Muhammady Fathy Muhammed Keywords - cuscholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=muf/files/methods_and_methodology_of_learning... · Muhammady Fathy Muhammed ... [email protected] Keywords: Education,

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Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic Language

(Linguistic - Cultural Study)

Master Degree Thesis in Egyptology

Muhammady Fathy Muhammed

Faculty of Archaeology- Cairo University

[email protected]

Keywords:

Education, Ways, Methodology, Coptic, Teacher (Schoolmaster), School,

Student, School exercises, Syllabaries, Lists (Words, Names).

The Research "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic

Language (linguistic - cultural study)" is divided into:

An Introduction, Preface; layout of Education in Egypt before the

Christianity (Ancient and Greco-Roman Egypt), and three main chapters.

the first chapter "The Education in Coptic Egypt", in which different

Coptic vocabulary function on the meaning of education or instructions ⲥⲃⲱ,

learning ϯⲥⲃⲱ and teaching ϫⲓⲥⲃⲱ, and some Etymology from other scripts

of the language of the ancient Egyptian, those from the Greek language.

Discussing the history of Education and literacy in late antique Egypt, in

which spread the Christian religion, from the second century AD to the

formal end use of the Coptic language in the Egypt during the twelfth

century.

Education was not open to males only but was open to girls, who had access

to primary schools, but males were vast majority. But elite females could

attend, pursue and attend the advanced levels of education1.

Together with the Education in the monasteries, because the Coptic

monasteries was a center of Education and knowledge, both monasteries

which were held in northern Egypt; such as the monasteries of Wadi El-

Natron, which founded by Saint Macarius (dayr anba Maqar), or the

monasteries which were held in Upper Egypt; such as the Monastery of St.

Phoibamon in Deir el-Bahari, and the monastery of St. Epiphanius in the

1- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited

by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 328.

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west of Thebes1. Winlock H.

2 said that cell A was a workshop for the

writers, and cell B was a school.

And in Fayyoum Oasis during the first millennium AD, through the

evidence and the archaeological remains discovered in these places. The

Education was an important element of life, especially with the spread of the

monasteries studded deserts of Egypt.

When the Christians established the Monasticism in Egypt, there were many

different styles of the Monasticism; one of them the style of saint Pachom he

Required to anyone who wants to join the monastery to spend three years

under test, and have to be learnt, because he will read the sacred book. Thus

Pachom was interested in educating the monks and erase their illiteracy, he

arranged three daily lessons in the day for beginners, and those monks had to

attend. Saint Shenoute traced and followed saint Pachom in his rules

concerning the education.

The definition of the Scriptorium which is the place where to copy the books

-specially the sacred Bible and psalms which were so important in praying-

in the monastery; like cell A in the monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. And

the Libraries. And the different meanings that this word and origin of

language. The Scriptorium was inside the monasteries, and was relating to a

school.

Then the types of education Coptic; religious and secular. Education in late

antique Egypt in its beginning was focusing on studying the Bible, then

included all different branches of Science.

Then progression stages of scientific and education which were three stages;

the first stage was the primary education, that stage was at homes or a school

inside a nearby monastery, next to the house, this was obligatory and free.

According to the sources of late antique Egypt, there wasn’t a certain age to

join the school, as well as the duration of the study didn’t identify and not

specified. The preparations went according to each student, but it may like

the Egyptians in that period kept a custom of joining their children to school

at an early age.

1- Wilfong, T. G., Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries, A Bibliographical

Survey of Jême and its Surroundings, Bulletin of American Society of Papyrologists 26,

1989, 89-145. 2- Winlock, H. E., Crum, W. E. and Evelyn White, H. G., The Monastery of Epiphanius at

Thebes, vol. I (New York 1926), p. 25.

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Then the second stage was specialization, this stage was mainly based on

apprenticeship special teacher, along with the study in the theological school

which was called Catechetical school. The third and final stage was of

higher Education, in that stage the education was oral, the role of the teacher

in this stage to explain the texts.

With shedding light on the role of parents in educating their children, with

mention of the writing tools and materials used in the recording and writing

the School exercises; The papyri, parchment, and paper (in later time) were

rare in the school exercises, ostraca and wooden tablets. There was a new

and practical method was invented by the Christians concerning to the

wooden tables, they covered them with waxed coat, to let the student resettle

the surface of the wax, and there were number of holes in the top of the

wooden tablets to be hanged with a nail on the wall; like that which in the

Coptic museum inv.1006 (4079). The most material which has been used

widely was ostraca, because it was cheap, easy to find anywhere all over

Egypt.

The second chapter: “the Coptic schools and teachers in late antique

Egypt”. A. the Coptic Schools: The variant Coptic vocabulary by different

function with the school; the most familiar word is ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ, this word is the

only Coptic word with the Greek letter ⲍ1, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϯ ⲥⲃⲱ, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϫⲓ ⲥⲃⲱ

2. the

vocabularies related to school; like ϣⲕⲉⲗⲕⲓⲗ bell, chalk or the reed which

was used as a pen ⲕⲁϣ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ book, notebook and ⲙⲉⲗⲁ

ink, and the original of some of these words whether Greek or Egyptian. The

definition of “school” simply is the place where exist specific activity; it is

the teaching and learning. Education in antiquity availed itself of a variety of

places. Foremost in this were existing public buildings: temples, baths,

gymnasia, and private houses3. Raffaella Cribiore has demonstrated that

elementary classes could have even taken place out in the open, in the city

streets, and even under the trees. Higher education, however, needed more

permanent structures4.

Then the history and the roles of the school in late antique Egypt, one of the

most important school at all, The School of teaching the principles of

1- Plumely J. M., An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect), (London 1984), 2.

2- Crum W.E., A Coptic Dictionary, (Oxford 1939), 320; Cherix P. A., Lexique Copte Sahidique

segment d'origine égyptienne attestés en copte sahidique, (Genève 2010), 45. 3- Majcherek G., “The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka: A Glimpse of Late Antique Education in

Alexandria", In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fife International Congress of Papyrology, Ann

Arbor 2007, American Studies in Papyrology, (Ann Arbor 2010), 475. 4- Cribiore, R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt

(Princeton 2001) 21–34.

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Christianity in Alexandria (Catechetical School of Alexandria1) and its role,

heads and history. Ihe first and foremost in'litution of theological learning in

Christian antiquity. Though we first hear of it as an eslablished school in the

Historia ecclesiastic of Eusebius. around the year 180.

The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria the most important and

remarkable institutional complex it was an academic complex which dated

to the byzantine period and it was used in late antique Egypt.

The public schools and the Schools in the Monasteries; like cell B in the

monastery of Epiphanius, Bachatly found in the monastery of Apa

Phoibamon some ostraca written by the Greek and Coptic languages It

seems from which the existence of a school of some kind. This is confirmed

by the presence of the Coptic alphabet written in red ink at the entrance of

the courtyard leading to the Southern offering hall in the Temple of Bahari2.

It was found many school exercises for students of Copts were staying in the

cell no. 25 in the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in Naqlon in Fayom.

This is like what was followed by the Ancient Egyptians, because the school

was annexed to the temple. Establishing the school with connection to the

monastery and the church because the Coptic Church took care –and still-

with the children.

Some connection between school and temple can be observed in the fourth

century C.E. in the village of Kellis in the Dakhleh Oasis. A mud-brick

structure inside the temple of the deity “Tutu” yielded fragments of several

inscribed wooden boards of a scholastic nature, an ostracon with an exercise,

and a number of reed pens. These objects were found in the rooms of the

main structure that were divided by a partition and provided with benches.

While it is tempting to suppose that these alterations were due to the need to

adapt the rooms to school use3.

It seems that many of the teachers have been using their homes as school in

special cases or on specific days of the week, and that was a practical

solution and years4.

1- Atiya A. S., “Catechetical School of Alexandria”, Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York 1991),

469-473. 2- Bachatly C., Le Monastère de Phoebammon dans le Thébaïde, Tome II: Graffiti,

inscriptions et ostraca, II, (Le Caire 1965). 3- Cribiore R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman

Egypt, (Princeton University Press, 2001), 23. 4- Haggag M., “Some Remarks on the Function of the Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka”,

Alexandria. Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka and Late Antique Education, The Journal of Juristic

Papyrology. Supplements 8 (Warsaw 2007), 135-139.

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Then different Coptic vocabulary that function on the teacher; like ⲥⲁϩ in

sahidic dialect and ⲥⲁϧ in bohairic dialect, and ⲣⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ which occurs in the

Bible as a title of the Christ; in Gospel of Matthew 19, 61. In psalm 25, 8:

ⲉϥⲉϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲣⲙⲣⲁⲩϣ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲙⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲓ “he instructs sinners in his ways”.

Some its Linguistic origins (etymology), then the teachers in Coptic

schools, their role, social status and stage of preparation and the most

famous of these teachers; such as Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen

and Didymus the blind.

The third chapter "The Coptic School texts", this chapter is the most

important section in the thesis, these which were taught in Coptic schools,

by the Coptic teachers, the definition of educational texts “it’s refers to the

students' work inside the school or for the school at any level of the different

levels of education, and also indicates what the teachers are prepared for

pupils at school”2. There are many factors that sometimes contributed to

characterize the school exercises; writing materials, the line is written, which

finishes the text, punctuation. The writing concerning students are

characterized, because it’s slow and not perfect, size of letters is large

written in irregular lines, footnotes, and diversity in the direction of the

letters. But good and perfect writings are those that belong to teachers,

which is called "the writings of teachers" or "teacher models", which

characterized by speed, precision and perfection3, those writings were played

role of the books which were used to be copied; like the tablet of Isocrates,

is dated to the 7th

century, contains Greek and Coptic texts4.

The Coptic school exercise are few, because the education was the most

verbally and oral, or they were erased after writing to rewrite again on the

ostraca, these are the reasons that most Coptic school texts mostly out of our

reach. But the most important educational Coptic texts are those that

collected and studied by Monika Hasitzka (MPER N. S. XVIII )

5, KSB III

1- Horner G., the Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, 166-167.

2- Cribiore R., "Literary School Exercises", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116

(1997), 53. 3- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited

by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 321. 4- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", 328-330

5- Hasitzka M. R. M. unter Mitarbeit von Hermann Harrauer, Neue Texte und

Dokumentation zum Koptisch-Unterricht, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der

Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Neue Series, XVIII, (Wien, Holline 1990).

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and some texts in the collection MPER XV1 and some other school exercises

in Berlin2.

The institutional content and teaching methods:

The historian says that the students went through an entire curriculum to

learn reading and writing in the past passing three successful successive

stages of supervised teachers scattered, where students learn reading and

writing in primary school, rules and poetry in grammar school, the art of

speech in rhetorical school3. The student was initially in primary education,

with training on the letters of the alphabet and then to skip this important

stage and up to the advanced stage of education to learn by heart Psalm or

part of the holy Gospels; like Paul the Apostle messages starting from the

third century AD4. There is Coptic text mentions that the teaching of writing

precedes reading in the school training, it concerns two Christian saints;

Paneu and Panine5. This text says: “Sinfronis learnt the art of writing and

quickly began to overtake him on the older pupils who have already started

to read”6. So, the methodology of the education in late antique Egypt was

based on main concept; it’s the sequence and gradualism from simple to

difficult, and from little to major.

The Coptic school exercises:

It followed the educational system. The students were practicing single

letters of alphabet practiced several times, and letters that are joined without

following an alphabetical order in the first stage at primary school, the

second level includes complete and incomplete alphabets, Syllabaries which

consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllabry are divided into dual,

triple and quad. Lists of words, writing exercises, short passages: maxims,

saying, opening formula of letters repeated several times, and how to write

letters, sections and lists of spelling words and names. In advanced stage

1- Harrauer H. and Sijpesteijn P., Neue Yexte Aus Dem Antiken Untericht, MPER XV,

(Wien 1985). 2- Loebenstein H. and Krause M., "Paprus Collections", Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York

1991), 1890-1898. 3- Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late Antiquity",

Transactions of The American Philological Association 113 (1995), 323.

4- Cribiore R., Higher Education in Early Byzantine Egypt, 50; Cribiore R., "Education in

the Papyri", p. 328; Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,

no. 403, Tafel LXXV. 5- Orlandi T., Il dossier Copto del martire Psote, (Milano 1978), 95-115.

6- Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,( Atlanta 1996),

149.

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training on longer passages; copies of biblical texts or of teachers' models,

grammatical and mathematical exercises were simple with numbers,

examples of addition, and tables for fractions and multiplication.

The Coptic school Exercises can be divided regarding to content to:

A- Exercises of alphabets:

Whether these letters are written in is arranged in alphabetical order.

Whether complete or incomplete. Sometimes the letters borrowed from

demotic script seven or six, according to dialect. Teaching the alphabet was

necessary to keep it well before it can be written. There are some exercises

that contain alphabets also includes training in writing.

B- Exercises of syllables:

Syllables consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllables are

divided into dual, triple and quad, the majority of the exercises of syllables is

the triple which contains two consonants between them a vowel. The main

purpose of exercises of syllables is to teach students the pronunciation.

There are some exercises which contain alphabets and syllables. It was

divided into horizontal columns by points or vertical lines and horizontal.

C- Writing exercises:

In order to train the student to write and mastered it he must copying

exercises from other texts, such as religious texts; psalms in particular and

parts of the gospels, or to copy the usual formulas for the opening formulae

of the letters; which is the most type which is written in Coptic, ranging

from training on short sentences, and sayings, lists of names; personal and

geographical, and lists of words. Monika Hasitzka said that the word lists

were characteristic feature of the Coptic education only, reaching to the level

of long-copied texts. There are little of orthographic and grammatical

exercises, P.Vindob.K 16794 is an example of a grammatical exercise.

D- Mathematical exercises:

To let the students learn numbers and the ability to know and learn different

mathematical operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

In mathematical texts alphabet were used to express numbers. The training

was by giving the result twice, by changing the position of the numbers, for

example 1+2=3 and 2+1=3.

Then the curriculum content and teaching ways and methods, and finally

with the educational texts published; Coptic ostraca of Crum, exercises from

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Michigan university, exercises from monastery of Epiphanius, from

Phoibamon, from Duke university, from Columbia, MPER (NS. XVIII, XV)

Collection, from IFAO, from Says collection, of Fournet Jean-luc, of Herbert

Thompson, from Greco-roman Museum, from Thebes, from Fayyoum and

from the British Museum. With the comment and said the most important of

these models with the need to say that there are many of these texts similar

in content.

The Paleography and the characteristics of the Coptic school exercises:

1- Slowness and lack of proficiency and immaturity, for the size of the

letters are large, irregular lines of writing, footnotes, and sometimes the

writing is slope and stepping out of the line. Diversity in the direction and

the size and shape of the letters and the large number of ligature that is often

not elaborate.

2- There are frequent errors in copying texts, sentences and formulas, these

errors were result of forgotten, omissions, or ignorance, some of these errors

were corrected.

3- Confusion and cannibalization between the letters which are similar in

shape and sound like ⲁ, ⲇ and ϫ, ϭ. Some letters lengthen in its end like ϣ,

ⲣ, ⲫ. This is a chronological feature makes text dating to the last centuries of

the Coptic languae, especially the 8th

and 9th

centuries. It sometimes contains

the page margins, and be numbered like pages of a book.

4- Some Coptic exercises were written on a material already used in other

writing texts, by erasing the text with water and then copy the exercise, This

can be seen that some letters are faint; those which belong to the erased text.

This process was a reason of missing much important information. Or use

free space on papyrus and paper to copy his exercise.

5- The student began writing the exercise with the Cross for blessing, as well

as the Chrism. Sometimes we find shape and form of the letters one, then

changed Hence we know that means more than one student have written

exercise, there is often student better than another one.

6- Rarely is a student's signature on the exercise.

In the end of the thesis, the results conclusions of this Study, the

bibliography, Indexes of the exercises, proper names, the archaeological

sites, the most important vocabularies, the hieroglyphic words, and Coptic

words, and finally the plates.

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The Conclusion:

At the end of this thesis "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic

Language (linguistic - cultural study)", it was reached following results:

Education in late antique Egypt assets attributable to the period in which

Christianity entered Egypt in the second half of the first century, when old

educational traditions stained with the new religion. The Christian

dignitaries established schools wherever they settled in their hierarchical

dioceses and leadership. The educational habits near churches and

monasteries in most areas all over Egypt.

Since the fourth century education became an important element of life in

the monastery. The monasteries were centers of knowledge; it had many

monks who worked as scribes and teachers and had libraries. The

monasteries were managing the educational process.

Saint Bakhoum was interested in the education of monks and erasing their

illiteracy to be able to read the Holy Scriptures. So he arranged for the

beginners three daily lessons in the day, they had to attend these lessons.

While the old monks were attending lessons of interpretation the divine

Scriptures on Wednesdays and Fridays. The library was opened for reading,

which contained the Bible, the sayings of the desert fathers, the work of the

martyrs, laws and canons. Sometimes had some books of stories, history,

literature and the grammar of the Coptic language.

The young children in the villages were learning to read and write

mathematics and important elements in Christianity in the Coptic language.

The advanced education was offered in the monasteries.

It’s difficult to distinguish between the letters which have been sent already

and those which used as writing exercise.

Although the Copts were interesting the education, but most of the people

were illiterate, the evidence of that many Copts asked the educated persons

to write for him because he didn’t know how to write.

Didymus the Blind educational means invented a new method to help blind

children; this is hewn letters to help them learn to read.

During the period between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, the Copts

made efforts in order to maintain the Coptic language, which was threatened

by the superiority of the Arabic language, so, they compiled books on Coptic

grammar, vocabulary are called “introductions and ladders”. Those books

that helped to teach the Coptic language in Europe, which began in the 17th

century by both Kircher and Stern.

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Selected Bibliography: Al-Suryani M., Ancient and Contemporary Christian Education in the Coptic

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Antoniak I., "New Ostraca from Thebes", In: Christianity and Monasticism

in Upper Egypt, Vol. 2 Nag Hammadi-Esna, (New York, Cairo, 2010).

Bagnall R. S., Egypt: from Alexander to the Copts, (London, 2004).

Bagnall R. S., Egypt in the Byzantine World 300-700, (Cambridge, 2007).

Bagnall R. S., Late Antique Egypt, the Oxford Handbook of Papyrology,

(Oxford, 2009), 427-451.

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Graffiti, inscriptions et ostraca, Publications de la Société d’archéologie

copte. Rapports de fouilles, (Cairo, 965). Bacot S., "Ostraca Grecs Et Coptes Des Fouilles Franco-Polonaises sur Le

Tell Edfou", Bibliothèque d’Études coptes 19 (2009), 201-207.

Bell H. I., Egypt from Alexander the great to the Arab Conquest, (Oxford,

1966).

Biedenkopf-Ziehner A., Koptische Ostraka II: Ostraka aus dem Ashmolean

Museum in Oxford, (Wiesbaden, 2000).

Boak A. E. R., "Greek and Coptic School Tablets at the University of

Michigan", Classical Philology 16, no. 2, (1921), 189-194.

Boak A. E. R., A Coptic Syllabary at the University of Michigan",

Agegyptus 4 (1923), 296-7.

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Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17 (1975), 225-235.

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Ostraca, Papyri, and Studies in Honour of Sarah Clackson, American

Studies in Papyrology 46, (American Society of Papyrologists, 2009).

Boud'hors A., Ostraca grecs et coptes des Fouilles de Jean Maspero À

Baouit (O. Bawit IFAO 1-67 et O. Nancy, IFAO, Bibliothèque D'Études

Coptes 17, le Caire, 2004.

Boud'hors A. et Heurtel Ch., "Exercice de grece sur un Éclat de Calcaire",

Memnonia 16 (2005), 55-58. Bowman A. K., Egypt after the Pharaohs, (British Museum Press, 1996).

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Brune Karl-Heinz., "Schooldays in the Fayoum in the First Millennium",

Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004

International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint

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Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause,

edited by Gabra G., (Cairo and New York: The American University in

Cairo Press, 2005), 34–43.

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12

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Husselman E. M., "A Bohairic School Text on Papyrus", Journal of Near

Eastern Society 6 (1947), 129-151.

Kahle P. E., Bala'izah Coptic Texts from Deir El-Bala'izah In Upper Egypt,

2 vols., (London, 1954).

Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late

Antiquity", Transactions of the American Philological Association 113

(1995), 323-346.

Parsons P. J., "A School-Book from the Sayce Collection", Zeitschrift für

Papyrologie und Epigraphik 6 (1970), 133-149.

Pezin, M., "Exercice scolaire avec psaume en copte (P. Sorbonne inv. 2490

et 2524): amulette chrétienne?", Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de

Papyrologie et Égyptologie de Lille 12 (France, 1990), 131-133.

http://www.archive.org/details/copticostracafr00fundgoog










http://brepols.metapress.com/content/w50q438603j66357/




13

Robinson J., "The First Christian Monastic Library", Acts of the 3rd

International Congress of Coptic Studies, 20-25 August 1984, (Warsaw,

1990), 371-378.

Sobhy G. P. G., "Education in Egypt during the Christian Period and

amongst the Copts", Bulletin de la Sociéte D´Archeologie Copte 9 (1943),

103-122.

Stefanski E. and Lichtheim, M., Coptic Ostraca from Medinet Habu,

(Chicago, 1952).

Szabat E., "Teachers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Fifth - Seventh): A

Historical Study and Prosopography", Alexandria: Auditoria of Kom el-

Dikka and late antique Education. JJP Supplement vol. 7 (Warsaw, 2006),

177-345.

Van Minnen P., "A Late Antique Schooltablet at Duke University",

Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 106 (1995), 175-178.

Williams R. J., "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt", Journal of The

American Oriental Society 92, no. 2 (1972), 214-221.

Wilfong T. G., "Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries" A

Bibliographical Survey of Jême and its Surroundings", Bulletin of American

Society of Papyrologists 26 (1989), 89-145.

Worrell W. H., Coptic Texts in the University of Michigan Collection,

(Humanistische Serie, Bd. 46), (Ann Arbor, 1942).

14

Index of the Coptic school exercises

seria

l

Inventory number Provenance Now at chronol

ogy

Writi

ng

materi

al

content

1- Exercises of alphabets

1 O.Narm.Dem.II 37

OMM 1063+OMM

204

fayoum Cairo, Egyptian

Museum

2-3

Century

Pottery Coptic and hieratic

exercise

2 O.Narm.Dem.II 38

Egyptian Museum

OMM 1367

fayoum Cairo, Egyptian

Museum

2-3

Century

Pottery Coptic and

demotic exercise

3 Paris, Louvre AF

12270

Western

Thebes

Louver 8

Century

Pottery Alphabet+scribe

name+prayer

4 O.BM inv. 21291

MPER NS 18 37

unknown Columbia

university

7-8

Century

Ostraca Scattered Greek;

Coptic alphabet

5 O.BM inv. 21295

MPER NS 18 38

unknown Columbia

university

7-8

Century

Ostraca Scattered Greek;

Coptic alphabet

6 O.BM inv. 33166

MPER NS 18 42

unknown Columbia

university

7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

Random letters

7 O.BM inv. 21379

MPER NS 18 40

unknown Columbia

university

7-8

Century

Ostraca Random letters

8 O.Lond UC.31901

MPER NS 18 59

unknown Columbia

university

4?

Century

Pottery alphabets

9 O. Leiden inv. 0.2

+O.Deir el Gizaz

inv.41

Deir Gizaz

Thebes

Columbia

university

6-7

Century

Pottery alphabets

10 T.Würzburg K 1027 unknown Berlin, Private

collection

7

Century

wood alphabets

11 O.BM inv. 21247

MPER NS 18 66

unknown British Museum 7-8

Century

Pottery alphabets

12 O.BM inv. 31663

MPER NS 18 64


Century

Pottery alphabets

13 O.BM inv. 26739

MPER NS 18 65


Century

Pottery alphabets

14 P.Vindob.K 19383 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8

Century

papyrus Scattered letters


ek, Vienna

8?

Century

Pottery Scattered letters

16 P.Vindob.K 17899 unknown Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

9?

Century

papyrus Scattered letters

17 O.Deir el Gizaz inv. Deir Gizaz British Museum 9 Pottery Alphabet in order

15

n. 41 Thebes Century and repeated

18 O.Vindob. K 0313

MPER NS 18 7

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8?

Century

Pottery alphabets

19 O.Vindob.K 500

MPER NS 18 9

unknown Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8

Century


20 P.Vindob. K 0698

MPER NS 18 10


ek, Vienna

7

Century

Papyrus Scattered letters

21 O.Vindob. K 0744

MPER NS 18 11


ek, Vienna

9-10

Century


22 P.Vindob. K 02236

MPER NS 18 12


ek, Vienna

8

Century



MPER NS 18 13


ek, Vienna

8-9

Century


24 P.Vindob. K 03519 unknown Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8?

Century



MPER NS 18 16


ek, Vienna

9

Century



MPER NS 18 17


ek, Vienna

10

Century

Paper Scattered letters

27 P.Vindob.G 37640v

MPER NS XV 106a


ek, Vienna

8

Century



MPER NS 18 19


ek, Vienna

11

Century

Paper Letter Ⲉ in 8 lines

29 O.Berlin P. 17937 unknown Berlin 8

Century

Pottery Alphabet+ⲁⲛⲟⲕ

30 O.Berlin P. 20862 unknown Berlin 8

Century

Pottery alphabets

31 Baouit Nr.430 Baouit 8

Century

Pottery alphabets

32 P.Vindob K. 08314

MPER NS 18 55

Herpolis Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

11

Century

Paper alphabets


MPER NS 18 56

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

9

Century

Parchm

ent

alphabets

34 O. Berline P. 5136

MPER NS 18 146

Berlin 8

Century

Pottery alphabets

35 P.Vindob. G 37640

MPER NS 18 106a

fayoum Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

759-775

AD

Papyrus Letter ⲩ

36 O.EdfouCopte 17 Edfo IFAO 7

Century

Pottery alphabets

37 O. Qurnat Mar'y inv.

302

Qurnat

Mar'y

IFAO 6

Century

Pottery alphabets

38 Deir Gizaz

Thebes

573

588

603

Ostraca Alphabet in 9 lines

39 O.BM 21247 fayoum British Museum 4-11 Ostraca alphabets

16

Century

40 O. BM 31663 fayoum British Museum م11-4ق Ostraca alphabets

41 O. BM 21379 British Museum Limesto

ne

Scattered letters

42 33136 O. BM British Museum Limesto

ne

Unarranged

alphabet

43 27414 O. BM British Museum Limesto

ne

alphabets

44 26739 O. BM British Museum Ostraca Letter Ⲫ 6 times

45 21247 O. BM British Museum Pottery alphabets

46 26739 like:

18972+18798:

18816+19092

British Museum Pottery alphabets

47 MMA.14.1.188

O. Mon.Epiph. 576

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

British Museum Pottery letter Ⲃ repeated+

some alphabet

48 Beside

Carter’s rest

6-8

Century

Limesto

ne

alphabets

49 Polish Center

Excavation 2003

Western

thebes

7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

alphabets

50 Northern wall, tomb

no. 23, Beni Hassan

Beni Hassan 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

alphabets+

syllables

51 479 in TT 2,

480 - 483

Western

thebes

8

Century

Limesto

ne

alphabets

52 O.col.inv.1073

(acc. 64.12.92)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Pottery random alphabet

53 O.col.inv. 1077

(acc. 64. 12.96)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Pottery random alphabet

in two lines

54 O.col.inv. 1097 (acc.

64. 12.116)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Pottery only 3 letters

55 O.col.inv. 1259 (acc.

65.2.91)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Limesto

ne

alphabets


MPER NS 18 057

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

7-8

Century

Papyrus alphabets


MPER NS 18 054

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8

Century

Papyrus alphabets

2- Exercises of syllables

1 P.Mich.inv. 3816 Karanis

fayoum

Michigan Uni. 5-6

Century

Papyrus Syllables

2 T.Mich.inv. 765 fayoum Michigan Uni. wood Syllables+alphabet

3 P.Vindob. K 11373 unknown Nationalbiblioth5 Papyrus Dual Syllables

17

ek, Vienna Century

4 O.Deir el Gizaz 14

MPER NS 18 82

Deir Gizaz

Thebes

7-8

Century

Pottery triple and quad

Coptic; Greek

syllables

5 T.Duk.inv.7 unknown Duke

University

6-7

Century

wood triple syllables

6 P.Sorb.inv. 2074,

cliché Kagan-IRHT

MPER NS 18 75

unknown Sorbonne,

France

7-8

Century

Papyrus Triple Syllables

7 O.Lond UC 31896;

CO. 435;

MPER NS 18 104

unknown Petrie’s

Museum

4

Century

Pottery incomplete word

list

8 P.Lond or 4721 (25);

MPER NS 18 80

unknown 8

Century

Papyrus Syllables

school book

9 MPER NS 18 107

O.Berol.inv.P.19699

unknown 8?

Century

Pottery Coptic letters+2

names

10 P.Rylands UL unknown John Rylands

Library

6

Century

Papyrus teacher’s model

11 P.vindob.K 08306

MPER NS 18 79


ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

paper Syllables

12 MPER XVIII 74 Beni Hassan 2-3

Century

wall Syllables

13 O.IFAO s.n unknown IFAO 2-3

Century

Pottery Syllables

14 31387 O.BM British Museum no date Pottery Syllables+alphabet

15 P.J R. Liberary 2074 Paris Uni. Papyrus Syllables

16 3 Michigan Uni. Papyrus Syllables

17 12554 unknown Louvre 8

Century

Pottery Syllables

18 P.Vindob K. 02030 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

7-8

Century

Papyrus Triple Syllables

19 P.Mich. inv. 926 Theadelphia

(Batn-Ihrît)

Michigan Uni. Papyrus Syllables+alphabet

3- Writing exercises

1 P.Vindob.G. 29274

MPER NS IV 24

Arsenoi

fayoum

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

4-5

Century

Papyrus note of 4 folios;

psalm+alphabets

2 Mon.Epiph. II 621

MPER NS 18 247

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

6-7

Century

Papyrus list of birds names

3 O.MMA 14.1.140

O.Mon.Epiph.II 611

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Metropolitan 6-7

Century

Pottery part of Homer's

Iliad

4 P.Vindob.G. 26127

MPERNS 18 120


ek, Vienna

6-7

Century

Papyrus story of son who

killed his father

5 T.Würzbug K 1019 unknown 8-9 wood hymn to Christ

18

Century and his mother+

copy on verso

6 P.Berol.inv. 22141

MPER NS XV 139

unknown Papyrus letter and

grammatical exc.

7 O.BM 33110 unknown British Museum 7-8

Century

Pottery Nouns+verbs list

8 Musée copte inv.1006

(4079)

unknown Coptic Museum 7

Century

wood mathematical

exercise+ word list

9 Theban Ostraca, Part

IV, no. 45

Thebes 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

2 Samuel 1. 1

10 MSS Theban Ostraca,

Part IV, no. 46

Thebes 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

Acts 2. 9


IV, no. 48

Thebes 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

religious texts

12 O.BM inv.27432 unknown British Museum 7-8

Century

Pottery word list in

alphabetical order


IV, no. 49

Thebes 7-8

Century

Ostraca word list+names

14 28404(21228 B) Thebes Greco-Roman

Museum

7-8

Century

Pottery religious texts as

an exercise


Museum

7-8

Century

Pottery writing exercise


Museum

7-8

Century



Museum

7-8

Century


18 TT233.227 dra naga

Thebes

Macquarie Uni. Ostraca exercise of letter+

alphabets

19 TT233,226+506+509 dra naga

Thebes

Macquarie Uni. Ostraca letter from Andros

20 TT233. 460 dra naga

Thebes

Macquarie Uni. Ostraca Romans 14:6

21 BM 33140 fayoum British Museum 4-11

Century

Limesto

ne

religious texts as

an exercise

22 P.vindob. K 0483

MPER NS 18 114


ek, Vienna

4-11

Century

Papyrus opening formula+

2 letters

23 P.vindob. K 3256

MPER NS 18 122


ek, Vienna

8-9

Century

Papyrus Invocation and

supplication

24 P.Vindob.K 16794

MPER NS 18 279


ek, Vienna

Papyrus grammar


MPER NS 18 271


ek, Vienna

4-11

Century

Papyrus religious texts


MPER NS 18 260


ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

paper Coptic-Greek

dictionary

27 P. Ct YBR inv. 2103 Baouit 7 Papyrus order+ opening

19

qua (B) . Century formula

28 BL Or. 6201 B29 Baouit 7-8

Century

Papyrus exercise on

writing letter

29 UC62819 (Petrie 24) Dendara Petrie’s

Museum

Byzantin

e

Pottery A letter of apology

as an exercise

30 UC62825 (Petrie 30) Dendara Petrie’s

Museum

Byzantin

e

Pottery two repeated

words

31 UC32088-UC2089

and UC32090

Dendara Petrie’s

Museum

Byzantin

e

Pottery ثالثة شقافات عليها

حروف أبجدية

32 O.BM 5866 British Museum Pottery opening formula+

names list

33 O.BM 21271 British Museum Limesto

ne

Sentences and

names

34 O.BM 21137 British Museum Limesto

ne

beginning of letter

as an exercise

35 O.BM 12176 Elephantine British Museum Pottery List of persons’

names

36 O. MU 2309 Thebes Roman Pottery exercise to write

Kamets’ name

37 P.Mich. inv. 926 Theadelphia

(Batn-Ihrît)

Michigan Uni. Pottery letters+syllabels+

Romans


ne

exercise on 2

Corinthians 4

39 O. BM 15971 Hermonthis Limesto

ne

Baskets list on Ro.

writing exercise V.

40 O. BM 33135 Deir Bahari

Thebes

British Museum Limesto

ne

exercise in 6 lines


ne

Prayers and a list

of names


ne

exercise on a letter

religious text?

43 O. BM 33129 British Museum Pottery psalm 14


ne

religious sentence

on recto and verso

45 O. BM 20344 British Museum Pottery writing exercise


ne

beginning of letter

in one phrase

47 O. BM 33142 British Museum Pottery letter to Pavictor


ne

exercise on

writing Jesus the

Christ

49 O. BM 26221 British Museum Ostraca writing ⲜⲀⲒⲨⲤ

twice


ne

2 lines of writings

20

51 O. BM 14222 British Museum Pottery grammar exercise

52 O. BM 26210

+26211+26215


ne

word list, names+

places of Bible

53 O. BM 19967 Karnak British Museum Pottery literary exercise


ne

religious sentences


ne

Letter + list names

+ supplication

56 O. BM 5857 British Museum

Anastasi

collection

Limesto

ne

letter from set to

John


ne

part of homily


ne

school model ?


Hay coll.


on writing letter


ne

beginning of letter

in 7 lines

61 O. BM 25723 British Museum Pottery list? or maths

exercise


Sams coll.

Pottery part of religious

text

63 O. BM 33176 British Museum writing exercise


ne

letter to Apa

Solomon


ne

religious sentences

66 O. BM 27412 Naqada British Museum Limesto

ne

nominal sentences

67 EA. 29528 British Museum

Anastasi

collection

7-8

Century

wood myth of Christ and

the grape vine +

complaint

68 P. Köln VII Ihnasiyyah

al-Madinah

6-7

Century

formal text

69 p. Sorbonne inv. 2646 unknown Sorbonne

France

7-8

Century

Papyrus Greek-Coptic

dictionary

70 P. Sorbonne inv. 2490

et 2524

unknown Sorbonne

France

7-8

Century

Papyrus exercise on

writing psalm

71 Amos and Hosea Dic. unknown British Museum 3

Century


dictionary

72 CO 263 Thebes Egyptian

Museum

8

Century

Pottery exercise on letter


Museum

8

Century

Pottery exercise on letter

21

74 CO 265 Deir Bahari Egyptian

Museum

8

Century

Pottery beginning of letter


Museum

8

Century



Museum

8

Century



Museum

8

Century



Museum

8

Century

Pottery exercise with 2

words

79 CO 523 Dendara Egyptian

Museum

8

Century

Pottery Homer poetry


Museum

8

Century

Pottery Homer poetry


Museum

8

Century

Pottery list of names

82 Wooden tablet Menya 3-4

Century

wood wisdom or proverb

83 P.Mon.Epiph.611 Thebes Metropolitan wood syllables + words

84 P.Mon.Epiph.615 Thebes Metropolitan Limesto

ne

Homer’s Iliad

85 P.Mon.Epiph. 576 Thebes Metropolitan Limesto

ne

Menander’s play

86 57 Deir El-

Bala'izah

Bodlein Library

Oxford

4-5

Century

Papyrus writing exercise

87 395 Deir El-

Bala'izah

Bodlein Library

Oxford

4-5

Century

Papyrus mathematical

exercise of

monastery

88 386 Deir El-

Bala'izah

Bodlein Library

Oxford

4-5

Century

Papyrus copy as an

exercise

89 291 Deir El-

Bala'izah

Bodlein Library

Oxford

4-5

Century

Papyrus hymn as an

exercise

90 396 Deir El-

Bala'izah

Bodlein Library

Oxford

4-5

Century


91 1 Phoibamon 7-8

Century


92 2 Phoibamon 7-8

Century

Pottery religious text as an

exercise

93 3 Phoibamon 7-8

Century

Pottery nominal sentence

as an exercise

94 5 Phoibamon 7-8

Century


95 6 Phoibamon 7-8

Century

Pottery repeated line for 6

times

96 P.Rain.Unterricht 107 Papyrus writing exercise

22

97 O. Col. Inv. 1377

(acc.65.3.98)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Ostraca opening formula+

Invocation

98 O. Col. Inv. 0302

(acc.64.2.131)

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Ostraca ending formula of

letter

99 Apis.1902,

Col.inv.23.3.701

Epiphanies

Monastery

Thebes

Columbia Uni. 6-7

Century

Acts + letter

100 MS. BRUX. IV 590 near Deir El

madinah

Bibliothèque

Royale de

Belgique

6

Century

Papyrus religious word list

divided to parts

101 P.Vindob. K 08448 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

Papyrus orthographical

model from

religious text

102 Gr. Inscr. 3019 Thebes Parsons

collection

3

Century

Sycamo

re

psalm in

Akhmemic dialect

as an exercise

103 3019 Thebes Ashmolean

Museum

Oxford

wood psalm in

Akhmemic dialect

104 MPER N.S. 18 106 fayoum 759-775

AD

Papyrus exercise on letter

105 Add 34186 unknown British Museum wood multiplication

table+word list

106 1656 (CO 434 MPER

NS 18 261)

Florenz

Museum

Limesto

ne

Greek-Coptic

writing exercise

107 1658 MPER NS 18 Phoibamon

Thebes

7-8?

Century

pottery writing exercise

108 P.inv.18/89

Doc.No.27/89

naqlon

monatery

Coptic Museum 10-11

Century

paper writing exercise

109 Doc. No.188/89

O. inv.?

naqlon

monatery

Coptic Museum 10-11

Century

paper writing exercise

110 1271

MPER NS 18 1661

Phoibamon

Thebes

7-8

Century

Ostraca exercise in 5 lines

111 1277

MPER NS 18 1662

O.inv.? 89/195

naqlon

monatery

Coptic Museum 8

Century

Papyrus opening formula

of letter

112 P.Vindob. K 07712 unknown Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8-9?

Century

Papyrus exercise in 8 lines

113 O. Vindob. K 0571 unknown Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8

Century

pottery word list+2

Corinthians 1. 1

114 O. Berline P.12509 unknown Berlin 8-9?

Century

Limesto

ne

opening formula

on two sides

115 O. Vindob. K. 0152 Thebes Nationalbiblioth8? pottery letter in 8 lines

23

ek, Vienna Century

116 Berlin, Ägyptische

Museum p. 8710

Thebes Egyptian

Museum, Berlin

7-10

Century

pottery texts from Bible

117 O. Berline P. 4974 unknown Berlin 8?

Century

pottery religious text+

letters

118 P.Vindob K. 08308 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

paper word list

119 P.Vindob. G 18373

MPER NS 18 173


ek, Vienna

7

Century


exercise

120 P.Vindob. G 26011k fayoum Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

3

Century


121 P.Vindob. G 19250 fayoum Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

759-

م775

Papyrus formula of “in the

name of father...”

122 P.Vindob. K 04912 El

Ashmunein

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

8

Century

Papyrus Luke’s gospel

from 8 to 10

123 O.EdfouCopte 87 Edfou IFAO 7

Century

pottery exercise on letter


Century



Century


126 Cairo, IFAO O.

number unknown

Thebes IFAO 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

copy of prayer and

invocation of the

Holy Trinity

127 Cairo, IFAO O. (C

2058) O. The bifao 29

Thebes IFAO 7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

prayer and psalm

128 O. BM EA 41339 Phoibamon

Thebes


ne

opening formula

of letter+ drawing

of horse

129 4747 zawyet

al’ayan,

Giza

Coptic Museum 7

Century

Limesto

ne

drawing exercise

animal, lotus,

plaited cross

130 4397 Coptic Museum 4

Century

Limesto

ne

drawing exercise

geometric forms

131 4661 Coptic Museum Limesto

ne

drawing exercise

of plaited

decoration+cross

132 4588 Phoibamon

Thebes

Coptic Museum 4

Century

Limesto

ne

drawing of a man

climbs a palm tree

133 4396 Coptic Museum Limesto

ne

drawing exercise

of human

faces+bird face+

crosses

134 MPER NS 18 141 8-11

Century

Papyrus exercise on letter

24

135 Berlin, Ägyptisches

Museum P. 14189

fayoum Egyptian

Museum Berlin

8-9

Century

wood writing exercise+

story

136 2524 Fayoum? Coptic Museum 8

Century

wood exercise on

religious text

137 Ramasseum

Thebes

7-8

Century

Limesto

ne

names list

138 O.Bodl.GK.Inscr.2925 Unknown 7-8

Century

Pottery word list

139 (Coptic 44), folio 23,

part 24, Golman

collection

Upper Egypt National library,

Paris

14

Century

Paper grammar of Coptic

language

140 Or. 4997 Library of

Leiden

University

1833-

1835

Paper Coptic alphabets

and pronunciation

141 P.Vindob.K o. 674

MPER NS 18 268

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

7

Century

Pottery part of play of

Sententia 371+

Coptic translation

4- Mathematical exercises

1 P.Vindob.K 8784 fayoum Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

Paper maths exercise on

numbers


ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

Paper mathematical

exercise

3 O.LouverAF 12605 Elephantine Louvre

Museum

4-8

Century

Pottery dividing table on 4

4 KHM Wien Inv.8604 fayoum Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

6

Century

Papyrus part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

8

Century

Papyrus part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

10-11

Century

Paper part of

multiplication

7 P.Vindob.A.ch.15853 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

11-12

Century

Paper numbers 1-10+

multiplication

table of number 2

8 P.Vindob.K 11206

P.Vindob.K 10261

Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

11

Century

Paper multiplication

table


ek, Vienna

11

Century

Paper multiplication

table

10 P.Vindob.Ach.32367 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

11-12

Century

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multiplication


ek, Vienna

11

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Paper part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

10

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Paper part of

multiplication

25

13 P.Vindob. K 20796 Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

10

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Paper part of

multiplication

14 Wadi sarga, Nr.23,

s.53f

Wadi Sarga Nationalbiblioth

ek, Vienna

10-11

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Paper part of

multiplication no.

7


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11

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Paper part of

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ek, Vienna

11

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Paper part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

11

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Paper part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

11

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Paper part of

multiplication


ek, Vienna

11

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Paper part of

multiplication

20 O. BM 25723 British Museum Pottery arithmetic list?

21 O.IFAO s.n Thebes IFAO 5-6

Century

limesto

ne

exercise of

accounting

22 P.Lond. Or. 5707,

BM no. 528

British Museum 9

Century

Parchm

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mathematical

equation

Documents

Muhammady Fathy Muhammed Keywords - cuscholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=muf/files/methods_and_methodology_of_learning... · Muhammady Fathy Muhammed ... [email protected] Keywords: Education,