MUGHAL GARDENS

Presented by:

Ar. Aarti Jaglan

INTRODUCTION

Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Muhgals in the Islamic style of architecture.

This style was influenced by Persian Gardens and Timurid gardens.

Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures.

TYPICAL FEATURES

pools,

Fountains

canals inside the gardens.

Mughal Garden is divided into 3 sections

Rectangular Peal garden

long Butterfly garden

circular gardens

terraced garden

history

The founder of the Mughal empire, Barbur described his favourite type of garden as a CHARBAGH.

This word developed a new meaning in India, because as Babur explains, India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh.

The Agra garden, now known as the Ram Bagh, is thought to have been the first charbagh. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to 'the highly disciplined geometry'.

VARIOUS MUGHAL GARDENS

Afghanistan Bagh-e Babur (Kabul)

India Humayun's Tomb- Delhi (Nizamuddin)

Taj Mahal - Agra Ram Bagh - Agra

Mehtab Bagh - Agra Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)- Kashmir

Safdarjung's Tomb Yadvindra Gardens- Pinjore

Khusro Bagh, Allahabad Pakistan

Chauburji (The Gate to the Mughal Gardens) Lahore Fort

Shahdara Bagh Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)

Hazuri Bagh Hiran Minar (Sheikhupura)

Mughal Garden Wah Vernag

HUMAYUNS TOMB GARDEN

Humayun's Tomb was the first garden tomb made in India.

The garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of water channels and paths.

The square garden is surrounded by a high rubble wall divided initially into four large squares separated by causeways and channels, each square

divided again into smaller squares by pathways creating a char bagh.

The laying down of the gardens in the Persian style was introduced by Babur and continued till the period of Shah Jahan.

CHAR BAGH

FORMATION

AROUND THE TOMB

BY THE HELP OF

CHANNELS OF

WATER.

Meeting point of all

the channel

Single rectangular

bagh

The tomb

At the central axis

of the site a

fountain is placed

Scarce vegetation

done by the help of

palm trees

Char bagh

formation

Intersection of two

canals having a

fountain

The complex is set around a large 300-meter square charbagh, a Mughal garden.

The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds.

A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the tomb and gateway, with a reflecting pool on North-South axis reflects the

image of the Taj Mahal.

Elsewhere, the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains

CHAR BAGH AT TAJ MAHAL

The charbagh garden, a design inspired by Persian gardens, was introduced to India by

the first Mughal emperor Babur.

It symbolizes four flowing rivers of Paradiseand reflects the gardens of Paradise derived

from the Persian paridaeza, meaning 'walled

garden'.

In mystic Islamic texts of Mughal period, paradise is described as an ideal garden of

abundance with four rivers flowing from a

central spring or mountain, separating the

garden into north, west, south and east.

The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al-Kawthar, in reference to "Tank of

Abundance" promised to Muhammad.[16]

Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in

the center.

The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element, the tomb,

instead is located at the end of the

garden.

With the discovery of Mahtab Baghor "Moonlight Garden" on the other

side of the Yamuna, Archaeological

Survey of India interprets that the

Yamuna itself was incorporated into

the garden's design and was meant

to be seen as one of the rivers of

Paradise.

The similarity in layout of the garden and its architectural features such as

fountains, brick and marble

walkways, and geometric brick-lined

flowerbeds with Shalimar's suggest

that the garden may have been

designed by the same engineer, Ali

Mardan.[18

Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including roses,

daffodils, and fruit trees in abundance.

As the Mughal Empire declined, the tending of the garden declined as well.

When the British took over the management of Taj Mahal, they changed the landscaping to

resemble that of lawns of London.

CHAR BAGH

FORMATION

AROUND THE

TOMB BY THE

HELP OF

CHANNELS OF

WATER.

The gardens comprise four terraces, containing a canal supplied with water from the Harwan gardens nearby.

The top garden, unseen from below, was reserved for the ladies of the court. The garden is considered to be very beautiful during the Autumn and Spring seasons due to the colour change in leaves and the blooming of flowers.

The gardens were the inspiration for other gardens of the same name, notably the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan.

Upon completion of the gardens, the emperor is said to have recited the famous Persian expression:

If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this.

Shalimar gardens in kashmir

Chinar trees

STEPPED STREAM

FORMATION WITH

CHAR BAGH ON

EITHER SIDES

Pinjore gardens In hariyana

Pinjore Gardens (also known as Pinjor Gardens or Yadavindra Gardens) is an example of the Mughal Gardens style.

The garden is in the village of Pinjore lie 22 km from Chandigarh on the Ambala-Shimla road. The Gardens were designed by the Nawab Fidal Khan.

He was an architect and foster brother to Aurangzeb. CM Villiers-Stuart was resident for the gardens for a time and included a description in her book on

Gardens of the Great Mughals (1913).

The fascinating Mughal Gardens (now popularly called Pinjore Gardens) cover a total area of 100 acres.

He planned the Gardens on the classical Charbagh pattern, giving the area a central water way. Both sides of this waterway were covered with patches of

green bordered with flowers and shaded by trees.

Like other Mughal gardens, this one also has a sloping ground and is decorated with fountains and grand and beautiful pavilions.

There is a channel of water in the middle of the garden. The fountains are located inside this channel of water.

There are walkways located on both sides of the channel. Lined with huge trees and a stretch of green grass, these walkways add to the beauty, charm and elegance of the Pinjore Garden.

If you walk straight down, you will arrive at a huge pavilion, which offers marvelous view of the entire garden.

The pavilion also has a terrace with a water body located in the center.

MAHTAB BAGH

is situated on the sandy bank of Yamuna River just opposite the Taj Mahal mausoleum.

The name Mehtab Bagh means 'Moon Lit Garden' and the same is testified by the beautiful reflection of

Taj Mahal in the pool at night in Mahtab Bagh.

The place has a history of its own. It is believed that the great emperor Shah Jahan who built Taj Mahal for

his queen wanted an identical one for himself at

Mehtab Bagh.

However the archaeological findings have proved the existence of garden complex.

The growing attention to Agra Mehtab Bagh can be credited to the escalating concern for the Taj and its

grounds, which are in danger by urban sprawl, too many

tourists, and air pollution that eats away into the shrine's

marble exterior.

The lush gardens that once lined the riverbanks on either side of the Taj

may flourish again in a scheme to protect it from further damages.

This place was once a heavenly garden with shaded pavilions, fountain jets, fragrant flowers and fantastic pools.

But gradually the site became desolate & has now turned in to an epicenter for the project to establish protective green around

the Taj Mahal.

The garden has been renovated by the Archaeological Survey according to the original plan.

The place has been enriched with vegetation and at present more than 40 species of plants bloom in the garden.

The garden has been built in a typical Charbagh fashion.

The Ram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India,

Built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1528 A.D.

Planned following the charbagh pattern

Four main divisions crisscrossed by paths and waterways.

Water representated life

Located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India.

The garden is a Paradise garden or Charbagh, where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an

abundant garden through which rivers flow.

The Ram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the charbagh in which water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of

cascades.

Ram bagh

Two viewing pavilions face the Jumnariver and incorporates a subterranean

'tahkhana' which was used during the hot

summers to provide relief for visitors.

The garden has numerous water courses and fountains

There are stairs on either sides of the water channels, fountains and island

platforms and two pavillions on either side

of the main water channel.

The name is a corruption of the PersianAaram Bagh meaning 'Garden of Rest'.[2] It

is also variously known as Bagh-i Nur

Afshan 'Light-Scattering Garden', Aalsi

Bagh or 'Lazy Garden

Long Garden or the 'Purdha Garden'

This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along on either

side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed

in walls about 12 feet high this is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16

square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone

pergola in the centre over the cental pavement which is covered with

Rose creepers, Petrea, Bougainvillea and Grape Vines. The walls are

covered with creepers like Jasmine, Rhyncospermum, Tecoma

Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana

Paniculata. Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees.

Atop these walls are often seen vain Peacocks dancing, vying for the

attention of the demure peahens

President house garden

Long Garden or the 'Purdha Garden'

President house garden

Terrace Garden

There are two longitudinal strips of garden at a higher level on

either side of the Main Garden forming the Northern and

Southern boundary. The plants grown are the same as in the

Main Garden. At the centre of both the strips is a fountain which

falls inwards forming a well. On the Western tips are located

two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed

sentry posts.

The Circular (Sunken or Butterfly) Garden

This is the westernmost portion of the garden.A jewel.A delight to behold.A

terraced bowl planted with fragrant varieties like Stock, Verbena, Mignonette,

with tall Dahlias planted along the periphery keenly watching,and Jasmines of

all kinds tenderly leaning on to the circular enclosure.

There is a bubble fountain concealed in a pool in the centre.Soft consistent

waves keep eddying outwards-transform into the static waves of colours-climb

up along the curious Dahlias upto the walls and thereafter disintegrate into the

oblivion- the depth of unfathomable skies whereas the fragrance returns to the

bedazzled onlooker. Unsuspecting butterflies flutter incessently. Once in a while

a naughty Peacock shakes the frozen tranquility by a sharp mating call or a

clumsy flight across two meditating trees.

Around the circular garden there are rooms for Office of the horticulturist,a

green house,stores, nursery etc. Here only is housed the collection of

Bonsais,one of the best in the country.

President house garden

The Circular (Sunken ) Garden