineering and Technology, UdyambagBelgavi 590014
Certificate
Certified that the seminar entitled MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM,
is a work carried out by NIKHIL PATOLE, (USN: 2KL11ME067), in
fulfillment of requirement for VIII Semester in Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgavi, during the year 2014 - 2015. It
is certified that all corrections / suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited
in the department library. The Seminar has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work
prescribed for the said Degree.
Guide Head of Department Principal (R.H.KATTI) (DR. S.F.PATIL)
(DR.B.G.KATAGERI)
CONTENTSABSTRACT...6CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION..7CHAPTER 2LITERATURE
SURVEY...........................................................................8CHAPTER
3TYPES OF AUTOMATED MULTI-LEVEL CAR PARKING
SYSTEMS................................................................................................103.1
PUZZLE TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM...103.2 ELEVATOR TYPE
MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM.113.3 MULTI FLOOR AUTOMATED TYPE PARKING
SYSTEM...12CHAPTER 4SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 8051
MICROCONTROLLER.................134.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF
MICROCONTROLLER...................................144.3 COMPONENTS
OF MICROCONTROLLER...................................144.4 DC
MOTOR.......................................................................................174.5
EXTERNAL
STRUCTURE...............................................................174.6
RELAYS.............................................................................................18
CHAPTER 5ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTI-LEVEL
PARKING SYSTEM5.1
ADVANTAGES.................................................................................195.2
LIMITATIONS...................................................................................205.3
APPLICATIONS................................................................................21CHAPTER
6CONCLUSION.........................................................................................22REFERENCES.........................................................................................23
TABLE OF FIGURES:Fig.2.1.1 -Traditional parking
system.................................................9Fig.2.1.2-Multi-level
parking system.....9Fig.3.1-Puzzle type multi-level parking
system...10Fig.3.2-Elevator type multi-level parking
system11Fig.3.3-Multi floor automated type parking
system.12Fig.4.1- 8051 microcontroller...13Fig.4.2- Pin diagram of
microcontroller...14Fig.4.5- DC
motor17Fig.4.6-Relay.......................................................................................18
ACKOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this report. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.
I am highly indebted to Prof. Ramesh.H.Katti for his guidance
and consultant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the report and also for his support in
completing the seminar.
I would like to also thank our beloved H.O.D Dr.S.F.Patil for
all his support in accomplishing this report.
I also wish to thank all the staff members of the department of
Mechanical Engineering helping me directly or indirectly in
completing this work successfully.
Finally I am thankful to my parents and friends for their
continued moral and material support throughout the course and
helping me finalize the presentation.
NIKHIL PATOLE
ABSTRACTIn this report, the basic multi-level car parking system
with three floors is considered to show the use of control systems
in parking systems. The control system will play a major role in
organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also
presents the design of multi-level parking lots which occupy less
space on the ground and contain a large number of cars. In the
modern world, where parking space has become a very big problem, it
has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern
big cities. Automatic multi-level car parking system helps to
minimize the car parking area in malls, apartments, etc. The
parking lots have an elevator to carry cars to different floors
according to the vacancies. The elevator is controlled by a
microcontroller along with the help of some sensors.
CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTIONIn todays world major problem is the
availability of space. For this reason, it is a challenge to use
less space for idle things. One amongst them is parking as there is
a lot of space required for parking. It requires a large empty
horizontal piece of land, acquiring which is again a big problem in
crowded cities. The other concern with parking lots is the
convenience of user near entry and exit points. It is commonly
observed that a problem occurs when there are number of users
simultaneously papering at the entry and exit points and this
causes an unnecessary traffic jam and leads to waste of time. The
best solution to this can be a vertical parking lot facility.In
this system, one motor is used to rotate mechanism. Any user can
park and remove his car at any time without disturbing the other
car. Multi-level car parking system helps in parking large number
of cars in a smaller parking area. This Car Parking System enables
the parking of vehicles, floor after floor thus reducing the space
used. Such a system is proposed and designed in this project.
Additions are made to the existing systems to ensure maximum space
utilization. To serve this purpose, parking slots are assigned
inside the multilevel structure depending on the size of the car.
Implementation of design is carried out mainly in lab view with
hardware being introduced at input and output stages only. Size of
vehicle is calculated and processed and a suitable slot on a
suitable floor is allotted for parking. Programming in lab view is
done in a way that ensures that the whole system is user friendly
and can be handled even by an inexperienced operator.1.1 Problem
Statement: - In metropolitan cities, vehicle parking has become a
major concern in all busy areas and a good traffic system needs a
good parking system The horizontal parking takes up lots of space
and cannot be utilized for other applications. Also horizontal
parking needs larger land and money investments. It is very
difficult to automate the horizontal parking system. High
maintenance cost, high labour cost and high capital costs are
involved in horizontal and regular parking.1.2 Problem Solution:-
Providing total consulting such as demand forecasts, recommendation
of a desirable parking system, design and safety measurements,
customized application suitable for various types of landscapes and
buildings. Structures available below or above the ground reducing
cost through precise control CHAPTER 2LITERATURE SURVEYOver the
years, car parking systems and the accompanying technologies have
increased and diversified. Car parking systems have been around
almost since the time cars were invented. In any area where there
is a significant amount of traffic, there are car parking systems.
Car parking systems were developed in the early 20th century in
response to the need for storage space for vehicles. The term
multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and
many Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United
States, the term parking structure is used especially when it is
necessary to distinguish such a structure from the garage in a
house. In some places in North America, parking garage refers only
to an indoor, often underground, structure outdoor multi-level
parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional
terms.Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call
it a parking structure, since their work is all about structures,
and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United
States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is
sometimes called a parking podium. United States building codes use
the term open parking structure to refer to a structure designed
for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls
that it does not need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as
opposed to a parking garage that requires mechanical ventilation or
sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls. The openings
provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from
a fire should one break out within the structure.In todays time and
age, vehicles are a predominant mode of transportation. With rising
number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked
along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common
phenomena. With these parked vehicles encroaching on road space and
pedestrian space, traffic congestion and accidents are inevitable.
A well-organized parking system which makes maximum use of
available space offers a solution to this situation.
2.1 There are two types of parking systems: - 1. Traditional
parking systems 2. Multilevel parking systems
1. In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in
perpendicular or parallel fashion. With no safety against the theft
or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space
efficient system either.
Fig.2.1.1 -Traditional Parking System
2. Multilevel parking systems are preferred since they multiply
parking capacity of a given area. Various floors are present for
parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided for moving
between floors.These types of systems are expensive to build and
require manpower for co-ordination. To make the system automated
and less expensive, stacking systems are used. In these systems,
lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to another.
The system has three to six floors divided into three columns with
middle column kept free for maneuvering cars. The actual parking of
the car is controlled manually by operator. This type of manual
intervention may cause some faults.
Fig.2.1.2-Multi-level parking systemCHAPTER 3TYPES OF AUTOMATED
MULTI-LEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEMS
Technologies used for automated parking systems are as
follows:1. Puzzle type multi-level parking system2. Elevator type
multi-level parking system3. Multi floor automated type parking
system
3.1 PUZZLE TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM: Fig.3.1-Puzzle type
multi-level parking systemThis system has more than two levels of
parking. Its design has a structure that enables use of all parking
entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets move left,
right, upwards and downwards and always have one empty slot for
movement.The operation is simple and there is no need for an
attendant.
3.2 ELEVATOR TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM:
Fig.3.2-Elevator type multi-level parking systemIn this type of
parking system there is minimal use of land. An area of 25 x 22 can
park up to 72 vehicles. The entry and exit is very quick and
convenient.It is completely equipped with multiple sensors and
triple safety devices.
3.3 MULTI FLOOR AUTOMATED TYPE PARKING SYSTEM:
Fig.3.3-Multi floor automated type parking systemThe entry and
exit of the car in this type of parking system is quick because
each elevator and cart is operated independently on each level. A
built in turntable is incorporated on each level. It has an
excellent level of safety and reliability.
CHAPTER 4SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT4.1 Circuit diagram of 8051
microcontroller:
Fig.4.1- 8051 microcontroller
4.2 Pin Diagram of Microcontroller:-
Fig.4.2- Pin Diagram of Microcontroller
4.3 Components of microcontroller:-1. Accumulator: ACC is the
accumulator register. It is an 8 bit register. It is most versatile
and holds sources operand and receives the result of arithmetic
operations including addition, subtraction, integer multiplication,
division and Boolean bit manipulations. It is also used for data
transfer between 8051 and any external memory. Several functions
like rotate, test etc. apply specifically on the accumulator.2.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU can perform arithmetic and
logic operations on eight bit data. It can perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
logical operations like AND, OR, EX OR, complement, rotate etc.3.
Program Status Word (PSW) and Flags: Many instructions affect the
status of flags. In order to address these flags conveniently they
are grouped to from the program status word. PSW contain Carry flag
( CY) , Auxiliary carry flag ( AC ), User defined Flag 0 (F0 ) ,
register bank selections flag (RS0,RS1) Overflow flag( OV ) Parity
flag (p) .Flags are 1 bit registers provided to store the results
of some instructions. A Flag is a flip flop that indicates some
condition produced by the execution of an instruction.
4. RST:
Reset input. A high on his pin two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for
98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit
in SFR AUXR (address 8 EH) can be used to disable this feature. In
the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is
enabled.
5. Program Counter (PC):
It is a 16-bit register. It is used to hold the address of a
byte in the memory. It keeps the track of the execution of the
program. The program instruction bytes are fetched from locations
in memory that are addressed by the Program counter.
6. The Stack and Stack Pointer:
The stack is a reserved area of the memory in RAM where
temporary information may be stored. An 8 bit stack pointer is used
to hold the address of the most recent stack entry. This location,
which has the most recent entry, is called as the top of the
stack.
7. Special Function Registers:
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function
Register (SFR) space. Note that not all of the addresses are
occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the
chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return
random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.
User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations,
since they may be used in future products to invoke new features.
In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will
always be
Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in
registers T2CON and T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2. The
register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for
Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.
Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in
the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six
interrupt sources in the IP register.8.Input and output ports:
The I/O circuit of microcontroller is totally versatile. It
connects the microcontroller to external world. The microcontroller
89v51 has four i/o ports i.e. 24 lines out of 32 port lines are for
one of the two entirely different function so, although
microcontroller is 40 pin chip, it appears to have 64 pins.
As two functions are multiplexed, in order to decide which
function is supported we need to see how the circuit is connected
and what software commands are used to program the pin. The
microcontroller has four ports named as p0, p1, p2, p3. All these
ports are bidirectional
9. Features of microcontrollerCompatible with mcs-51 products4k
bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory Fully static
operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHzThree-level program memory lock 128 x
8-bit internal ram32 programmable I/O lines10. Pin out:Power Vcc ,
VssReset RSTCrystal - XTAL [1, 2]External device interfacing- EA,
ALE, PSEN, WR, RD I/O Port -P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3P3 is
shared with control lines -Serial I/O RxD, TxD, External interrupts
INT0, INT1Counter control T0, T1P0 and P2 are multiplexed with
Address and Data busThe EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 89C51
executes program from internal
11. Power Supply:-There are many types of power supply. Most are
designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
DC voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A
power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of
which performs a particular function. A 5V regulated supply.
4.4 DC MOTORA geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to
the motor. The speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of
the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps
in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to
any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of
the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction.
This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make
the gear head and hence the working of geared DC motor.4.5 External
Structure:-
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor
looks as a straight expansion over the simple DC ones.
Fig4.5-DC Motor
The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the
gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft which helps in mounting
the motor to the other parts of the assembly. Also, an internally
threaded hole is there on the shaft to allow attachments or
extensions such as wheel to be attached to the motor.
4.6 RELAYS
Fig.4.6-relay
Relays are remote control electrical switches that are
controlled by another switch, such as a horn switch or a computer
as in a power train control module. Relays allow a small current
flow circuit to control a higher current circuit. Several designs
of relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single
switch or dual switches.
CHAPTER 5ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS & APPLICATIONS OF
MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM
5.1 ADVANTAGES1. Optimal utilization of spaceMechanical car
parking system is a method of parking and retrieving cars by using
pallets and lifts. It thus removes the need for lengthy drive ways
and ramps, accommodating maximum cars in minimum space.2. Can be
constructed on minimum available spaceMLCPS is flexible enough to
solve varied parking problems. It can be sited above or below the
ground or a combination of both and designed to accommodate any
number of cars.3. Lower construction costMLCPS are cost effective
in terms of construction cost. MLCPS are delivered pre-fabricated
which are then assembled on the site. As the system is operated
automatically, added expenses of underground parking such as
building structure, providing lighting, security, etc. are
avoided.4. Low maintenance and operational costOperating cost is
low since mechanical car parking systems requires less energy to
run. There is no need for energy intensive ventilating systems as
the cars are not being driven inside the parking lot. 5. Safety of
vehicleMLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars
are not accessible to anyone else. Damages or a dent to the car is
avoided while parking through narrow drive ways.6. Environment
friendlyEnvironmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer.
One of the greatest benefits related to conventional underground or
open space parking, is the saving of ground space. Outdoor space
saved can be put to good use with gardens.5.2 LIMITATIONS:
1. Deterioration and MaintenanceMulti-story parking facilities
support hundreds of thousands of pounds of vehicles, people and
equipment every day. Because the garages support very large amounts
of weight and loads that constantly change, the structures quickly
deteriorate in the absence of constant maintenance activity. In
addition, according to Canada's National Resource Council, changing
weather and environmental conditions can deteriorate a garage's
steel support structure, creating an unsafe environment for garage
users. A number of corrosion inhibitors can help delay processes
that eat away at the structure's integrity, according to the
National Resource Council, but constant maintenance and upkeep must
include anti-corrosion measures to keep multi-story parking
facilities structurally sound.
2. Parking Angle ConsiderationsBecause many drivers of varying
levels of skills and experience drive in, around and out of parking
garages every day, designers must pay special attention to the
configuration of parking spaces within the structures. In a
municipal parking garage presentation prepared by architects Sakri
and Khairuddin, the designers noted that two-way traffic flow in a
multi-story garage presents a number of parking challenges for
drivers and designers. Parallel parking, for example, creates an
inefficient use of limited space, while straight parking spaces
make parking difficult for some drivers. Other options, like angled
parking, do not work well with a two-way traffic flow and can only
work well in garages with separate entrance and exit openings.
3. LightingWhile most parking lots open at night, multi-story or
otherwise, require some form of lighting, the multi-story nature of
parking garages creates a need for numerous lights throughout the
structure. In addition, because the inside of the structure may
remain dark even during the day, many of these lights must run at
all times. This arrangement can create high energy bills for garage
owners and may require frequent lighting maintenance to replace
broken or burned-out bulbs.
5.3 APPLICATIONS:
1. High Rise Building and Office Spaces Multilevel building from
23 m to 150 m height and Building above 150 m height. High rise
steel structure can be made for any height as per as project
requirement and governing lows. Multi-level framing system offered
bolded structure made of site (from factory) using beam joist cold
from deck slab and steel columns or composite columns. Inter arch
multi store steel buildings have unmatched benefits like High
strength to volume / mass ratio. Speed in construction and time
saving in comparison to RCC. Steel frame are lighter in weight in
comparison to RCC frame. Lighter foundations are required for steel
building due to less weight than RCC resulting cost advantages over
civil construction.2. HotelsInter arch steel structure is an ideal
solution for hotel application as in today urban infrastructure
there is space limitation for construction. Building can be built
as per architecture for optimized energy requirement such as nature
cooling, solar gain or natural day light. Hotels incorporate a high
level of building services which can be easily interfaced within
our system; air conditioning system ducts, electric power plant for
essential facilities fire protection system and all other
mechanical and electric services.3. Educational BuildingSchool and
collage building construction faces a great challenge in todays
cities due to time and space constraint during construction,
affordable, light and energy efficient ecofriendly construction.
Most public and private school system in India are obliged to trim
construction costs, despite the fact that the population of school
age children leads to overcrowded classroom in many instances
across the country.
8 | Dept. of mechanical engineering, KLEDr.MSSCET
CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION
Automatic car parking system enables the vehicles to be parked
floor after floor by displaying the available slot thus reducing
the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked
according to requirement making the system modernized and space
saving one. Multilevel parking system helps to avoid unnecessary
traffic jam and waste of time to find parking area. Vertical
parking car system is very useful. We can park the vehicles in less
space, and it is more reliable.The multi-level car parking system
had successfully been designed and developed. The control strategy
for the traffic flow to the multi-level car parking system was
carried out using the PLC. The PLC with the help of some sensors
checks the availability of the vacant place on each floor. It can
be noticed that the control system for the multi-level car parking
system has achieved the anticipated performance to regulate the
entry and exit of the car to/from several floors accurately. The
movement of the elevator between the floors was continuous and
smooth as requested. The number of entering and existing car from
all the three floors was controlled as per the signals from the
sensors on each floor at the entry and exit point. The entry and
exist phases of the cars depends on the availability of the
elevator and the time required for exist. The preference for the
entry will be for the car that is present at the stopping in front
of an elevator at the ground floor. Meanwhile, the preference for
exist from other floors will depend firstly on the space and
secondly on the time demanded for exist.
REFERENCES
1. E. S. Kardoss, K. Baliant, I. Wahl, Design of a
Semi-Autonomous Park Assist System, Proceedings of the European
Control Conference, 2009, pp. 497-516. 2. C. W. Cheng, S. J. Chang,
and T. H. Li, Parallel-parking control of autonomous mobile robot,
in Proc. Int. Conf. Industrial Electronics, and Control, and
Instrumentation, Tokyo, Japan, 1997, pp. 12991304. 3. M. Y. Idris,
E. M. Tamil. Z. Razzak, N. M. Noor, Smart Parking System Using
Image Processing Techniques, Journal of Information Technology,
2009, pp. 114-127.4. Alan J. Crispin, ''Programmable Logic
Controllers and their Engineering Applications, 2nd Edition,
Reprinted 1997. 5. Tzafestas et. al., Advances in Intelligent
Autonomous Systems: Microprocessor based and Intelligent Systems
Engineering. , Kulwer Academic Publishers, 1999. 6. M. Wada K.S.
Yoon,H. Hashimoto, Development of Advanced Parking Assistance
System, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, vol. 50, pp.
4-17, February 2003.7. E. S. Kardoss, K. Baliant, I. Wahl, Design
of a Semi-Aautonomous Park Assist System, Proceedings of
TheEuropean Control Conference,2009, pp. 497-516.
